Logical intelligence careers
How to Find a Career Path Using the Theory of Multiple Intelligences
By Joe Wilner on January 20, 2017
One of favorite quotations is, Everybody is a genius. But if you judge a fish by its ability to climb a tree, it will live its whole life believing that it is stupid.
People still maintain the incomplete sentiment that success is coupled with a standardized score or a high IQ career.
This can really limit someone’s perspective for career possibilitiesif they don’trelate to this standard definition of success.
If we broaden our horizon to encompass a wider range of diverse aptitudes, we can find a career where our natural strengths and talents shine.
One way to expand on career possibilities is to use the theory of multiple intelligences.
The term multiple intelligences was coined by developmental psychologist, Dr. Howard Gardner in 1983, as a way to describe peoples natural inclination for learning and engaging in the world.
You may be more intelligent than you think. Read on to find a career that fits your essential intelligence.
This is the human ability to discriminate among living things (plants, animals) as well as sensitivity to other features of the natural world (clouds, rock configurations).
Possible jobs include:
- Astronomer
- Botanist
- Conservationist
- Gardener
- Farmer
- Animal Trainer
- Zookeeper
- Geologist
- Marine Biologist
- Ecologist
- Veterinarian
- Forest ranger
- Landscaper
- Meteorologist
- Nature photographer
Musical intelligence is the capacity to discern pitch, rhythm, timbre, and tone. This intelligence enables us to recognize, create, reproduce, and reflect on music, as demonstrated by composers, conductors, musicians, vocalist, and sensitive listeners. Lets rock and roll!
Possible jobs include:
- Audiologist
- Choir director
- Music conductor
- Music critic
- Music publisher
- Musicpromoter
- Music retailer
- Music teacher
- Music therapist
- Piano tuner
- Recording engineer
- Songwriter
- Sound editor
- Speech pathologist
Have you always been drawn to arithmetic problems, strategy games and experiments? Logical-mathematical intelligence is the ability to calculate, quantify, consider propositions and hypotheses, and carry out complete mathematical operations. This fits the traditional view of intelligence and encompasses the stereotypical prestigious career.
Possible jobs include:
- Accountant
- Computer analyst
- Computer technician
- Computer programmer
- Database designer
- Economist
- Engineer
- Lawyer
- Mathematician
- Network analyst
- Pharmacist
- Physician
- Physicist
- Researcher
- Statistician
A spiritual intelligence was not included in Gardners original work but is now viewed as a viable aptitude that can be quantified and studied. This intelligence can be recognized by a sensitivity and capacity to tackle deep questions about human existence, such as the meaning of life, why do we die, and how did we get here.
Possible jobs include:
- Pastor
- Meditation instructor
- Yoga instructor
- Psychic
- Pastoral counselor
- Chaplain
- Public speaker
- Philosopher
Daniel Golemans work on social intelligence has made a huge impact on helping people grow their ability to understand and interact effectively with others. Social intelligence involves effective verbal and nonverbal communication, the ability to note distinctions among others, and sensitivity to the moods and temperaments of others.
Possible jobs include:
- Diplomat
- Leader
- Manager
- Politician
- Clergy
- Social Worker
- Receptionist
- Sales Representative
- Counselor
- Child Care
- Coach
Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence is the capacity to manipulate objects and use a variety of physical skills. When a football player makes a diving catch or a dancer effortlessly performs a pirouette theres definitely intelligence at work. They may not be able to quantify the physics of what theyre doing but there is a body-mind coordination that supersedes articulating verbal or mathematical reasoning.
Possible jobs include:
- Athlete
- Dancer
- Mechanic
- Actor / Actress
- Performer
- Physical Education Instructor
- Craftsman
- Physical Therapist
- Farmer
- Carpenter
- Builder
- Park Ranger
- Firefighter
- Paramedic
Linguistic intelligence is the ability to think in words and to use language to express and appreciate complex meanings. We see linguistic intelligence at work when the orator makes a moving speech or the wordsmith inspires us through their verbal prowess.
Possible jobs include:
- Editor
- Public Speaker
- Politician
- Preacher
- Historian
- Journalist
- Teacher
- Journalist
- Poet
- Broadcaster
- English / Writing Tutor
- Actor / Actress
Intrapersonal intelligence is the capacity to understand oneself and ones thoughts and feelings, and to use such knowledge in planning and directing ones life. Self-awareness is important for everyone but some people have a natural connection to emotions and the inner-experience.
Possible jobs include:
- Psychologist
- Philosopher
- Writer
- Theologian
- Career counselor
- Consultant
- Criminologist
- Energy healer
- Personal counselor
- Philosopher
- Program planner
Spatial intelligence is the ability to think in three dimensions. Core capacities include mental imagery, spatial reasoning, image manipulation, graphic and artistic skills, and an active imagination. I have a friend whos an architect and enjoys the hobby of urban sketching. You can tell he has a precise eye for visual dimension and structure.
Possible jobs include:
- Artist
- Architect
- Graphic Designer
- Engineer
- Fashion Designer
- Interior Decorator
- Photographer
- Pilot
- Sculptor
- Strategic planner
- Surveyor
- Truck driver
- Urban planner
Youll probably find proficiency in several of these categories, so a helpful exercise is to select your top three areas of aptitude and create a Venn-diagram. From here you can explore careers that overlap between your different capacities.
Have fun and good luck!
Photo credit:Boris SV
7 Career Options For A Person With High Logical-Mathematical Intelligence
While there are about 12 different intellect flairs known today, logical-mathematical intelligence is distinct with attributes such as strength in numbers, patterns, and logic. An individual, being sure to possess such intelligence, may be bewildered in the expedition of career selection. Evidently, anyone would prefer aspiring professions where they can excel with their strengths. Consequently, here we look into relevant insights and our suggestions of careers for those with strong logical-mathematical intelligence.
An insight into beneficial characteristics of logical-mathematical intelligenceHigh logical-mathematical intelligence is otherwise called the secret of many geniuses, such as Isaac Newton, Bill Gates, and many more to name. Practically all the individuals who have changed the world with their innovations had one thing in common – Their logical-mathematical intelligence.
The beneficial characteristics of logical-mathematical intelligence are:1. They Like To Be Organized: Individuals with logical-mathematical intelligence have a propensity for everything coordinated. They love to organize things all together. These skills are valuable in measurements, operations, statistics, etc.
2. Rely on Logic: For them, logic is the key to find the right solution to any problem. Everything that happens on the planet has a logical explanation for it. They believe in getting to the base of the issue, analyzing it, identifying the purpose, and coming up with a possible solution. They won’t believe in anything without evidence.
3. Exploratory attitude: With limited belief in perceptions, they often focus on experimental and then derive relevant inferences. For this reason, they prefer to learn subjects like Physics, and Chemistry.
4. They Love Math: Many of them can undoubtedly prefer to indulge in numerical estimations in mind without using pen and paper. They continue to ponder the issue constantly, figure the issue bit by bit, to find a solution.
5. They Have A Critical Perspective: They analyze each issue from a critical perspective. This skill is extremely valuable in a programming or science-related field.
Careers for high-logical intelligent individuals- Our picks for the aspirantsComprehending distinct attributes that mark logical-mathematical intelligence, here are our picks that can be befitting for these mindsets to excel:
1. AccountantAccountancy is a field where individuals with high logical-mathematical intelligence can perform well. The job of an accountant requires the ability to understand the numbers, logical reasoning, and scientific terms to perform the duties. Aspirants need to complete a four-year degree along with AICPA examination to turn into an accountant.
The profession is an eminent pick as they are the ones who take care of financials and recordings of reputed institutions like Banks, private companies, and also individuals. Obligating the need for accuracy and problem-solving skills, this can be a take-in for aspirants.
2. ActuaryWhen the expanse of the organization ameliorates, the need to estimate the risk factors and uncertainties turns obligatory. To estimate and suggest relevant strategies, individuals like Actuaries turn significant. Being A respectable position, it needs preparation of a tenure of around 10 years. After 3-4 years of bachelor’s degree, the aspirant needs around 7-8 years to clear all ten tentative actuarial examinations.
Ensuring to be a strategic thinker for the organization, they need optimal forecast and accuracy, which can be ensured with relevant experience and tactics. Accordingly, those with logical-mathematical intelligence and experience can excel.
3. MathematicianFor those who prefer math over other subjects, evidently can be a superlative pick for a profession like Mathematician. Nonetheless, choosing between applied math or theoretical math can be occasionally bewildering. To be a professional Mathematician, the aspirant needs to clear a bachelor’s degree in mathematics, with relevant knowledge in topics like science, statistics, physics, and engineering. They can also choose to pursue a master’s degree and Ph.D. in Mathematics.
Being a mathematician, one can work towards deriving various equations. By applying complex math principles and theories, they develop mathematical models to analyze and interpret the data. Further, mathematicians have scope in other sectors like finance, business, and government. For those who go on math and relevant notions, this profession can be a befitting take-in.
4. AuditorsAuditors are the professionals who examine and make financial records with accuracy and explain their findings to stakeholders. To turn into a professional auditor, one needs to possess a CISA certification. After finishing a bachelor’s degree, aspirants can acquire a CISA certificate with the training for a couple of months.
The chief duty of an Auditor is to examine and address bugs in accounts if any. Accordingly, they may need to make a detailed report of the annual accounting system. While it needs precision in calculations and evaluation, this can be a custom-tailored career for an aspirant with logical-mathematical intelligence.
5. Computer programmerIn the modern automated era, everything around obligates programs to run smoothly and efficiently. Designing these obligate the need for programmers in manufacturing companies. A bachelor’s degree along with relevant certifications can turn up an aspirant into a programmer.
Thousands of programmers use their logical-mathematical intelligence to make the things we use every single day, like our phones or laptops. Individuals with logical-mathematical can choose the career of a computer programmer for bright future prospects.
6. StatisticianDealing with large sets of data can be taxing, nonetheless, evaluating them in statistical methods and procedures can ensure efficiency and accuracy. These notions can be handled with attention by Statisticians. To become a professional statistician, a bachelor’s degree, followed by experience in data analysis with training, and then a master’s degree may turn out to be necessary.
Individuals who are always interested in finding the logic behind why everything happens in our world can be good statisticians. A statistician develops improved data collection ways, and once data is collected, they interpret it to determine the trends. These attributes are often evident in logical-mathematical aspirants.
7. Financial AnalystWhile Senior management of reputed companies looks into all aspects including finance and operations, they often need a professional who can forecast and suggest righteous strategies for the organization to move forward. These are Financial analysts. With gripping knowledge on accounting, business performance, and other relevant notions, they form a noteworthy chunk of the accounting department.
Aspirants need to have a bachelor’s degree in accounting and relevant certifications to grab a superlative opportunity. A Master’s Degree in accounting can be a big bonus. Individuals having logical-mathematical can pick Financial Analyst as a career. There are many possibilities for them to make a successful career. They mostly work for insurance companies or banks and are fond of numbers. Likewise, they have to evaluate risk factors and earning potentials for their companies.
ConclusionIndividuals who have high logical-mathematical intelligence can dominate in assorted fields. These people will more often ponder upon numbers and patterns.
Their intrinsic capacity to know about themselves, comprehend their energy, and be persuaded to accomplish something helps in all phases of life. A passionate attitude towards their work helps them. Picking an appropriate career with these attributes can assist one with making incredible progress, both in expert and individual life.
Nine types of intelligence: know yours
1. Visual-spatial intelligence
Not everyone can create 3D models in their head by solving a geometric problem or drawing a three-dimensional image. This ability is typical for people with visual-spatial intelligence.
Strengths: creation of visual and spatial images, easy handling of them.
Human characteristics:
- likes to read, write, draw;
- solves puzzles quickly;
- interprets pictures, graphs and diagrams well;
- memorizes maps and navigates the terrain.
Potential career:
- architect;
- artist;
- engineer.
2. Linguistic-verbal intelligence
This kind of intelligence refers to a person's ability to use words effectively to express what he means.
Strengths: effective work with information, rapid learning of languages and writing.
Human characteristics:
- remembers written and oral information well;
- likes to read and can write good text;
- makes persuasive speeches;
- can explain well;
- often uses humor when telling stories.
Potential career:
- writer or journalist;
- lawyer;
- teacher.
3. Logical-mathematical intelligence
Usually, the most obvious indicators used in determining intelligence are logical and mathematical abilities. In Gardner's concept, this is one of the types of intelligence.
Strengths: ability to recognize patterns and analyze information, conceptual thinking and quick math problem solving.
Personal characteristics:
- excellent problem-solving skills;
- thinks abstractly;
- likes to do scientific experiments;
- solves complex calculations well.
Potential career:
- scientist;
- mathematician;
- programmer;
- engineer;
- accountant.
4. Body-kinesthetic intelligence
High coordination of consciousness and body is inherent in people with bodily-kinesthetic intelligence.
Strengths: high motor activity, precise coordination, dexterity, tactile memory.
Characteristics of a person:
- dances well and loves sports;
- likes to make things with her own hands;
- excellent physical coordination;
- physical endurance.
Potential career:
- dancer;
- builder;
- sculptor;
- actor.
5. Musical intelligence
If a person has the talent to disassemble musical compositions into elements and track all the instruments that sound in it, then he is the owner of musical intelligence.
Strengths: sense of rhythm, ear and musical talent.
Human characteristics:
- likes to sing and play musical instruments;
- easily guesses musical compositions;
- memorizes songs and melodies well;
- understands musical structure, rhythm and notes.
Potential career:
- musician;
- composer;
- singer;
- music teacher.
6. Interpersonal Intelligence
Emotions are closely related to your intellect. Interpersonal intelligence refers to the ability to sense the feelings of other people as well as understand the motives behind their behavior.
Strengths: empathy and interaction with other people.
Characteristics of a person:
- knows how to evaluate the emotions, motives, desires and intentions of others;
- communicates well;
- is skilled in non-verbal communication;
- sees situations from different points of view;
- creates positive relationships with others;
- is able to resolve conflicts.
Potential career:
- psychologist;
- consultant;
- coach;
- salesman;
- policy
7. Intrapersonal intelligence
Self-awareness is also a form of intelligence. If a person understands himself, his desires, knows what he feels and why he feels it, then we can say with confidence that he has intrapersonal intelligence.
Strengths: introspection and self-reflection.
Characteristics of a person:
- understands his strengths and weaknesses well;
- likes to analyze theories and ideas;
- excellent self-awareness;
- clearly defines his emotional state.
Potential career:
- philosopher;
- writer;
- scientist.
8. Naturalistic intelligence
The ability to “read” and understand nature and all living beings inhabiting it is the main characteristic of naturalistic intelligence.
Strengths: ability to study the environment.
Human characteristics:
- interested in subjects such as botany, biology and zoology;
- categorizes information well;
- can enjoy camping, gardening, hiking and outdoor activities;
- does not like to study unfamiliar topics that are not related to nature.
Potential career:
- biologist;
- environmentalist;
- gardener;
- farmer.
9. Existential intelligence
“Why and why do we live?”, “What happens to us after death?” are typical questions for a person with existential intelligence.
Strengths: deep sensitivity and high ability to solve fundamental questions, combined with a passion for finding answers to these questions.
Characteristics of a person:
- looking for answers to questions about the meaning of life;
- prone to constant reasoning;
- likes discussions and arguments;
- explores other people's concepts and ideas.
Potential career:
- psychoanalyst;
- religious leader;
- artist;
- artist.
Logical thinking - the development of logic
Every day we are faced with many tasks, the solution of which requires our ability to think logically. Logic as the ability to think and reason consistently and consistently is required in many life situations, from solving complex technical and business problems to persuading interlocutors and making purchases in a store.
But despite the high need for this skill, we often make logical errors without knowing it ourselves. Indeed, among many people there is an opinion that it is possible to think correctly on the basis of life experience and the so-called common sense, without using the laws and special techniques of “formal logic”. For performing simple logical operations, making elementary judgments and simple conclusions, common sense can also come up, and if you need to know or explain something more complex, then common sense often leads us to delusions.
In addition, they explain to us the principles of finding solutions to tasks in a rather primitive way. As for the development of verbal-logical thinking (or verbal-logical thinking), the ability to correctly perform mental operations, consistently come to conclusions, for some reason we are not taught this. That is why the level of development of logical thinking of people is not high enough.
We believe that the logical thinking of a person and his ability to know should develop systematically and on the basis of a special terminological apparatus and logical tools. In the classroom of this online training, you will learn about self-education methods for the development of logical thinking, get acquainted with the main categories, principles, features and laws of logic, and also find examples and exercises for applying the acquired knowledge and skills.
Contents:
- What is logical thinking?
- Application of logic
- Constituents of logical thinking
- How to learn it?
- Logic Lessons
- How to take classes?
- Auxiliary materials: tests, games, books
- Famous people quotes about logic
What is logical thinking?
To explain what "logical thinking" is, let's divide this concept into two parts: thinking and logic. Now let's define each of these components.
Human thinking is a mental process of processing information and establishing connections between objects, their properties or phenomena of the surrounding world. Thinking allows a person to find connections between the phenomena of reality, but in order for the connections found to really reflect the true state of affairs, thinking must be objective, correct, or, in other words, logical, that is, subject to the laws of logic.
Logic in Greek has several meanings: “the science of right thinking”, “the art of reasoning”, “speech”, “reasoning” and even “thought”. In our case, we will proceed from the most popular definition of logic as a normative science about the forms, methods and laws of human intellectual mental activity. Logic studies ways to achieve truth in the process of cognition in an indirect way, not from sensory experience, but from knowledge gained earlier, therefore it can also be defined as the science of ways to obtain inferential knowledge. One of the main tasks of logic is to determine how to come to a conclusion from the existing premises and obtain true knowledge about the subject of thought in order to better understand the nuances of the subject of thought under study and its relationships with other aspects of the phenomenon under consideration.
Now we can define logical thinking itself.
Logical thinking is a thinking process in which a person uses logical concepts and constructions, which is characterized by evidence, prudence, and the purpose of which is to obtain a reasonable conclusion from the existing premises.
There are also several types of logical thinking, we list them, starting with the simplest:
1
Figurative-logical thinking
Figurative-logical thinking ( visual-figurative thinking ) - various thought processes of the so-called "figurative" problem solving, which involves a visual representation of the situation and operating with images of its constituent objects. Visual-figurative thinking, in fact, is a synonym for the word "imagination", which allows us to most vividly and clearly recreate the whole variety of various actual characteristics of an object or phenomenon. This type of mental activity of a person is formed in childhood, starting from about 1. 5 years.
To understand how developed this type of thinking is in you, we suggest you take the Raven Progressive Matrices IQ Test
The Raven Test is a scale of progressive matrices for assessing the IQ and the level of mental abilities, as well as the logical thinking, developed in 1936 by John Raven with Roger Penrose. This test can give the most objective assessment of the IQ of the tested people, regardless of their level of education, social class, occupation, language and cultural characteristics. That is, it can be argued with a high probability that the data obtained as a result of this test in two people from different parts of the world will equally assess their IQ. The objectivity of the assessment is ensured by the fact that the basis of this test is exclusively images of figures, and since Raven's matrices are among the non-verbal intelligence tests, his tasks do not contain text.
The test consists of 60 tables. You will be offered drawings with figures related to each other by a certain dependence. One figure is missing, it is given at the bottom of the picture among 6-8 other figures. Your task is to establish a pattern that connects the figures in the figure, and indicate the number of the correct figure by choosing from the options offered. Each series of tables contains tasks of increasing difficulty; at the same time, the complication of the type of tasks is also observed from series to series.
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2
Abstract-logical thinking
Abstract-logical thinking is the completion of the thought process with the help of categories that do not exist in nature (abstractions). Abstract thinking helps a person to model relationships not only between real objects, but also between abstract and figurative representations that thinking itself has created. Abstract-logical thinking has several forms: concept, judgment and conclusion, which you can learn more about in the lessons of our training.
3
Verbal-logical thinking
Verbal-logical thinking ( verbal-logical thinking ) is one of the types of logical thinking, characterized by the use of language tools and speech constructions. This type of thinking involves not only the skillful use of thought processes, but also the competent use of one's speech. We need verbal-logical thinking for public speaking, writing texts, arguing, and in other situations where we have to express our thoughts using language.
At this point, we suggest to practice a little:
Now let's continue.
Application of logic
Thinking using the tools of logic is necessary in almost any area of human activity, including the exact sciences and humanities, economics and business, rhetoric and oratory, in the creative process and invention. In some cases, strict and formalized logic is used, for example, in mathematics, philosophy, and technology. In other cases, logic only provides a person with useful techniques for obtaining a reasonable conclusion, for example, in economics, history, or simply in ordinary "life" situations.
As already mentioned, we often try to think logically on an intuitive level. Some do it well, some worse. But when connecting the logical apparatus, it is still better to know what kind of mental techniques we use, since in this case we can:
Components of logical thinking
Often the use of logical thinking is associated with the rapid solution of logic tasks and passing tests to determine the level of intellectual development (IQ). But this direction is connected to a greater extent with bringing mental operations to automatism, which is a very small part of how logic can be useful to a person.
The ability to think logically combines many skills in the use of various mental actions and includes:
- Knowledge of the theoretical foundations of logic.
- The ability to correctly perform such mental operations as: classification, concretization, generalization, comparison, analogy, and others.
- Confident use of key forms of thinking: concept, judgment, conclusion.
- The ability to argue one's thoughts in accordance with the laws of logic.
- The ability to quickly and effectively solve complex logical problems (both educational and applied).
Of course, such operations of thinking using logic as definition, classification and categorization, proof, refutation, inference, conclusion and many others are used by every person in his mental activity. But we use them unconsciously and often with errors without a clear idea of the depth and complexity of those mental actions that make up even the most elementary act of thinking. And if you want your logical thinking to be really correct and strict, this needs to be specially and purposefully studied.
How to learn it?
Logical thinking is not given to us from birth, it can only be learned. There are two main aspects of teaching logic: theoretical and practical.
Theoretical logic , which is taught at universities, introduces students to the main categories, laws and rules of logic.
Practical training is aimed at applying the acquired knowledge in life. However, in reality, modern training in practical logic is usually associated with passing various tests and solving problems to check the level of development of intelligence (IQ) and for some reason does not affect the application of logic in real life situations.
To actually master logic, one must combine theoretical and applied aspects. Lessons and exercises should be aimed at the formation of an intuitive logical toolkit brought to automatism and consolidation of the acquired knowledge in order to apply them in real situations.
This is the principle behind the online training that you are reading now. The purpose of this course is to teach you how to think logically and apply the methods of logical thinking. Classes are aimed at familiarizing with the basics of logical thinking (thesaurus, theories, methods, models), mental operations and forms of thinking, rules of argumentation and laws of logic. In addition, each lesson contains tasks and exercises for practicing the use of acquired knowledge in practice.
Logic Lessons
Having collected a wide range of theoretical materials, as well as having studied and adapted the experience of teaching applied forms of logical thinking, we have prepared a number of lessons for the full mastery of this skill.
Lesson 1. Logical analysis of language
We will devote the first lesson of our course to a complex but very important topic - the logical analysis of language. It is worth mentioning right away that this topic may seem to many to be abstract, loaded with terminology, inapplicable in practice. Don't be scared! The logical analysis of language is the basis of any logical system and correct reasoning. Those terms that we learn here will become our logical alphabet, without knowing which it is simply impossible to go further, but gradually we will learn to use it with ease.
Lesson 2. Concept in logic
A logical concept is a form of thinking that reflects objects and phenomena in their essential features. Concepts are of different types: concrete and abstract, single and general, collective and non-collective, irrelative and correlative, positive and negative, and others. Within the framework of logical thinking, it is important to be able to distinguish these types of concepts, as well as produce new concepts and definitions, find relationships between concepts and perform special actions on them: generalization, limitation and division. You will learn all this in this lesson.
Lesson 3. Definition in Logic
In the first two lessons, we talked about how the task of logic is to help us move from an intuitive use of language, accompanied by errors and disagreements, to a more orderly use of it, devoid of ambiguity. The ability to handle concepts correctly is one of the necessary skills for this. Another equally important skill is the ability to give definitions correctly. In this tutorial, we'll show you how to learn it and how to avoid the most common mistakes.
Lesson 4. Logical judgment
Logical judgment is a form of thinking that affirms or denies something about the surrounding world, objects, phenomena, as well as relationships and connections between them. Propositions in logic consist of a subject (what the judgment is about), a predicate (what is said about the subject), a connective (what connects the subject and the predicate), and a quantifier (the scope of the subject). Judgments can be of various types: simple and complex, categorical, general, particular, singular. The forms of connections between the subject and the predicate also differ: equivalence, intersection, subordination and compatibility. In addition, within the framework of compound (complex) judgments, there may be their own links that define six more types of complex judgments. The ability to think logically implies the ability to correctly build various types of judgments, understand their structural elements, signs, relationships between judgments, and also check whether the judgment is true or false.
Lesson 5. Laws of logic
Before proceeding to the last third form of thinking (inference), it is important to understand what logical laws exist, or, in other words, objectively existing rules for constructing logical thinking. Their purpose, on the one hand, is to help build conclusions and argumentation, and on the other hand, to prevent errors and violations of logic associated with reasoning. In this lesson, the following laws of formal logic will be considered: the law of identity, the law of the excluded middle, the law of contradiction, the law of sufficient reason, as well as de Morgan's laws, the laws of deductive reasoning, Clavius's law and the laws of division. By studying the examples and doing special exercises, you will learn how to purposefully use each of these laws.
Lesson 6. Inference
Inference is the third form of thinking in which one, two or more judgments, called premises, follow a new judgment, called conclusion or conclusion. Inferences are divided into three types: deductive, inductive and inferences by analogy. In deductive reasoning (deduction), a conclusion is drawn from a general rule for a particular case. Induction is an inference in which a general rule is deduced from several special cases. In inference by analogy, on the basis of the similarity of objects in some features, a conclusion is made about their similarity in other features. In this lesson, you will get acquainted with all types and subtypes of inferences, learn how to build a variety of cause-and-effect relationships.
Lesson 7. Syllogisms
This lesson will be devoted to multi-premise inferences. Just as in the case of one-parcel inferences, all the necessary information in a hidden form will already be present in the premises. However, since there will now be a lot of parcels, the methods for extracting them become more complex, and therefore the information obtained in the conclusion will not seem trivial. In addition, it should be noted that there are many different kinds of multi-premise inferences. We will focus only on syllogisms. They differ in that both in the premises and in the conclusion they have categorical attributive statements and, based on the presence or absence of some properties of objects, allow us to conclude that they have or do not have other properties.
Lesson 8. Types of reasoning
In the previous lessons we talked about different logical operations that are an important part of any reasoning. Among them were operations on concepts, definitions, judgments and inferences. So, at the moment it should be clear what components the reasoning consists of. However, nowhere have we touched on the questions of how reasoning can be organized in general and what types of reasoning are in principle. This will be the topic of the last lesson. To begin with, reasoning is divided into deductive and plausible. All types of inferences discussed in previous lessons: inferences on a logical square, inversions, syllogisms, enthymemes, sorites, are precisely deductive reasoning. Their distinguishing feature is that the premises and conclusions in them are connected by a relation of strict logical consequence, while in the case of plausible reasoning there is no such connection. First, let's talk more about deductive reasoning.
How to take classes?
The lessons themselves with all the exercises can be completed in 1-3 weeks, having mastered the theoretical material and a little practice. But for the development of logical thinking, it is important to study systematically, read a lot and constantly train.
For maximum effect, we recommend that you first simply read the entire material, spending 1-2 evenings on it. Then go through 1 lesson daily, doing the necessary exercises and following the suggested recommendations. After you have mastered all the lessons, engage in effective repetition using this technique in order to remember the material for a long time. Further, try to apply the methods of logical thinking more often in life, when writing articles, letters, when communicating, in disputes, in business, and even at your leisure. Reinforce your knowledge by reading books and textbooks, as well as with the help of additional material, which will be discussed below.
Additional materials
In addition to the lessons in this section, we tried to pick up a lot of useful material on the topic under consideration:
- Logical problems;
- Tests for logical thinking;
- Logic games;
- The smartest people in Russia and the world;
- Video tutorials and master classes.
As well as books and textbooks, articles, quotes, auxiliary trainings.
On this page we have selected useful books and textbooks that will help you deepen your knowledge in logic and logical thinking:
- Applied Logic. Nikolai Nikolaevich Nepeyvoda;
- "Textbook of logic". Georgy Ivanovich Chelpanov;
- "Logic: lecture notes". Dmitry Shadrin;
- “Logic. Training course "(educational and methodological complex). Dmitry Alekseevich Gusev;
- "Logic for lawyers" (collection of tasks). A.D. Getmanova;
- “Logic. Textbook for law schools. V.I. Kirillov, A.A. Starchenko
- “Logic. Textbook for secondary school. Vinogradov S.N., Kuzmin A.F.
- “Logic. Textbook for humanitarian faculties. A.A.Ivin
- Logic. Ivanov E.A.
- And others.
Articles about logical thinking
Also pay attention to the "Logic and Intelligence" section of our blog, where we collect interesting materials on this topic, including:
- 4 laws of logic
- Heuristic
- Schrödinger's cat - the essence in simple words
- What you need to know about IQ tests
- Paphos, logos, ethos
- And other articles by our authors
Trainings
Training and development of logical thinking can be supplemented by the following trainings, which you can take for free on our website:
logical operations are performed.
2. Creative thinking, together with logic, will give you the opportunity not only to draw the right conclusions, but also to look for non-standard solutions where logic has reached a dead end.
3. Oratory and writing skills form verbal and logical thinking, and also allow you to put into practice the acquired knowledge in this course.
4. Mental counting and speed reading are suitable for the development and training of intellectual abilities.
5. Human psychology is useful in understanding logical thinking, because it is psychology as a science that studies the mental operations, motives, and incentives of a person.
Quotes of famous people about logic
Many great people spoke about logical thinking, and here are some quotes that we considered relevant in this training:
I think, therefore I am (either in Latin Cogito, ergo sum, or in the original French Je pense, donc je suis).
Rene Descartes
Only a few people think logically.
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