List of physical feelings
List of Emotions: 271 Emotion Words (+ PDF)
List of Emotions: 271 Emotion Words (+ PDF)By Tchiki Davis, MA, PhD What are emotions? What are the theories behind emotions? And how do you describe different emotions? Learn all about emotions here and get lists of emotions for adults or kids. *This page may include affiliate links; that means I earn from qualifying purchases of products. Emotions are an important part of the human experience. We feel a variety of different things, and being able to put a label on those feelings is helpful for increasing self-awareness and self-understanding. So how do we gain understanding of our emotions? Well, a list of emotions may help us think through how we experience each one.
Are You a Therapist, Coach, or Wellness Entrepreneur? Grab Our Free eBook to Learn How toGrow Your Wellness Business Exponentially! ✓ Save hundreds of hours of time ✓ Earn more $ faster List of Emotions (According to the Discrete Emotion Theory)There are a few theories of emotion that help organize different emotions and help us understand how they relate to each other. The most well-known of these theories is the discrete (or basic) theory of emotion. This was the theory used in the movie Inside Out. The basic premise is that emotions are separate, discrete things and that they are basic because they originate from having to deal with fundamental life tasks like running away from a predator (Ekman, 1999). The list of emotions from this theory include:
Just because these emotions are basic and discrete does not mean they can't vary in intensity. List of Emotions and DefinitionsEnjoyment
Sadness
Fear
Anger
Disgust
List of Emotions (According to the Circumplex Emotion Theory)Although the basic theory of emotion makes some sense, others have argued that emotions are not discrete things. They don't have specific locations in the brain, they almost always co-occur with each other, and there are many blends of emotions. This model suggests that emotions can be mapped in a circle. These are two axes: one axis is from high to low energy; the other axis is from high to low pleasure. Early researchers believed any emotion could be mapped on this circle. However, more recent research has suggested that there may be more than two dimensions required to understand and map emotions. For example, one study suggested that mapping emotions on how controllable and useful they are is helpful. Plus, this adds two additional dimensions (Trnka et al., 2016). Basically, the only thing we really know for certain about emotions is that they are complex. Here is a list of emotions from the Emotion Circumplex Model: High-energy positive emotions:
Low-energy positive emotions:
High-energy negative emotions:
Low-energy negative emotions:
List of Emotions (From Plutnik's Wheel of Emotions)Another well-known model of emotions is Plutnik's wheel. Ecstacy
Admiration
Terror
Amazement
Grief
Loathing
Rage
Vigilance
List of Positive EmotionsPositive emotions are pleasant or desirable states. Here is a list of some of the most common positive emotions:
List of Negative EmotionsNegative emotions are unpleasant or undesirable states. But, just because they are unpleasurable doesn't mean they are unhelpful. Negative emotions help us do important things in our lives. For example, fear helps us escape from a tiger, anger helps us stand up for our own needs, and sadness helps us take a step back or seek social support. Here is a list of some of the most common negative emotions:
Complete List of EmotionsThere are a variety of other theories and lists of emotions. We've attempted to synthesize them here to give you a complete alphabetical list of emotions. (You can download this as a printable list below.) Printable List of EmotionsWant to print this emotion list? Grab the list of emotions PDF or word doc below.
List of Feeling Words & PhrasesIn addition to the emotion words above, here are a few more 'feeling' phrases. These included slang and other words that just didn't quite fit into the emotion list above. 'Feeling' words and phrases:
List of Emotional WordsAlthough we've talked about a bunch of words that can be used to describe our emotions, all words actually have an emotional tone. One study assessed the emotional tone of hundreds of words (Bradley & Lang, 1999) to see how positive or negative people perceived a variety of words to be. The results showed, for example, that words like 'massacre' were rated to be really negative whereas words like 'mother' were rated as really positive. List of Emotions for KidsOur complete list of emotions can all be too much for kids. It's likely better to start with a few emotions and go from there. That's why people try to simplify emotion lists for kids and make it easier to learn about new emotions. We too have made a few tools that can help kids learn about their emotions. First, our emotional coloring book includes downloadable coloring pages of a cute puppy exhibiting various emotional expressions. We also have emotional puppy cards that can be downloaded and pasted on a fridge or walls for kids to learn from.
An Emotion List for AdultsHere are few more emotion words for adults:
Activities for Learning More About Your EmotionsLearn more about your emotions and how to manage them on our emotional skills page. Articles for Learning More About EmotionsWant to learn more about some of these emotions. Here are a few related articles:
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For example, each basic emotion may include a variety of emotional experiences. We'll describe these a bit more below.
But unlike fear, it is an approach-motivated emotion. When we feel anger we want to approach the object of our anger rather than run away from it. Here is a list of anger-related emotions:
Reasons like these led psychologists to develop the Emotion Circumplex Model (Russell, 1980).
This wheel suggests that there are primary, secondary, and tertiary emotions. Each of the emotions in the wheel can be combined to create new emotions. Here is a list of emotions from Plutnik's model:
When we think of positive emotions, we often think of happiness. But positive emotions include so much more than that. They range from high-energy emotions like excitement to low-energy positive emotions like calmness. The extent to which we find these emotional states pleasurable depends on us. Some of us prefer excitement to calmness and some of us prefer the opposite. And some have suggested that there are genetic underpinnings to these preferences (e.g., the COMT gene).
We need negative emotions just as much as we need positive emotions. When it comes to our well-being, we just need to learn how to regulate emotions in effective ways.
This study highlighted how we experience every word as emotional, even words that are not explicitly emotional.
Discover activities for working on your emotions on our emotion activities page. These pages bring together insights on all sorts of topics related to emotions.
30, No. 1, pp. 25-36). Technical report C-1, the center for research in psychophysiology, University of Florida.
..Sadness: Definition, Causes, & Related Emotions
Sadness: Definition, Causes, & Related EmotionsBy Zamfira Parincu, BA, Researcher What is sadness? Find out why it is important to learn how to sit with sadness and some techniques to overcome it.
Before we get started, we thought you might be interested in taking our well-being quiz to get your free personalized report. Or, if you're a well-being entrepreneur or coach, download our Wellness Business Growth eBook to get expert tips, tools, and resources to grow your business fast. Are You a Therapist, Coach, or Wellness Entrepreneur? Grab Our Free eBook to Learn How toGrow Your Wellness Business Exponentially! ✓ Save hundreds of hours of time ✓ Earn more $ faster What Is Sadness? (A Definition)Sadness is an emotional pain that usually has a clear cause, such as losing a loved one, a failure at something important, or an unsuccessful goal. Feeling sad is normal. Despite our constant efforts to make life perfect and pain-free, sadness will inevitably come, whether it’s from that promotion we didn’t get or a heated argument with a loved one. Everyone has a bad day sometimes, and we all feel sadness at some point in our lives. Sadness is also a healthy emotion. Although it might not be the most comfortable emotion, as we usually tend to do our best to avoid it, sadness is valid. It teaches you to appreciate life, gives you insight into the inner worlds of others, and allows you to process life changes. Video: Joy Realizes Why Sadness Is an Important EmotionThe “you need to be happy”, toxic positivity mentality only takes away from the joys of your life. Why Do You Feel Sadness?There are many reasons why you could feel sad, as sadness is a part of our life. You could be sad because you lost your job. Or you could be sad because you didn't celebrate an important holiday with your loved ones. Maybe it’s been so long since you had a heartfelt conversation with a close friend. If you feel sad, you might also:
We all want to be happy. Video: How to Be SadSadness vs. DepressionSadness is a natural and normal emotion. You can be sad when your friend moves across the globe, and you won’t be able to hang out with them that much anymore. You can be sad when you lose a job or an important relationship. Feeling sadness sometimes is not only normal but also a sign that there are important things in your life worth protecting. Sadness is just another way we are human. Depression is different from sadness. When you’re sad, although you feel down, you are still able to enjoy hanging out with friends or laughing at a good movie. When you’re experiencing depression, however, usually it’s not the same: what brought you pleasure before doesn’t have the same effect now. Depression, or major depressive disorder, is a medical condition that negatively affects your social or work-related daily functioning, has an impact on your body, and even alters your brain. Although feelings of sadness may be associated with depression, the difference between depression and sadness is not only about intensity or degree but also how it negatively affects the person’s body and mind. Health professionals use the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) to diagnose mental illnesses. To be diagnosed with clinical depression, they need to experience at least five (or more) symptoms during a 2-week period. The symptoms are:
To better understand the differences between sadness and depression, let’s look at how differently they affect a person. When you are sad after a negative event in your life, although your sleep quality may decrease, you will likely still be able to sleep as you normally do. Depression and sleep are closely connected. Many studies have shown that depression is overwhelmingly associated with a significant disruption of the normal sleeping pattern, specifically insomnia. For example, 75% of depressed patients have insomnia and 40% have hypersomnia (excessive sleeping and difficulty staying awake during the day) (Nutt, Wilson & Paterson, 2008). So, being sad and experiencing clinical depression impact your sleeping patterns differently. Sadness vs Anxiety vs AngerSadness, anxiety, and anger are different. Just because they are different doesn’t mean an event can’t trigger all of them. For example, if you lost your job, you could feel sad about how it happened, be angry because it wasn’t fair, and experience anxiety when thinking about how you’re going to pay your bills. Another example can be if you had to move to a completely different area for reasons that you had no control over, such as health problems of a family member. Sometimes, however, the distinction between them is not as clear. A quote that circles the Internet, often attributed to CS Lewis, captures how sadness and anger are intertwined: “I sat with my anger long enough until she told me her real name was grief.” Highlighting the connection between sadness and anger and how to differentiate between them, the quote aims at letting your emotions be. Allowing yourself to feel your emotions, instead of suppressing them can increase your awareness of how to deal with them and practice acceptance. If you feel that you lost an important part of your identity, getting angry at the world can make sense in the short term. It’s important to understand that you can use this anger to enable positive change in your life. Anxiety and anger can pose risks for your mental and physical health, too. They have been shown to increase vulnerability to illnesses and heart diseases, compromise the immune system, infection response, and recovery time, and increase the risk of death (Suinn, 2001). Sadness vs LonelinessSadness is different from loneliness, although they are closely connected and usually appear together. Loneliness is about a gap between how much social connection you’d like and the actually experienced connection. Loneliness comes from our human desire to connect, an important aspect of our lives and well-being, and is not only about the number of social connections but also about their quality. For instance, you could be friendly with many colleagues and still feel lonely sometimes because you’d like to be closer to them. Loneliness is a very common experience. If you feel lonely, you are not alone. In fact, the majority of us felt lonely at least one time in our lives. Loneliness has serious consequences for your mental and physical health (Mushtaq et al., 2014), including:
Sadness and loneliness often coexist. When something bad happens, such as you lost an important person or had to move to a different area, you can feel sad about the change in your life and lonely or disconnected from your friends. Sadness can trigger loneliness and isolation, which may increase feelings of sadness. As sadness and loneliness continue this vicious cycle, both increase in intensity, feeding off each other. Tips & Techniques for Overcoming SadnessSadness is a normal aspect of our lives. “The opposite of depression is not happiness, but vitality,” writes Andrew Solomon in The Noonday Demon, an atlas about depression. If you find yourself feeling sad for longer than usual or with a higher intensity than before, there are a few things you can do to overcome the sadness and bring back vitality.
Sadness Quotes
Articles Related to SadnessWant to learn more about sadness and how to overcome it? Here are some more articles to read.
Books About Sadness
We all want to be happy, but we shouldn’t suppress our more uncomfortable feelings in the process. Sadness is a normal and natural emotion, working to show us what is important and valuable in our lives. Don't Forget to Grab Our Free eBook to Learn How toGrow Your Wellness Business Exponentially! References
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Throughout time, humanity cherished the negative feelings evoked by inevitable misfortunes—for example, greek tragedies, classical music and literature that emphasize engulfing sadness, and philosophers that encourage accepting life’s inevitable adversities. So what is sadness? We’ll discuss it here.
You can watch a short video on how Sadness went from being the outcast of the group to the one in power below:
But the pressure to be happy and cheerful every single day can be extremely tiring and detrimental to our actual well-being. Many philosophers argue that to be happy, we first need to let ourselves be sad. To learn more about this duality, you can check the video below:
Sadness is a normal emotion that we all experience. Clinical depression is a serious medical disorder. 
Also, at least one symptom should be a (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. The severity of each symptom is also important when health professionals make an assessment (DSM-5, 2013). 
In this case, you can be sad that you’re moving away from your friends, feel angry that you have to start over again or that you don’t like the new place, and experience anxiety when thinking about meeting new people and building connections.
Recent reports show that 61% of young adults and 36% of all Americans feel “Serious loneliness,” meaning feeling lonely “frequently” or “almost all the time or all the time” (Weissbourd et al., 2021). No wonder why researchers have warned us about the loneliness epidemic.
Although it may seem that this continuous loop is impossible to break, it’s important to know that there are things you can do to improve.
I know it can seem counterintuitive, but allowing yourself to feel the sadness you’re experiencing, giving it time and space, can be extremely beneficial. If you suppress or deny your emotions, it can lead to actual physical stress on your body and mental health issues. Cry if you feel like it or take a few hours to recharge. Studies actually echo what philosophers have been saying for decades: tears are cathartic, working like a purifying mechanism that helps you release stress and emotional pain (Newhouse, 2021).
” ― Sylvia Plath, The Bell Jar 
Arden
..what are in psychology, classification, the most complete list
Content:
- Types of sensations in psychology
- The most complete list, characteristics of the main
- Types of sensations depending on various criteria nine0004
- Wundt's approach
- Sherrington classification
- Head's theory
Contents
- Types of sensations in psychology
- The most complete list, characteristics of the main
- Types of sensations depending on various criteria
- Wundt's approach nine0006
- Sherrington classification
- Head's theory
- What types of sensations for a person are more priority
Definition
Sensation is a mental reflection by the subject of the states and properties of the external environment, external or internal stimuli that come in the form of signals from the sensory system.
The sensory system consists of receptors, associated neural pathways, and areas of the brain designed to process the received signals. Sensory systems of the human body are touch, smell, sight, hearing, taste. With their help, a person feels tastes, feels pressure, distinguishes sounds and smells. nine0003
Classification of sensations implies division by:
Caution! If the teacher detects plagiarism in the work, major problems cannot be avoided (up to expulsion). If it is not possible to write yourself, order here.
- location of receptors;
- kind of stimulus;
- time of occurrence in the process of evolution;
- the absence or presence of direct contact with the irritant.
From the point of view of benefit for a person, sensations are a simple and effective way of cognition, obtaining information about the surrounding world and its elements. In addition, by reacting to various types of stimulants and irritants, the human body realizes the instinct of self-preservation and ensures its physical integrity.
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The most complete list, characteristics of the main
Each type of sensation has its own distinctive characteristics:
- Visual are the perception of color and light, are the result of the action of light rays on the retina. The main characteristic of visual sensations is the dependence on the level of illumination: the more light, the better a person sees, and vice versa.
- Auditory - a type of sensation that occurs under the action of sound waves. In this category, noises, speech and musical sensations are distinguished. In each of them, the sensory system distinguishes between the duration of the sound, timbre, pitch and strength of the sound. nine0006
- Taste sensations are the result of irritation of taste buds in the palate, in the pharynx, on the surface of the tongue. It is noteworthy that the dry surface does not perceive taste. It can be distinguished only if the substance is dissolved in water or saliva.
- Sense of smell - the ability to distinguish odors - is due to the presence of sensory hairs on the olfactory membrane in the nasal cavity.
Humans are capable of detecting a variety of odors that fall into one of the following categories: floral, burnt, ethereal, putrid, spicy. nine0006 - Skin sensations are divided into temperature and tactile. Tactile give knowledge about the properties of objects. A characteristic of temperature is the ability to evoke various emotions, to participate in the regulation of heat transfer.
- The sense of balance is the result of the functioning of the vestibular apparatus located in the inner ear. Its peculiarity is that perception entirely depends on the position of the head.
- Organic sensations - a special category, which includes nausea, hunger, thirst, suffocation. They are distinguished by the ability to merge into one sensation with good health and stand out with signs of a malfunction in the internal organs. nine0006
- Pain is an indicator of danger when trouble occurs in the body. Depending on which way the impulses are conducted, the speed of the reaction depends: the impulses propagate through the nerve centers with a delay, along the nerve fibers - almost instantly.
- Touch - sensations that arise when examining an object by moving the hand along its surface. They are a combination of motor and tactile sensations.
The ability to perceive and evaluate sensations can be developed. But each person has absolute thresholds, overcoming which excludes the possibility of distinguishing sounds, smells, touches. There is a lower absolute threshold, which correlates with the minimum fixed strength of the stimulus, and an upper one, beyond which unbearable pain occurs. nine0003
Note
In total, a person can distinguish 3 thousand different tastes. But all of them are divided into 4 main types: salty, sour, sweet, bitter. Variety depends on certain combinations, their variations.
Types of sensations depending on various criteria
The author of the world's first classification was Aristotle. He divided all the senses into hearing, sight, smell, taste, touch.
By the 19th century, the volume of knowledge had increased significantly. Therefore, the following authors have proposed more sophisticated approaches. nine0003
Wundt's approach
The German psychologist Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt proposed a classification according to the properties of stimuli. He singled out:
- mechanical properties;
- physical;
- chemical.
Wundt attributed the sense of touch to the mechanical. To the physical - hearing and vision, since sound waves and rays of light act as irritants. To chemical - taste and smell.
Sherrington's classification
British neuroscientist Charles Scott Sherrington went the other way. He made a grouping according to the localization of receptors, divided the sensations into:
- interoceptive - arising from exposure to receptors of internal organs;
- exteroceptive - formed by stimulation of receptors on the surface of the body;
- proprioceptive - tested with irritation of receptors of ligaments, tendons, muscles.
Exteroceptive sensations the scientist additionally divided into two types:
- distant — hearing, sight, smell;
- contact - sensations caused by touch. nine0006
Head's theory
According to the theory of the English neuropsychologist Henry Head, all known species should be distinguished by such a criterion as origin. In this regard, the author singled out:
- protopathic sensitivity - primitive, earlier in origin, distinguished by separation from thinking, close connection with emotions;
- epicritical sensitivity - later in origin, having connections with thinking, distinguished by clear localization, greater differentiation, the possibility of precise definition. nine0006
Since elements of both types are present in the work of each of the organs, sensory systems, the description proposed by Head was not widely used.
What types of sensations are more priority for a person?
Example
Pain signals a malfunction in the functioning of internal organs, a violation of the integrity of the skin, muscles, bones.
Thanks to it, the human brain receives a signal of trouble in a timely manner.
Example
Through touch, the child receives information about the objects around him, their properties, learns to differentiate them from each other not only by size, color and smell, but also by physical properties.
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Disorders of sensation and perception
Disorders of sensation.
By sensations it is customary to understand such a function of a person's mental activity, which allows one to evaluate the individual properties of objects and the phenomenon of the world around him and his own organism. The physiological basis of sensation is the analyzers of the sense organs, which make it possible to recognize such sides as hard or soft, warm or cold, loud or quiet, transparent or cloudy, red or blue, large or small, etc.
Exteroceptive receptors (visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile, gustatory) give a person information about the surrounding world,
interoceptive - about the state of internal organs and systems, proprioceptive - about the position of the body in space and movements.
The terms anesthesia, hypoesthesia, hyperesthesia, cenestopathy and paresthesia are used to define sensory disturbances.
Anesthesia - no sensation.
Hypesthesia - weakening of sensations, in which strong stimuli are perceived as weak, bright light as dim, strong sound as weak, pungent odor as faintly perceptible, etc.
Hyperesthesia - an increase in sensations, in which there are phenomena opposite to those described in hypoesthesia. With hyperesthesia, for example, patients protect themselves from "bright" light with dark glasses, complain of unpleasant painful sensations from soft underwear,
are irritated by any touch, etc.
Paresthesia - the appearance of unpleasant sensations from the superficial parts of the body in the absence of real stimuli. These can be complaints of burning, tingling, experiencing the passage of an electric current through certain areas of the skin, a feeling of frostbite of the fingertips, etc. The localization of paresthesia is unstable, changeable, of varying intensity and duration.
Senestopathies - unpleasant sensations of varying intensity and duration from the internal organs in the absence of established somatic pathology. They, like paresthesia, are difficult to verbalize by patients, and when describing them, the latter most often use comparisons. For example: as if the intestines are moving, air is blowing through the brain, the liver has increased in size and presses on the bladder, etc.
Most often, the pathology of sensations occurs in asthenic disorders of various etiologies, but can also be observed in psychotic variants of diseases.
Long-term paresthesias or senestopathies may be the basis for the formation of hypochondriacal delusions, delusions of influence.
Perceptual disorders.
Perception, unlike sensations, gives a complete picture of an object or phenomenon. Its physiological basis is the sense organs. The end product of perception is a figurative, sensory representation of a particular object. nine0003
Perceptual disorders are represented by several disorders: agnosia, illusions, hallucinations and psychosensory disorders.
Agnosia – unrecognition of an object, inability of the patient to explain the meaning and name of the perceived object Visual, auditory and other agnosias are similarly considered and studied in the course of nervous diseases. In psychiatry, anosognosias (not recognizing one's illness) are of particular interest, occurring in many mental and somatic diseases (hysterical disorders, alcoholism, tumors, tuberculosis, etc.
) and having a different pathogenetic nature. nine0003
Illusions
Illusions is a perceptual disturbance in which a real-life object is perceived as completely different (for example, a shiny object on the road that looks like a coin, upon closer examination, turns out to be a piece of glass, a bathrobe hanging in a dark corner - behind the figure of a hidden person).
There are physical, physiological and mental illusions.
Physical illusions are due to the peculiarities of the environment in which the perceived object is located. For example, a mountain range is perceived as colored in different colors in the rays of the setting sun, as we see it in R. Roerich's paintings. An object in a transparent vessel half-filled with liquid seems to be broken at the boundary between liquid and air. nine0003
Physiological illusions arise in connection with the conditions of functioning of the receptors.
Cold water after being in the cold is perceived as warm, a light load after prolonged physical exertion is perceived as heavy.
Mental illusions, more often they are called affective in connection with the emotional state of fear, anxiety, expectation. An anxious and suspicious person walking late hears the steps of the pursuer behind him. Being in a state of alcohol withdrawal, he sees various faces or figures in spots on the wall. nine0003
Pareidolic illusions are mental, they are a kind of visual illusions with a changing content of erroneous images. They often occur in the initial period of psychotic states, in particular alcoholic delirium. Patients in the drawings of wallpaper, carpets see changing faces, moving figures of people, even pictures of a battle.
The remaining illusions are often not a symptom of a mental illness, they are often found in mentally healthy individuals under the above conditions. nine0003
Another existing classification of illusions is based on their differentiation by analyzers: visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, gustatory.
The first two varieties are most common, and the last two cause great difficulty in distinguishing from hallucinations of smell and taste.
Hallucinations.
Hallucinations is such a disturbance of perception, in which an object or phenomenon that does not exist at a given time and place is perceived in the absence of a critical attitude towards them. Hallucinating patients perceive them as really existing, and not something imaginary. Therefore, any reasonable arguments of the interlocutor that the sensations they experience are only manifestations of the disease are denied and can only irritate the patient. nine0003
All hallucinatory experiences are classified according to a number of characteristics: complexity, content, time of occurrence, interest of one or another analyzer, and some others.
According to the complexity of hallucinations are divided into elementary, simple and complex.
The former include photopsias (visual images devoid of a specific form in the form of spots, contours, glare), acoasma (calls, obscure noises) and other simple phenomena. Only one analyzer is involved in the formation of simple hallucinations. When complex hallucinations appear, several analyzers are involved. Thus, the patient can not only see an imaginary person, but also hear his voice, feel his touch, smell his cologne, etc.
Visual or auditory hallucinations are the most common in clinical practice.
Visual hallucinations may be represented by single or multiple images, previously encountered or mythical creatures, moving and stationary figures, harmless or attacking the patient, with natural or unnatural coloration.
If the visual image is perceived not in the usual field of vision, but somewhere on the side or behind, then such hallucinations are called extracampal. The experience of seeing one's doubles is called autoscopic hallucinations.
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Auditory hallucinations can be experienced by patients as the sound of the wind, the howling of animals, the buzzing of insects, etc., but most often in the form of verbal hallucinations. These can be the voices of familiar or unfamiliar people, one person or a group of people (polyphonic hallucinations), who are nearby or at a far distance.
According to the content, "voices" can be neutral, indifferent to the patient or threatening, insulting. They can address the patient with questions, messages, award him orders or remove him from office, comment on his actions (commenting on hallucinations) and give advice. Sometimes the “voices” talk about the patient without addressing him, while some scold him, threaten him with punishments, others defend him, offer to give him time to correct himself (antagonistic hallucinations). nine0003
The greatest danger for the patient and his environment are imperative hallucinations, which are in the form of orders to perform a particular action.
These orders may be harmless (cook food, change clothes, visit, etc.), but often lead to dire consequences (self-harm or suicide, injure or kill a familiar person or a bystander).
As a rule, the patient cannot oppose these orders, he carries them out, at best he asks to limit his actions in some way so as not to cause trouble. nine0003
Tactile hallucinations are most often represented by a feeling of crawling on the skin or under it of various kinds of insects. In this case, even if the feeling of crawling is not confirmed by visual hallucinations, the patient can tell about their size, number, direction of movement, color, etc.
Olfactory and gustatory hallucinations are rare. Olfactory consists in the sensation of non-existent pleasant, often unpleasant odors (hydrogen sulfide, rot, sewage, etc.) Taste - the experience of some kind of taste in the mouth, regardless of the nature of the food taken. nine0003
With visceral hallucinations, patients claim that there are some creatures in their body (worms, frogs, snakes, etc.
) that cause them pain, eat the food they eat, disturb their sleep, etc.).
Visceral hallucinations, in contrast to senestopathies, have the form of an image with the corresponding size and color characteristics. movement features.
Functional, dominant, hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations are treated separately from others.
Functional hallucinations occur against the background of the action of an external stimulus, and are perceived simultaneously with it, but without merging, as is the case with illusions. For example, in the noise of rain, the ticking of a clock, the patient begins to hear the voices of people.
Dominant hallucinations reflect the content of the mental trauma that caused the disease. For example, a person who has lost a close relative hears his voice or sees his figure.
Hypnagogic hallucinations of any kind occur in the state of transition from wakefulness to sleep, hypnopampampic hallucinations - upon awakening.
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Of particular importance for the diagnosis of mental disorders is the division of hallucinations into true and false (pseudohallucinations).
true hallucinations are characterized by a projection into the environment, they naturally fit into it, they bear the same signs of reality as the surrounding objects. Patients are convinced that others are experiencing the same experiences, but for unknown reasons they hide it. True perceptual delusions usually influence the behavior of the patient, which becomes consistent with the content of hallucinatory images. True hallucinations are more common in exogenous psychoses. nine0003
Pseudo-hallucinations have a number of properties that are different from the true ones:
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They lack signs of reality, do not fit into the environment, are perceived as something alien, strange, different from previous sensations.
Through the man sitting on a chair, the back of the chair is visible, a nearby tiger with a grin of teeth, according to V.Kh. Kandinsky, does not cause a feeling of fear, but rather curiosity. -
Projection of hallucinations inside the body. The patient hears voices not with the ear, but inside the head, sees images located in the abdomen or chest. nine0003
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Experience of the feeling of hallucinations being made. The patient does not see the image himself, but it is shown to him, he hears a voice inside his head because someone did this, perhaps by inserting a microphone into his head. If a visual hallucination is projected outside, but has the above listed signs, it can be classified as a pseudo hallucination.
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Often, pseudohallucinations, if they are not imperative, do not affect the patient's behavior. Even close relatives may not realize for months that there is a hallucinating person next to them.
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Pseudohallucinations are more common in endogenous disorders, namely schizophrenia, are included in the Kandinsky-Clerambault syndrome.
One can learn about the presence of hallucinatory experiences not only from the words of the patient and his relatives, but also from the objective signs of hallucinations that are reflected in the patient's behavior.
Hallucinations belong to the psychotic level of disorders, their treatment is best carried out in a hospital, and imperative hallucinations are a prerequisite for involuntary hospitalization. nine0003
Hallucinations form the basis of the hallucinatory syndrome. Long-term, non-stop hallucinations, most often verbal, are referred to as hallucinosis.
Psychosensory disorders.
(disorders of sensory synthesis)
Sensory synthesis disorders are such a perceptual disorder in which a real (as opposed to hallucinations) perceived object is recognized correctly (as opposed to illusions), but in an altered, distorted form.
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There are two groups of psychosensory disorders - derealization and depersonalization.
Derealization is a distorted perception of the surrounding world. It in the statements of patients can be indefinite, difficult to verbalize. There is a feeling of change in the surrounding world, it has become somehow different, not the same as before. Houses don't stand that way, people don't move that way, the city looks camouflaged, and so on. For patients who are depressed, statements are characteristic that the world has lost its colors, has become dull, blurry, lifeless. nine0003
In other cases, experiences of derealization are expressed in quite definite terms. This concerns, first of all, the distortion of the shape, size, weight and color of the perceived object.
Micropsia - perception of an object in a reduced size, macropsia - in an enlarged size, metamorphopsia - in a distorted form (broken, bent, deformed, etc.) One of the patients periodically ran out of the ward with a loud cry of "fire", as he perceived everything around it in bright red.
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Derealization can also be manifested by the phenomena déjà vu, eprouve vu, entendu vu, as well as jamais vu, jamais eprouve vu, jamais entendu. In the first case, we are talking about the fact that the individual experiences the situation that has arisen as it has already been seen, heard or experienced. In the second, already previously known - as never seen, heard or experienced.
Derealization also includes a violation of the perception of time and space.
Patients in a manic state perceive time as faster than in reality, in a depressive state - as slow. nine0003
Those who are in a state of intoxication as a result of marijuana smoking feel that nearby objects are at a distance of tens of meters from them.
Derealization is more common in mental disorders of exogenous etiology.
Symptoms of depersonalization can be presented in two variants: somatopsychic and autopsychic.
Somatopsychic depersonalization, or disturbance of the body scheme, is represented by experiences of changes in the size of the body or its parts, weight and configuration.
