Consider the reaction

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Getting Your COVID-19 Vaccine | CDC

Important update: Healthcare facilities

CDC has updated select ways to operate healthcare systems effectively in response to COVID-19 vaccination. Learn more

Getting Your COVID-19 Vaccine

Updated Sept. 22, 2022

Everyone 6 Months and Older Should Get a COVID-19 Vaccine

COVID-19 vaccination has many benefits and is an important tool to help protect you from severe illness, hospitalization, and death.

Getting a COVID-19 vaccine after having COVID-19

Even if you or your child have had COVID-19, you should still get yourself or your child vaccinated.

Getting a COVID-19 vaccine after having COVID-19 provides added protection against the virus that causes COVID-19.
People who already had COVID-19 and do not get vaccinated after their recovery are more likely to get COVID-19 again than those who get vaccinated after their recovery.
If you were given monoclonal antibodies or convalescent plasma while sick with COVID-19 you do not need to wait to get vaccinated.

If you recently had COVID-19, you may consider delaying your next vaccine dose (primary dose or booster) by 3 months from when:

your symptoms started,
you first received a positive test if you had no symptoms.

Getting COVID-19 again soon after just having had COVID-19 can happen but is not common in the weeks to months after you had it.

Reasons to get a vaccine sooner rather than later include:

your own personal risk of having severe health concerns,
your local COVID-19 community level, and
the most common COVID-19 variant currently causing illness

If you have COVID-19

People who have COVID-19 and are in isolation, should wait to get vaccinated until :

Symptoms are gone (if you had symptoms) and
Your isolation guidelines have been met.

People who have COVID-19 and are in isolation, should wait to get vaccinated until:

Symptoms are gone (if you had symptoms) and
Your isolation guidelines have been met.

If you have multisystem inflammatory syndrome

Children and adults who have (or have recently had) multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS), should wait to get vaccinated until:

Recovering from being sick and
It has been 90 days since the date of diagnosis of MIS-A or MIS-C.

Children and adults who have (or have recently had) multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS), should wait to get vaccinated until:

Recovering from being sick and
It has been 90 days since the date of diagnosis of MIS-A or MIS-C.

Talk to your doctor if you have questions about getting a COVID-19 vaccine.

Find COVID-19 Vaccines or Boosters

To find COVID-19 vaccine locations near you: Search vaccines.gov, text your ZIP code to 438829, or call 1-800-232-0233.

Find a Vaccine or Booster

Before the Vaccination

If you do not regularly take over-the-counter medications, you should not take them before you get a COVID-19 vaccination.

It is not known how over-the-counter (OTC) medicines, such as ibuprofen, aspirin, or acetaminophen, might affect how well the vaccine works. You may be able to take these types of medications to reduce fever or pain after you get your vaccine to relieve any pain or discomfort resulting from possible side effects.

Taking one of the following medications regularly is not, on its own, a reason to avoid getting your COVID-19 vaccination:

Over-the-counter medications (non-prescription)
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (naproxen, ibuprofen, aspirin, etc.)
Acetaminophen (Tylenol, etc.)
Biologics or biologic response modifiers that treat autoimmune diseases
Chemotherapy or other cancer treatment medications

Antiviral medication
Antibiotics
Statins
Blood pressure medications/antihypertensives (amlodipine, lisinopril, etc.)
Diuretics
Thyroid medications
Antidepressants
Metformin
Diabetic medications
Insulin
Steroids (prednisone, etc.)

This is not a complete list. These are some examples of common medications.

If you have questions about medications that you are taking, talk to your healthcare or vaccination provider.

If you are taking medications that suppress the immune system, you should talk to your healthcare provider about what is currently known about COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness. Ask about the best timing for you to get your vaccine.

Get a COVID-19 vaccine with your routine medical procedures and screenings

You can combine most procedures, screenings, and vaccinations at the same appointment when you get your COVID-19 vaccination. Talk to your healthcare provider if you have questions.

Children, teens, and adults may get a COVID-19 vaccine and other vaccines, including a flu vaccine, at the same time.

Preparing children and teens for vaccination

If you are getting your child or teen vaccinated learn how you can support them and talk to them about what to expect. The experience of getting a COVID-19 vaccine will be very similar to that of getting routine vaccines.

Requesting accommodations at COVID-19 vaccination sites

When making an appointment or arriving for vaccination, you can let staff and/or volunteers know you or your child might need some accommodations.
People with disabilities can use the COVID-19 Vaccine Disability Information and Access Line (DIAL) to get help with COVID-19 vaccinations.

If you have allergies related to vaccines

Talk to your doctor if you:

have had a severe allergic reaction to a previous dose to learn if you should get a different type of COVID-19 vaccine,
are allergic to polyethylene glycol (PEG) and you should not get Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna COVID-19 vaccine,
are allergic to polysorbate and you should not get Novavax or J&J/Janssen COVID-19 vaccine
if you are allergic to other types of vaccines or injectable medications for other diseases.

If you had an immediate allergic reaction (a reaction that started within 4 hours of getting vaccinated) to a COVID-19 vaccine, but the reaction was not considered severe by a medical professional, you can receive another dose of the same vaccine under certain conditions. Your doctor may refer you to an allergy and immunology specialist for more care or advice.
If you have had an immediate allergic reaction—even if it was not severe—to a vaccine or injectable therapy for another disease, you should discuss this with your doctor to determine which COVID-19 vaccine is best for you.

If you have allergies not related to vaccines

You should get vaccinated if you have allergies that are not related to vaccines or injectable medications such as food, pet, venom, environmental, or latex allergies. People with a history of allergies to medications taken by mouth or a family history of severe allergic reactions can also get vaccinated.

At the Vaccination Site

You should receive a paper or electronic version of a fact sheet that tells you more about the COVID-19 vaccine you or your child received. Each approved and authorized COVID-19 vaccine has its own fact sheet that contains information to help you understand the risks and benefits of that vaccine.
There is no charge for your COVID-19 vaccine. Your COVID-19 vaccine is free. COVID-19 vaccines are paid for with taxpayer dollars and are given free of charge to all people living in the United States, regardless of health insurance or immigration status. If anyone asks you to pay for a COVID-19 vaccine, it’s a scam.

After Getting a COVID-19 Vaccine

Stay on site to be monitored for at least 15 minutes.
Make sure your vaccination provider updates your vaccination card (or gives you one if this is your first dose).
Stay up to date with the recommended COVID-19 vaccines and boosters.
You may experience side effects after getting a COVID-19 vaccine.
Adverse effects (serious safety problems) and severe allergic reactions are rare.
To report any side effects, you can sign up for v-safe. V-safe is a smartphone-based tool that provides quick and confidential health check-ins via text messages and web surveys so you can quickly and easily share with CDC how you or your dependent feel after getting a COVID-19 vaccine.

Watch Video: Use v-safe to tell CDC how you’re feeling after COVID-19 vaccination [00:00:34]

Your CDC COVID-19 Vaccination Card

Keep your CDC COVID-19 vaccination card for proof of vaccination. Consider taking a picture of your card after each of your COVID-19 vaccination appointments as a backup copy.

Bring your card to your appointment whenever you get a primary series dose or booster so that your provider can fill in information about your shot.
If your vaccine card is full, your vaccine provider can give you another card.
If you did not receive a CDC COVID-19 vaccination card at your first appointment, contact the vaccination provider site where you got your first shot to find out how you can get a vaccination card. You can also contact your state health department to get a copy of your vaccination record.

Some vaccination providers and health departments may offer you access to a QR code or digital copy of your COVID-19 vaccination card in addition to giving you a physical CDC COVID-19 vaccination card. Contact your vaccination provider or local health department to learn if a digital copy of your card is available to you.
If you were vaccinated abroad there are ways you can update your U.S. vaccination record.
To report suspicious activity involving fake CDC COVID-19 vaccination cards, please visit Fraud Alert: COVID-19 Scams or call 1-800-HHS-TIPS.

Contact your vaccination provider directly to request a vaccination card or to get a copy of your vaccination record.
If you cannot contact your vaccination provider site directly, contact your state health department’s immunization information system (IIS). Vaccination providers must report COVID-19 vaccinations to their IIS and related systems. Your state’s IIS cannot issue you a vaccination card, but they can provide a digital or paper copy of your vaccination record.
If you need another COVID-19 vaccine dose and are unable to get a copy of your vaccination card or vaccination record, talk to a vaccination provider.

If you have additional questions about vaccination records, please contact your state health department. Your local or state health department can also provide more information about the laws or regulations in your area.

CDC does not provide the white CDC COVID-19 vaccination card to people and does not maintain vaccination records. Only a vaccination provider can give you this card.

A vaccine record (sometimes called immunization record) provides a history of all the vaccines you received. This record may be required for certain jobs, travel abroad, or a school registration.
A COVID-19 vaccination card is only for COVID-19 vaccination and is given to you when you get your COVID-19 vaccine.

For Healthcare Workers

Healthcare professionals registered in Vaccine Administration Management System (VAMS) can access vaccination certificates in VAMS.

Stay Up to Date with COVID-19 Vaccines and Boosters

When do you need to schedule your next shot?
Do you or your child need to get a booster?
Can you get a different vaccine product after your 1st dose?

Stay Up to Date

Ion Exchange Reactions - Umskul Textbook

As children, many of us exchanged candy wrappers, stickers, figurines and other nice little things. It turns out that in chemistry, substances also like to exchange something. Let's see how and with what this happens.

On this page you will recognize

RIO – is it a parrot from a cartoon, a character from “Paper House” or something else?
How does a tigress help memorize the rules of a chemical reaction? nine0012
How selective are substances in their sympathies?

Participants in ion exchange

To better understand this topic, you need to understand what a solution is, what electrolytic dissociation is, what electrolytes are, and who they belong to. More information about all this can be found in the article “Electrolytic dissociation”.

RIO – is it a parrot from a cartoon, a character from “Paper House” or something else? nine0006
Although the Rio parrot in the cartoon is most likely named after a river (el rio in Spanish), in chemistry these three letters have a different meaning. RIO stands for Ion Exchange Reactions. In what follows, we will use this abbreviation for greater convenience.

It is important to understand that RIO proceed without changing oxidation states and that only strong electrolytes are ionized during electrolytic dissociation. Consequently, weak electrolytes and non-electrolytes are never signed for ions! nine0003

The same is true in real life. For example, after sports competitions, it is from the winner of the “strongest participant” that many people want to get an autograph (signature). Losers in this process do not play a role.

Then the question arises, which electrolytes are weak?

We memorize by two words: weak and insoluble. That is, all weak acids and all insoluble salts and hydroxides are weak electrolytes.

Exchange reaction progress
Not all substances are able to react with each other and enter into RIO. For a reaction to occur, certain conditions must be met. Consider all cases where the reaction proceeds.

Conditions for reagents

The growl of a lioness will help us to remember the first condition of the flow. This is a long menacing sound “rrr”. The first condition for the flow of RIO is also encrypted with the letter P: p agents in most cases should be r astvo r im (r + r).

Traditionally, rule has not been without exceptions. Acids can react with soluble, slightly soluble and some insoluble salts, except AgS, PbS, CuS, CdS, HgS.

For example, BaS+ 2HCl → BaCl ₂ + H ₂ S

0011 – everyone wants to turn black,
Here is cadmium, here is mercury, H ₂ S is ready to bend.”

In the human world there are people who love to break the rules and do the opposite. Here in chemistry there is another rebellious company that does not want to follow these rules.

Remember: salts of copper, silver, mercury and lead can react with weak hydrosulphuric acid.

Why? As a result of such reactions, an insoluble salt is formed, which does not react with the formed acid. nine0003

As a separate case, the reaction between soluble acids and any bases can be considered.

For example, KOH + HCl = KCl + h3O (reactions between alkalis and acids are called neutralization)

The last condition for reagents. If the acid is insoluble, then it can only react with alkalis.

For example, H₂SiO₃ + 2KOH = K₂SiO₃ + 2H₂O

We have considered the conditions for the reagents, now we will consider the conditions for the products. nine0003

Conditions for products

There are three rules to remember here, dry and simple, like in mathematics. GAZ

ZNS + H ₂ SO ₄ = ZNSO ₄ + H ₂ S

is released 9000 9000
AGNO ₃ + KVR looksth _{3 9009}

Separated other weak electrolyte (most often water)

NaHCO ₃ + NaOH = Na ₂ CO ₃ + H ₂ O

To better remember all the conditions for the flow of RIO, look carefully at this diagram. Better yet, print it out and hang it above your desk.

Fact check

RIO proceed without changing oxidation states .

During electrolytic dissociation, only strong electrolytes are ionized.

For RIO to flow , the reagents must be soluble (with a few exceptions) and products must contain gas, sediment or any other weak electrolyte.

Check yourself
Task 1.
Is the following reaction possible: 2HCL + BA (OH) ₂ → BACL ₂ + 2H ₂ O

Yes, this is Rio

Yes, this is OVR

No, it is impossible

Task 2.
Is the following reaction possible: H ₂ S + BaSO ₄ → BaS + H ₂ SO ₄

Yes, this is Rio

Yes, this is no OVR

,

Task 3.

Is the reaction of neutralization to Rio?

Yes, this is RIO

No, this is OVR

No, this reaction does not occur

Answers: 1. — 1; 2. - 3; 3. - 1.

Neutrinos made it possible to consider the reaction inside a nuclear reactor

The Nucifer neutrino detector installed in France next to the experimental nuclear reactor Osiris made it possible to effectively track the progress of a nuclear reaction and the isotopic composition of the fuel.
This technology will reliably detect unauthorized production of weapons-grade plutonium and is an important step in the task of non-proliferation of nuclear weapons. A publication with the results of the first year of operation of the installation appeared in the e-print archive arxiv.org.
Neutrinos, the most elusive of the known elementary particles, have already found not only scientific, but also quite practical applications. Due to their high penetrating power, they make it possible to “see” what is happening in the thickness of the substance and which other observation methods cannot reach. For example, neutrinos can freely pass through the Earth - and this makes it possible to measure the radiogenic heat released in different layers of the planet. nine0003
Another important example is direct observation of the core of nuclear reactors. The combustion of nuclear fuel in a reactor produces secondary isotopes, many of which are beta-radioactive and decay with the emission of an electron and an antineutrino. Since the power of the reactor is great, the neutrino flux coming from it is huge. Therefore, if a neutrino detector is placed next to the reactor, at a distance of several meters, then even with all the elusiveness of neutrinos, it will be able to register hundreds of them per day and monitor the operation of the reactor almost in real time. And the most important thing is that this neutrino flux, and hence all the information that it carries, cannot be hidden behind any multi-meter concrete walls. nine0003
The reactor neutrinometry facility will solve several problems at once. First of all, technical. It will allow monitoring exactly how the nuclear fuel burns out in the reactor. Observations of the neutrino flux give not only the total power of the reactor—it is also measured by conventional methods—but also makes it possible to trace the evolution of the isotopic composition of the fuel during combustion. This is done using the neutrino energy spectrum. Such observations will show, in particular, whether plutonium is produced in the combustion process and how much plutonium remains in the discharged fuel at the end of the operation cycle. And since plutonium can be used in the creation of nuclear weapons, such monitoring will allow monitoring organizations, such as the International Atomic Energy Agency, to monitor compliance with nuclear nonproliferation requirements. nine0003
Neutrinometry will also make it possible to perform tomography of a nuclear reactor - to restore the spatial pattern of fuel burnup in a reactor with a fairly large core (those who wish can practice calculating this effect). If it turns out that combustion is uneven, this will mean that the fuel is being consumed inefficiently, which means that it will be necessary to optimize the process. It is difficult to obtain this information by conventional methods.

Finally, such an installation, located just a few meters from the source, will also solve a purely scientific issue. If in nature there is another type of neutrino with a moderately large mass, then it can cause neutrino oscillations at a distance of several meters. If several detectors are placed at different distances from the source, then these oscillations can be detected from their readings. Well, if the installation can also move back and forth, then one detector will also cope here. nine0003
Because of the practical and scientific value of such compact neutrino detectors, many countries have an active program to build and operate them. There is an installation of this type in Russia as well: it is a DANSS detector, which is being phased into operation in Russia, at the Kalinin NPP. They also exist in other countries. For example, the Nucifer detector is already operating in France, which is installed next to the multi-purpose research reactor OSIRIS with a capacity of 70 MW with a core size of only tens of centimeters. The volume of the detector itself is approximately a cubic meter; it is located at a distance of 7.2 meters from the reactor and is surrounded by a massive multi-layer protection against secondary radiation, induced by the reactor itself. nine0003
The sensitive substance of the detector is a liquid scintillator doped with gadolinium. An antineutrino collides with a hydrogen atom (i. e. a proton), generates a positron and a neutron. The positron, due to annihilation, gives an optical flash immediately, and the neutron must first slow down, be caught by the gadolinium nucleus, and only then, after tens of microseconds, does it produce a gamma-ray flash. Such a two-stage method makes it possible to distinguish a neutrino event from an extraneous radiation background (which, due to cosmic muons, is very large). The measuring ability of the detector was controlled using a standard Am-Be source (americium-241 and beryllium), which emits a neutron paired with gamma photons. nine0103

Antineutrino detection rate in the Nucifer detector with the reactor on and off.

G. Boireau et al.
The results of the first full run of the Nucifer detector from June 2014 to July 2015 have recently appeared in the arxiv.org eprint archive. The detector collected statistics for 145 days with the reactor in operation and 106 days with it turned off. During this time, more than 40 thousand candidate events for electron antineutrinos have been accumulated, which gives a count rate of 281 ± 7 neutrino events per day and is in full agreement with theoretical expectations.
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