Lithium for ocd

Management of obsessive-compulsive disorder comorbid with bipolar disorder

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The Incredible, The Amazing, Lithium!

It’s an amazing metal. Not only does it treat acute mania, prevent recurrences, and treat refractory depression, but when consumed as LiCl, it tastes pretty good on vegetables. Or at least it did before the 1950s, when it was dropped from the list of acceptable salt-substitutes for hypertensives because of a nasty tendency to cause toxicity.

The history of lithium is colorful, and is covered elsewhere in this month’s issue. In this article, TCR covers lithium from a clinical perspective, in the hopes of reminding you that it’s easy to prescribe and to monitor, it’s effective, and it’s very cheap.

Lithium’s benefits

In treating acute manic episodes, lithium’s response rate is in the range of 70-80%. That’s the good news. The bad news is that it takes up to two weeks to kick in, and thus is about a week slower than its main competitors, Depakote and the atypical antipsychotics. This is not a huge problem, however, because we will often use adjunctive neuroleptics or benzodiazepines for acute mania anyway.

Not only does lithium treat mania, but it is the only medication in the world that has been shown to be more effective than placebo in preventing recurrences of both mania and depression in bipolar disorder (1). Other medications may be effective for preventing specific problems in bipolar disorder. Thus, Lamictal (lamotrigine) prevents bipolar depression, and a recently reported but not yet peer-reviewed abstract reports that Zyprexa (olanzapine) was better than lithium at preventing relapse to mania in one trial (2). But lithium has been shown effective in bipolar disorder prophylaxis in study after study over the last 30 years.

Lithium is a good antidepressant, and is currently one of two drugs recommended in APA Guidelines for the treatment of bipolar depression (3). Lithium is the only psychiatric medication (other than clozapine) proven to prevent suicide. Meta-analytic studies have reported a 93% reduction in suicide acts in patients on lithium. Interestingly, lithium’s antisuicide effect was most robust in recurrent major depression, although it was still a boon in both bipolar I and bipolar II disorders. Does this suicide data imply that we should be putting all our severely depressed patients on lithium, whether they have bipolar disorder or not? It’s an arguable point!

There are a variety of allegations floating around related to certain supposed advantages of Depakote over lithium, especially in any manic presentation other than classic euphoric mania. Read the Depakote article in this issue for TCR‘s version of clarity on this topic.

How to Use Lithium

Now that you’re chomping at the bit to start prescribing lithium, how should you do it? Start by getting baseline TSH, T4, and BUN/Cr levels drawn before the first dose, and then start with regular old Lithium Carbonate, 300 or 600 mg QHS. LiCO₃ may cause a bit more initial GI distress than Eskalith CR or Lithobid but it’s about half the price. Lithium’s half life is 24 hours, so don’t even think of dosing more than once a day, unless it becomes clear over time that your patient has fewer side effects with split dosing. Dosing it at night also has the beneficial effect of causing less polyuria.

Try to get the lithium level up to 0.8 meq/L or so. Comparative studies have shown that higher serum levels are more effective at preventing relapse, but on the down side, they lead to lower tolerability and more treatment drop-out. So shoot for 0.8, but if you have to drop down to 0.6 or 0.7 to maintain a happy camper, by all means do so. You’ll probably end up at a dose between 900 mg – 1500 mg QHS for most patients.

Check lithium levels, TSH/T4, and BUN/Cr after one week, at one to two months, then every 6 to 12 months thereafter. The most common side effects are GI discomfort (remedies: split dosing, take with meals, switch to long-acting formulation, or switch to Li Citrate syrup), tremor (use Inderal LA 60 mg QAM or regular Inderal 20 mg BIDTID prn), polyuria/excessive thirst (dose it all at night, use low dose hydrochlorthiazide but watch lithium levels, which will often increase on this regimen), memory problems (no proven remedy, some try stimulants or acetylcholinesterase inhibitors), weight gain (diet and exercise and prayer).

Two side effect issues are confusing and controversial. First, can lithium actually damage the kidneys, beyond causing reversible polyuria? The answer is: probably, but it’s quite rare. A ten-year prospective followup study of lithium’s effects on the kidney found that declining kidney function was more related to age of the patient than duration of lithium use. One risk factor appears to be a history of frank lithium toxicity. Bottom-line is that kidney damage is unlikely, but caution dictates yearly BUN/Cr levels.

The second issue is lithium’s effects on the heart. A Medline search reveals many case reports of lithium-induced sinus node dysfunction. Recall that the sinus node is our main cardiac pacemaker, and keeps our hearts beating in the 60-100 range. The usual symptoms of sinus node dysfunction are the results of bradycardia–fatigue, dizziness, and fainting. Studies that have bothered to measure sinus node functioning in large groups of patients on lithium have been pretty reassuring: severe, symptomatic sinus node dysfunction is quite rare (5). Based on this, a common sense approach would be to: 1) Get a pre-lithium EKG in patients with documented cardiac disease, especially in patients over 50, who have a higher rate of bradycardia due to age alone; and 2) Order an EKG in any lithium treated patient who has new onset dizziness or fainting.

TCR VERDICT: Dont Neglect the Magic of Lithium!

23 roles of lithium in the human body. Scientific data.

Lithium is an alkali metal found naturally in trace amounts in minerals, water, soil, and fruits, vegetables, and other plants grown in lithium-enriched soils (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed /11601880).
Lithium is essential for the proper functioning of a number of enzymes, hormones, vitamins, growth factors and the immune and nervous systems (https://www.igsli.org/general-information-on-lithium/biochemical-effects-of-lithium.html).
In addition to lithium's role in treating psychiatric patients, this mineral has many health benefits, and the list continues to grow.

1. Lithium has a neuroprotective effect (protection of brain cells)

Long-term lithium treatment reduces glutamate-induced toxicity mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. This effect was at least partially explained by the ability of lithium to suppress calcium influx, which affects the activity of the NMDA receptor. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3172812/#R39)
Thus, lithium has the potential to be beneficial for conditions such as mood disorders, Alzheimer's, diabetes, cancer, and inflammatory and autoimmune diseases (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3172812/# R39).

2. Lithium inhibits apoptosis

Lithium increases levels of heat shock proteins (HSPs), which promote proper 3D folding of proteins, refolding of damaged proteins, and utilization of atypical proteins (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3172812/#R39).
Among heat shock proteins, HSP70 has a wide range of neuroprotective effects against apoptosis. These effects are caused by GSK-3 inhibition (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3172812/#R39). Lithium is also known to inhibit GSK-3 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8994831).
Long-term lithium treatment has been noted to induce the production of Bcl-2, a protein in the frontal lobe of the brain that protects cells from apoptosis (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3172812/#R39).

3. Lithium increases levels of neurotrophic factors BDNF, NGF and GDNF

Prolonged exposure of neurons to lithium in culture induces BDNF activity. (reference 2)
BDNF is one of the main neurotrophic agents indispensable for cognitive development, synaptic plasticity and neuronal survival, which also has antidepressant and calming effects. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3172812/#R39)
This probably occurs as a result of GSK-3 inhibition. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3172812/#R39)
Lithium also increases nerve growth factor (NGF) and glial neurotrophic factor (GDNF) levels in the hippocampus, frontal cortex, occipital region, and striatum (https://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12974988). NGF and GDNF help increase neuronal survival and plasticity (the ability to regenerate and form new connections) among dopaminergic, cholinergic, and serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system.

4. Lithium promotes the regeneration of cerebral and cardiac vessels (VEGF)

Lithium leads to an increase in the production of vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF, which promotes cell growth and regeneration of blood vessels after a stroke (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3172812/#R39).
By increasing VEGF levels, lithium may promote faster recovery after a stroke or heart attack (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3172812/#R39).
The likely mechanism is lithium inhibition of GSK-3 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3172812/#R39).

5. Lithium induces autophagy

Autophagy or "cell self-destruction" is when cells break down and recycle cellular components to reuse raw materials (https://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3172812/#R39). Autophagy is thought to slow down aging, prevent cancer, and is important for neuronal function and survival (http://genesdev.cshlp.org/content/21/22/2861.full, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih .gov/pmc/articles/PMC2020444/).
Lithium can induce autophagy by depleting inositol stores independently of mTOR inhibition (which by itself usually induces autophagy) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3172812/#R39).
Since lithium induces autophagy, the drug may be especially useful for patients with neurodegenerative diseases - Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Huntington's disease, since such disorders are characterized in part by the accumulation of misfolded proteins (https://www.ncbi.nlm .nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3172812/#R39).

6. Lithium increases neurogenesis and improves cognitive function

Lithium has been found to stimulate progenitor and stem cells in a culture of brain hippocampal neurons (neurons from the memory center). In addition, lithium prevents loss of proliferation caused by glutamate or cortisol (glucocorticoids). Also, long-term lithium treatment promotes the conversion of these precursor cells into neurons (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3172812/#R39).
In addition, long-term lithium treatment not only improves neurogenesis in the hippocampus (memory center) in healthy mice, but also restores neurogenesis in the brain of an animal model of Down syndrome (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles /PMC3172812/#R39).
The drug also enhances neurogenesis (the formation of new neurons) in the subventricular zone, the only area besides the hippocampus (memory center) where such an effect was observed, which caused a persistent increase in gray matter volume in patients (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC3172812/#R39).
Lithium increases N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) levels (http://www.biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com/article/S0006-3223(00)00252-3/abstract), which can be seen as an indicator of creativity and correlates with IQ scores (https http://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21983183). One possible consequence of this may be more efficient communication between the two hemispheres of the brain, resulting in improved brain activity. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21983183)
Long-term lithium treatment increases long-term potentiation (LTP) in hippocampal neurons, which makes nerve cells more efficient and thus aids in learning and memory (http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/17996377).

7. Lithium can calm and stabilize mood

In animals, lithium staunchly reduces search activity and aggression. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2150568/)
In humans, lithium is also known to have a calming and mood-stabilizing effect, and is also used to treat depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_(medication).
Lithium carbonate is the standard of care for bipolar affective disorder (BAD), reducing the frequency of manic episodes (https://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2560740/pdf/10885180.pdf, https://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181868/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3876031/).
Lithium has also been shown to be effective in reducing aggressive behavior in people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12154153).
Increased levels of naturally occurring lithium in drinking water may reduce suicide rates (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_(medication)). This may be partly due to the fact that lithium increases the synthesis and release of serotonin (it also reduces the level of norepinephrine) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_(medication)).
Lithium increases CCK levels in the brain and this is part of the mechanism by which lithium prevents mania in bipolar disorder.

8. Lithium fights depression

Lithium administration is one of the most studied approaches in the treatment of depression refractory to standard therapy (https://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22796912).
Lithium increases postsynaptic sensitivity to serotonin via the 5-HT1A receptor, which partly explains its antidepressant activity. (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/syn.8

302/abstract?systemMessage=Wiley+Online+Library....)
Lithium also increases BDNF levels, which helps with depression.
Lithium partially alleviates depression in animals by increasing the number of neural stem cells.

9. Lithium has potential use in the treatment of Huntington's disease

Lithium prevents nerve cell death in animal models of Huntington's disease (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11591460, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14702090).
Lithium reduces excess NMDA receptor function, and thus may potentially counteract the increased NMDA receptor activation that occurs in the brains of patients with Huntington's disease (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21492946).
Research into patients with Huntington's disease is ongoing.

10. Lithium reduces insulin resistance

Lithium improves insulin-stimulated glucose transport and glycogen synthesis in insulin-resistant rat muscle rat muscle (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC26339thirty/). These effects depend on p38 MAPK (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2633930/).
Lithium reduces insulin release (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/369819).
The use of lithium significantly increased glucose transport into muscle cells by 2.5 times in response to insulin administration and also increased insulin sensitivity (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8013755).

11. Lithium has a positive effect on autoimmune diseases and reduces inflammation

Lithium has shown strong immune system activation effects (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15236914/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12208183).
Lithium, by inhibiting GSK-3, has been noted to have a beneficial effect in animal models of autoimmune disease. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3532311/)
Lithium inhibits the activity of Th2 cells and interferon-gamma (but not Th27 cells). (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3532311/)
Lithium has anti-inflammatory effects by decreasing the production of IL-1β and TNF-α, and increasing the production of IL-2, TGF, IL-1RA and IL-10 (http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/ 2003/3_353.pdf, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10367558).
However, studies have also shown that, under certain experimental conditions, lithium also has pro-inflammatory effects by increasing the production of IL-4, IL-6 and TNF-α (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4063502 /).
Lithium increases IgG and IgM antibody levels (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/009825).
Lithium reduces the production and activity of prostaglandins, thus preventing their negative effect on the immune system (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0006295274

9).

Lithium reduces the frequency and duration of recurrent infections of labial and genital herpes, and also reduces the frequency of colds (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2155671, https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/ en/publications/suppression-of-recurrent-genital-herpes-infections-wit...).

12. Lithium has a positive effect on bone tissue

A comparative study was conducted to assess the bone density of the hip and lumbar spine in 75 volunteers who received lithium and 75 healthy volunteers who did not receive lithium; groups were normalized for age, sex, and body mass index. The study found lower rates of bone remodeling in volunteers who received lithium. Mean bone mineral density in lithium-treated volunteers was 4.5% higher at the spine, 5.3% higher at the femoral neck, and 7.5% higher at the trochanter of the femur (https://www.ncbi .nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18992857).
Lithium use is associated with a reduced risk of bone fractures and increased osteogenesis , https://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1297659/).

13. Lithium can be helpful in restoring our circadian rhythm

As you know, lithium is the standard of care for the treatment of patients suffering from bipolar disorder, which is characterized by the presence of episodes of mania and depression.
One mechanism by which lithium may help with bipolar disorder is by lengthening the circadian rhythm. People with bipolar disorder tend to have a shorter circadian rhythm compared to 24 hours.
Lithium promotes a faster recovery of our circadian rhythm in response to light and darkness (http://geum.ru/next/art-91286.php).

14. Lithium improves mitochondrial function

Lithium increased the lifespan of roundworms (nematodes) and improved overall health outcomes, including mitochondrial energy production (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24398558).
Lithium may improve mitochondrial function by increasing the rate of replacement of broken mitochondria (https://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24398558).
Lithium also inhibits mir-34a, which in turn inhibits NAMPT, an enzyme involved in the formation of NAD+ (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3172812/#R39, https://en .wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide_phosphoribosyltransferase). Therefore, lithium likely increases free NAD+ levels.

15. Low doses of lithium increase life expectancy

The researchers found a positive correlation between life expectancy and lithium levels in drinking water. There has been a decrease in the risk of death from all diseases in areas of Japan with higher lithium levels.
Similar was noted in the situation with roundworms (nematodes). Long-term low-dose lithium exposure can delay aging and clearly reduce mortality in evolutionarily distinct species (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3151375/). The improvement in health status was accompanied by improved mitochondrial function. (https://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24398558)

16. Lithium may improve symptoms of Tourette's syndrome

Tourette's syndrome is a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary muscle movements and uncontrolled vocal sounds (https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tourettes-syndrome/).
In a small study of 3 patients, lithium resulted in a better outcome than haloperidol, a common drug prescribed for Tourette's syndrome. In patients who took lithium, there was a significant decrease in the number of tics and involuntary speech sounds. Patients had no side effects and were symptom-free for several months (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27089four).

17. Lithium may be useful in cases of tardive dyskinesia

Tardive dyskinesia is a neurological disorder characterized by sudden, involuntary, jerky movements of the face and/or body that occur with long-term use of psychotropic drugs (https://www. ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Tardive-Dyskinesia- Information-Page).
Studies have shown that lithium significantly reduced the severity of tardive dyskinesia (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924977X07001496, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/788002, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/804260).
Lithium reduced arousal and aggression, and reduced involuntary movements (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/788002, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/804260).
However, two large studies found no consistent effects of lithium on tardive dyskinesia (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7

, https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/117629).

18. Lithium helps to cope with obsessive-compulsive behavior

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), or obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a mental disorder characterized by obsessive thoughts and behavior (https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd/index. shtml).
The addition of lithium to the diet results in a reduction in OCD symptoms resistant to standard therapy (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6435460).
Compulsive and pathological gamblers have also shown a good response to dietary lithium supplementation, which may regulate dopamine imbalance in the brain (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20588072).

19. Lithium can relieve headaches

Lithium can reduce the severity of both chronic and episodic cluster headache (http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?pid=S0213-616320000006&script=sci_arttext).
Lithium carbonate taken before bed helped eliminate "hypnic headache" (headache that older people suffer from waking up at the same time at night) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ articles/PMC1891726/, http://pn.bmj.com/content/practneurol/5/3/144.full.pdf).

20. Lithium may be effective in treating anorexia nervosa

Patients suffering from anorexia nervosa for many years have been successfully treated with lithium carbonate (https://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/842388, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed /6801096).
One patient gained 12 kg and the other 9 kg within 6 weeks, and the weight gain on lithium therapy was maintained for a year (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/842388).
However, further studies of lithium are required to evaluate its utility in the treatment of anorexia nervosa.

21. Lithium may be effective in treating alcoholism

Lithium orotate is used to treat alcoholism.
The drug has been shown to be safe, with minimal side effects such as muscle weakness, loss of appetite, or mild lethargy (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3718672).
Lithium carbonate promotes alcohol abstinence, reduces subjective withdrawal symptoms, and delays time to first alcohol consumption (https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/article-abstract/494005, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /pubmed/181193).
Patients treated with lithium were less likely to be rehospitalized for alcohol rehabilitation during 18 months of follow-up (https://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2494686).

22. Lithium may reduce seizure frequency

Data on the effect of lithium on seizure frequency is still controversial (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3379144).
Some patients with epilepsy show a statistically significant reduction in seizure frequency as well as behavioral improvement with lithium treatment (https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/article-abstract/490891).
Lithium can be used to control treatment-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy.
However, some patients with epilepsy have experienced an increase in the number of seizures during lithium treatment (https://www.healio.com/psychiatry/journals/psycann/2013-6-43-6/%7B0346b54f-2ca1-4215-8d9e-10708601ad..., http://www.academia.edu/6195616/Non-convulsive_status_epilepticus_during_lithium_treatment_at_therap..., https://neuro.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/jnp.11.3.414).

23. Lithium may relieve symptoms of Meniere's disease

Meniere's disease is an ear disease that causes severe dizziness, tinnitus, hearing loss, and a feeling of fullness in the ear (https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menieres-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-203749ten).
In 70% of patients with Ménière's disease, a decrease in the frequency and severity of seizures was observed during lithium treatment (http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/00016487409126326?journalCode=ioto20&).
However, in a study involving patients who received lithium and placebo for 6 months, there was no difference between the two groups (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/790893).

Additional information

• Lithium reduces brain levels of inositol (https://www.nature.com/articles/newbio233267a0).
• Lithium increases vasopressin, which stimulates ACTH and cortisol (http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10. 1371/journal.pone.0027613).

Genetic factors that influence lithium sensitivity

Serotonin transporter 5-HTTLPR (SLC6A4)
Patients with 2 copies of the short form of this gene respond less well to lithium treatment than patients with the long form of the gene (https://www.nature.com/articles/6500006).
Corresponding allele: The presence of rs25531 may indicate the long form of the gene.

GSK3beta -50T/C
These mutations are responsible for the variability in responses to lithium in patients with bipolar disorder, although the results are not uniform (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14729229, https://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/pubmed/15694273, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16861141)
The C allele is associated with a more improved response to lithium supplemented antidepressants (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17628506).

Journal of the RAS

Artificial Societies

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The electronic scientific and educational journal "Artificial Societies", acting as an analogue of the English-language journal Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (JASSS), is the most convenient platform for publishing works not only on the topic of artificial societies , but also scientific articles of a wider profile.

Asia and Africa Today

asaf-today.ru

Publishes scientific articles about political, economic and social processes taking place in Asian and African states, about their culture, art and literature.

Chelovek

chelovek-journal.ru

The journal “Chelovek” is a scientific publication that publishes the results of the study of man in the social, humanitarian and natural sciences in close connection with the understanding of man in philosophy, which initially seeks to answer the question “What is a man?” . The journal is open to various intellectual traditions and theoretical platforms. Works that develop complex studies of man at the intersection of sciences are especially welcome. The articles of the journal are addressed to the interdisciplinary readership. Along with research articles, the journal publishes analytical reviews of discussions and scientific conferences, polemical essays, and book reviews.

Digital Orientalia

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"Digital Orientalia" (Digital Oriental Studies) is an international scientific periodical that reflects a wide range of problems in the development of modern oriental studies and the humanities.

Eastern Analyticscs

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Eastern Analytics has been published since 2010. The journal is aimed at analyzing economic, social and political processes in the modern East.

Ekonomika i matematicheskie metody

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The journal Economics and Mathematical Methods positions itself as an open platform for international communication and exchange of scientific information, results of fundamental and applied research of academic and expert-analytical specialists. The journal strives to maintain a high scientific level of discussion about the problems, methods of studying and developing the economy, involving the most qualified experts in this process - researchers and practitioners.

Energy law forum

mlcjournal.ru

The purpose of the journal is to improve the quality of coverage of the main results of dissertations and create the basic conditions for fulfilling the requirements of the Higher Attestation Commission of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia for scientific publications of applicants for scientific degrees of candidates and doctors of legal sciences (5.1 .2, 5.1.3, 5.1.5)

Epistema

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Epistema magazine is a unique communication platform for scientific discussions, where young scientists and well-known researchers in the field of philosophy, social sciences and human sciences meet. At the center of these discussions lies the understanding of knowledge as a phenomenon of culture in its various aspects and research contexts.

Etnograficheskoe obozrenie

"Ethnographic Review" is one of the oldest Russian academic journals devoted to research in the sciences of peoples. Founded in 1889The journal specializes primarily in the publication of articles on ethnography, ethnology and social/cultural anthropology, as well as reviews and reviews of scientific literature in these areas.

Eurasia. Expert

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Electronic scientific journal “Eurasia. Expert” is an online periodical dedicated to the scientific analysis of political, economic and humanitarian processes in the Eurasian region.

Gosudarstvo i pravo

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The journal covers: theoretical issues of state and law; problems of the formation of the rule of law; human and civil rights and freedoms; analysis of new legislation; chronicle of scientific life.

Indo-European linguistics and classical philology

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Yearbook "Indo-European Linguistics and Classical Philology" is a periodical published by the Institute of Linguistic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences since 1998 The publication is a registered media. Certificate number: PI No. FS 77–60970.

ISTORIYA

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The electronic scientific and educational journal "History" (ENOSH "History") is a unique online periodical publication that contains scientific and educational articles by leading domestic and foreign historians, reflecting the results of modern research .

Izvestiia Rossiiskoi academii nauk. Seriia literatury i iazyka

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The journal covers the problems of linguistics and literary criticism, folklore, art history, theory of literature and the history of Russian and foreign literature.

Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law

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The Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law is aimed at scholars and practitioners involved in the problems of legal regulation.

Journal of Russian Law

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The general concept of the Journal reflects the nature, level and diversity of domestic doctrinal research, the main trends in the development of certain branches of legislation, Russian experience, which served as the starting point for synthesizing new ideas and discoveries in the field of legal science .

Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS

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The journal publishes original scientific articles in all areas of Oriental studies: history, archeology, culture, economics, politics, linguistics and linguistics of the countries of the East from antiquity to the present day. The main goal of publishing the journal is to inform the scientific community about new results and achievements made by the staff of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Latin America

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Journal "Latinskaya Amerika" is a full-fledged multidisciplinary professional publication in Russian, unique for Russia and the CIS, analyzing topical theoretical, scientific and practical problems of Ibero-America; - gives readers a broad panorama of the Ibero-American world, prints exclusive interviews of heads of state, ministers, politicians, diplomats, parliamentarians and public figures, prominent representatives of science, business, culture and art, works of world famous writers from Latin America, Spain and Portugal.

Law & Digital Technologies

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Law & Digital Technologies (LDT) is a peer-reviewed and interdisciplinary journal dedicated to advancing the dialogue between legal scholars and computer scientists. This journal publishes innovative theoretical and methodological research dedicated to digital technologies such as Blockchain, Artificial Intelligence, BigData, etc. LDT is looking for papers within the subject area that display good quality legal analysis or new lines of legal thought that go beyond mere description of Law, however accurate that may be. It also welcomes research in the field of theoretical computer science, applied mathematics and informatics, aimed at the development of scientific and methodological foundations of convergent cognitive-information technologies. The journal especially fosters interdisciplinary approaches.

Linguistica Fundamentalis

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The journal "Fundamental Linguistics" / "Linguistica Fundamentalis" is designed to draw special attention of researchers in the field of linguistics and related fields of knowledge to the theoretical understanding of the identified and described features of the languages of the world.

Man and Education

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The Man and Education periodical has been published since 2005.

Founder: Institute of Education Management of the Russian Academy of Education

Editorial staff: St. Petersburg Branch of the Institute of Education Management of the Russian Academy of Education

Metamorphoses of History

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The electronic scientific journal "Metamorphoses of History" is an online periodical that publishes scientific articles by leading domestic and foreign historians. The materials of the journal are intended not only for specialists, but also for all those interested in issues of world and national history.

Mirovaia ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia

The monthly journal “Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia” was founded in 1956 and published since January 1957. It is the leading multidisciplinary publication in Russia and the CIS on topical theoretical, scientific and practical problems of international politics, world economic relations, development of individual countries and regions.

Nauka.me

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Nauka.me, an electronic scientific and educational journal, is an online periodical that brings together young researchers in the field of social sciences and the humanities. The main goal of the journal is to create an accessible platform for the publication of scientific works of young scientists, bachelors and masters of both Russian and foreign scientific and educational organizations.

Novaia i noveishaia istoria

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The journal publishes articles by leading Russian and foreign historians on the political, economic and social processes taking place in the countries of Western and Eastern Europe, the USA, Canada and Latin American countries. Much attention is paid to the history, foreign policy of the leading countries of Asia and Africa.

Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost

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The journal discusses the following issues: the economy, society, politics, culture of Russia; construction of a general scientific picture of the world; features and prospects of transformation processes; synergetics and methodology of social science; perspectives of man and world civilization; regional studies and modernization processes; international relations.

Obshchestvo i ekonomika

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Society and Economics is an international scientific and socio-political journal dedicated to the economic, political and social processes taking place in post-socialist countries.

Oiental Epigraphy

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The journal “Epigraphics of the East” publishes original scientific articles on Eastern source studies, epigraphy, numismatics, original historical philological and linguistic studies of already published epigraphic materials, reviews and reviews of new publications containing archeographic and epigraphic expeditions, as well as those devoted to the description and study of material and epigraphic monuments of the East.

Oriental courier

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Oriental courier is conceived as a platform for discussing problems of a wide range of politics, economics, practical oriental studies, field research, "scientific travels", questions of cultural studies, art history, philology, history of the East and history oriental studies.

Orientalistica

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Orientalistica ("Orientalistica") is a scientific peer-reviewed publication covering a wide range of areas of oriental studies.

Polylogos

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Polylog/Polylogos is a scientific and theoretical publication published four times a year and aimed at a professional audience. The objective of the journal is to publish the results of research in the field of political science, philosophy of politics and philosophy of history.

Problemy Dalnego Vostoka

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The journal provides its readers with an opportunity to get acquainted with the history, culture, politics and economy of the Asia-Pacific countries, to follow the development of international cooperation in this dynamic and strategically world economy - China and Japan - as well as the rapidly growing India, Vietnam and other ASEAN countries, include Siberia and the Russian Far East with their enormous potential.

Psikhologicheskii zhurnal

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The journal publishes articles on the fundamental problems of psychology, its methodological, theoretical and experimental foundations, as well as the results of research related to applied issues of social and scientific life. Discussions on the pages of the journal contribute to the identification of general trends in the development of psychology and its convergence with practice.

Pskov Journal of Regional Studies

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The journal presents the results of scientific research aimed at analyzing the political, economic, social, demographic, ethno-cultural and environmental problems of the development of various regions of Russia and foreign countries. In addition, the tasks of the journal include consideration of the theory and methodology of complex and "sectoral" regional studies, as well as the identification of regional specifics by studying the features of the historical and geographical development of territories.

Publishing House of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the RAS

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The Publishing Center of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences publishes original scientific articles in all areas of Oriental studies: history, archeology, culture, economics, politics, linguistics and linguistics of the countries of the East from antiquity to the present day.

Rossiiskaia arkheologiia

The journal has more than 50 years of existence. The journal is aimed at professional scientists - archaeologists, historians of material culture, art and architecture. As a fundamental scientific publication, the journal accepts for publication only original author's works (articles, short notes, book reviews , a chronicle of ongoing scientific forums

Rossiiskaia istoriia

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Scientific journal publishing materials on history, historiography and methods of historical research. The journal covers all areas of study of the Russian historical process from antiquity to the present, and encourages interdisciplinary and comparative approaches. The priority of the journal is the publication of original materials based on the introduction of new sources into scientific circulation and written taking into account the latest domestic and foreign historiography. The journal also pays great attention to the professional discussion of new scientific publications (monographs, collections of articles and academic publications of sources), which is carried out both in the format of reviews (the department of criticism and bibliography is the largest of all similar departments of Russian historical periodicals), and in the heading "Dialogue about the book. "

Russia and America in the 21st century

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The Russia and America in the 21st century journal is an online periodical that collects scientific and educational articles by leading domestic and foreign historians, reflecting the results of modern research.

Russian Journal of Bilingualism Studies

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Russian Journal of Bilingualism Studies is an international interdisciplinary journal for the study of bilingualism in various fields and scientific schools of linguistics, psycho- and sociolinguistics, literary criticism, cultural studies, pedagogy, psychology and sociology.

Russkaia literatura

On the pages of the magazine the reader gets acquainted with the works devoted to folk art, the literature of Old Russian and the 18th century, the classical heritage, the literature of the newest period (20th century). Theoretical, historical and literary research coexists in it with biographical and textological research, thematic headings related to the anniversaries of classical writers, critical reviews, polemics, attributions, extensive information about current scientific life based on the materials of numerous international conferences.

Russkaya Rech’

Popular science academic journal about the Russian language (about its history and current state), about Russian culture and literature

Scientific and Analytical Herald of IE RAS

The journal publishes the results of research in the field of economic, social, political and spiritual life of European society; bibliographic reviews and reviews, as well as information about scientific conferences.

Slavianovedenie

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Thematic articles, materials of discussions, round tables, documents, critical reviews, bibliography, chronicle of scientific life, information about books published by the Institute of Slavic Studies, etc. are published.

Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya

The journal publishes articles on the entire spectrum of sociological science: theory, methodology and history of sociology, methods and results of sociological research in the field of economic, social, political and spiritual life of society both in Russia and abroad. Among the leading rubrics are ethnosociology, sociology of culture, family, education, science, religion, government, law, youth, demography and migration. New headings - "Historical Sociology", "Sociology of Health and Medicine", "Sociology of International Relations", "Sociology of Professions".

Sovremennaya Evropa

Modern Europe is an academic scientific publication published by the Institute of Europe of the Russian Academy of Sciences (http://www.instituteofeurope.ru) since 2000 and is a social and political research journal recognized in Russia and in the world. Frequency: six times a year. The journal "Modern Europe" publishes materials on economics, sociology, political science, international relations, history. is included in the List of Russian peer-reviewed scientific journals of the Higher Attestation Commission of the Russian Federation, in which the main scientific results of dissertations for the scientific degrees of doctor and candidate of sciences should be published.

Studies in Transcendental Philosophy

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The thematic orientation of the journal is connected, first of all, with transcendental philosophy (in the narrow sense), which includes the transcendental philosophy of I. Kant, neo-Kantianism, [transcendental] phenomenology, modern Kant studies.

Ural-Altaic Studies

ural-altai.ru

The journal "Ural-Altai Studies" is oriented, first of all, to the interests of linguists - specialists in the languages of the Ural and Altai communities. We expect that we will be able to attract as authors those historians, ethnographers, literary critics (as well as representatives of other sciences) who are interested in exchanging information with linguists.

USA & Canada: ekonomika, politika, culture

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USA & Canada: Economics, Politics, Culture was founded in 1970 as USA: Economics, Politics, Ideology (with Canada added since 1998). Its main goal was and remains to inform readers about all aspects of the domestic and foreign policy of the United States and Canada, as well as topical theoretical and practical problems of international politics, world economic relations, and development in different countries of the world. The journal publishes materials presenting the results of research by Russian specialists and foreign analysts on Russian-American and Russian-Canadian relations.

Vestnik CEMI

cemi. jes.su

Scientific electronic quarterly journal Vestnik CEMI is a unique online periodical that publishes works of a high scientific level on reviewing and preparing materials, which is provided by the staff of the Central Economics and Mathematics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Vestnik drevnei istorii

The journal publishes original scientific articles on all areas of ancient history, classical and ancient Eastern philology and archeology of ancient and ancient Eastern civilizations, in Russian, English, French and German.

Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki

vietmag.org

The main block of journal materials consists of original articles in which qualified specialists in the history and philosophy of science and technology publish the results of their research. The journal is published under the direction of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

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