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Zinc for mental health


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Last Updated: 08/30/2022

Effects of Zinc Supplementation in Patients with Major Depression: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Iran J Psychiatry. 2013 Jun; 8(2): 73–79.

, MS,1, PhD,2, MD, PhD,1, PhD,1, PhD,1, MD,3, MSc,4 and , MD4

Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer

Objective

Major depression is a mood disorder that causes changes in physical activity, appetite, sleep and weight. Regarding the role of zinc in the pathology of depression, the present study was aimed to investigate the effects of zinc supplementation in the treatment of this disease.

Methods

This study was a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Forty four patients with major depression were randomly assigned to groups receiving zinc supplementation and placebo. Patients in Zinc group received daily supplementation with 25 mg zinc adjunct to antidepressant; Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), while the patients in placebo group received placebo with antidepressants (SSRIs) for twelve weeks. Severity of depression was measured using the Beck Depression Inventory at baseline and was repeated at the sixth and twelfth weeks. ANOVA with repeated measure was used to compare and track the changes during the study.

Results

The mean score of Beck test decreased significantly in the zinc supplement group at the end of week 6 (P < 0.01) and 12 (P < 0.001) compared to the baseline. The mean score of Beck Depression Inventory reduced significantly compared to the placebo group at the end of 12th week (P < 0.05)

Conclusion

The results of the present study indicate that zinc supplementation together with SSRIs antidepressant drug improves major depressive disorders more effectively in patients with placebo plus antidepressants (SSRIs).

Keywords: Major depressive disorder, Zinc supplement, placebo and Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

According to the criteria of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), major depressive disorder (MDD) is a psychiatric disorder with genetic, biological, and environmental risk factors. This disorder is one of the most common diseases in the world, with high levels of associated mortality. It affects people of every region in every ethnic group (1, 2) to the extent that one out of every 5 people referred to a physician is affected by depression (3).

About 19-34% of patients with depression do not respond to antidepressants, and 15-50% of them have a recurrence; therefore, other medications or supplementation with micronutrients are increasingly adjunct to antidepressant drugs to improve their therapeutic effects (4).

Zinc is one of the micronutrients involved in behavior, learning and mental functions. The first clinical studies in the field of serum zinc level in depressed patients have been published by Hansen and colleagues (5). The first report on the relationship between zinc status and brain function in humans has been published in 1998 by Sand stead and colleagues (6). Various studies have identified the effects of zinc in the pathophysiology of depression and antidepressant drugs mechanisms of action. Also, other clinical studies have shown low serum zinc concentrations in patients with depression (7).Furthermore, Long-term treatments with zinc in laboratory animals have had the same mechanisms and effects as the antidepressant drugs (8).

In previous studies, the dietary micronutrients as confounding factors have not been studied. However, the present study was designed to examine the effects of zinc supplementation in patients with major depression, while assessing and controlling dietary intake. The present study was the first randomized clinical trial in Iran designed to examine the effects of zinc supplementation in patients with major depression.

Participants and Procedure

This study was a double blind randomized clinical trial that was performed on 44 patients with major depression. Study population was among people with depression who were referred to the psychiatric clinic of Imam Hussein, Tehran. Sampling started after obtaining approval from the ethics committee of Nutrition Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (No. t/1/044).

The patients were aged 18-55 years. The inclusion criteria included diagnosis of major depressive disorder by a psychiatrist based on DSM-IV-TR, obtaining informed consent from the patients, no supplements usage at least four weeks before the study, not taking any medication except for those associated with depression status. The exclusion criteria included pregnancy or lactation, severe psychotic symptoms, changing drug class, symptoms requiring hospitalization including suicidal thoughts and actions.

Patients were randomly assigned in to two groups. One group received 25-mg zinc supplement daily with Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) antidepressants (citalopram 20-60mg per day or fluoxetine 20-60mg per day), and the other group received placebo (containing Malto-dextrose) plus an antidepressant SSRI (citalopram 20-60mg per day or fluoxetine 20-60mg per day). The groups were blinded to the researchers and patients.

Demographic data form was completed at the baseline. Inclusion and exclusion criteria and disease background were evaluated by research team. The Beck Depression Inventory (9), physical activity questionnaire, three-day dietary recall, and anthropometric indices were completed in the beginning, middle and end of the study. Nutritionist IV software was used to analyze a three-day dietary recall. Macro and micronutrients intake was derived from the three-day dietary recall and compared between the two groups.

Also, at the beginning and end of the study, a blood sample of 5 ml was taken after a 12-hour fasting state. Serums were separated and zinc concentrations were measured by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry.

Statistical Analysis

Sample size was determined so that 11 score difference in the mean of Beck score could be detectable, while comparing zinc and placebo groups with α = 0.05 and 1-β = 80%. In all, a sample size of 18 was detected to be sufficient. However, to cover at least 20% drop out which is common in clinical trials, a sample size of 22 subjects was determined for each group.

Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 16. The Kolmogorov - Smirnov and chi-square tests were used to determine the normal distribution of quantitative data and to compare qualitative variables between the two groups, respectively. In the case of quantitative variables with normal distribution for comparison between the beginning and end of the intervention within each group, paired t-test, and for comparison between the two groups at the beginning or end of the intervention, t-test were used. The Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests were used in the case of quantitative variables with non-normal distribution. To compare and track the change of means of quantitative variables that were measured three times during the study period, analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measure was done. Covariance analysis was performed to adjust for quantitative confounding factors.

The IRCT number was 201110187836N1

In this study, 6 out of 44 patients were excluded voluntarily or due to lack of medication. Therefore, 21 patients in the group receiving zinc supplements and 17 in the placebo group remained in the study (). Furthermore, when serum zinc concentration was assessed, one subject was dropped out in zinc group due to loss of blood sample. The mean age in the zinc group was 37±9 and in the placebo group was 37.5±8 years, which was not significantly different.

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Flow chart of the study

The two groups were alike with respect to gender, education level, income, smoking, and no significant difference was observed between them (). Both groups received the same SSRI antidepressants. Furthermore, the groups were statistically similar in terms of sleep duration, physical activity, weight, BMI, and serum zinc concentration during the study ().

Table 1

General characteristics of Zinc and Placebo groups

VariablesZinc group (n = 21) n (%)Placebo group (n = 17) n (%)
Gender Female20(95%)14(82%)
Male1(5%)3(18%)
Education Level Elementary school3(14%)5(29%)
Secondary school8(38%)2(12%)
High school7(34%)5(29. 5%)
Academic3(14%)5(29.5%)
Smoking No18(86%)15(88%)
Yes3(14%)2(12%)
Marital Status Single2(9.50%)2(12%)
Married19(90. 50%)15(88%)
Income Less than 200 thousand2(9%)1(6%)
200 to 400 thousand6(29%)2(12%)
400 to 600 thousand7(33%)10(59%)
More than 600 thousand6(29%)4(23%)

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Table 2

Mean and standard deviation of sleep duration, physical activity, anthropometric indices and serum zinc concentration in patients with depression receiving zinc supplementation or placebo

VariablesStudy groupsNStudy period
BaselineSixth WeekTwelfth week
Sleep duration (hours per day) Zinc
Placebo		21
17		7±1
7±1		7±1
7±1		7±1
7±1
Physical activity (d/MET/h) Zinc
Placebo		21
17		16. 5±3
18±3		17±3
18±4		17±3
18±3
Weight (kg) Zinc
Placebo		21
17		71±17
68.5±10		72±17.5
69±10		71±18
70±10.5
Height (cm) Zinc
Placebo		21
17		161±6
162±9		-
-		-
-
BMI (kg/m 2) Zinc
Placebo		21
17		27±6
26±5		28±7
26±5		27. 5±6
27±5
Serum zinc concentration (µg/dL) Zinc
Placebo		20†
17		100±15
106±17		-
-		107±11
106±14

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†When serum zinc concentration was assessed, one subject was dropped out in zinc group due to loss of blood sample

No significant difference was observed between the two groups regarding dietary intake of energy, carbohydrate, protein, cholesterol, and fiber (). However, intake of total fat, saturated fatty acids and Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFA) in the zinc group was significantly lower in the sixth week (p < 0.05) and twelfth week (P < 0.01) compared to the placebo group(). Also, intake of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) was significantly lower in the zinc group compared to the placebo group in the twelfth week (p < 0.05) ().

Table 3

Mean and standard deviation of energy intake, dietary macronutrients and fiber in patients with depression receiving zinc supplementation or placebo

Variables (Energy and food components)Study groupsNStudy period
BaselineSixth WeekTwelfth week
Total energy intake (Kcal/d) Zinc
Placebo		21
17		1667±261
1787±259		1686±425
1819±239		1665±433
1851±289
Total carbohydrate intake (g /d) Zinc
Placebo		21
17		251±53
240±62		280±49
259±53		272±42
261±62
Total protein intake (g / d) Zinc
Placebo		21
17		57±19
66±23		58±17
63±23		60±11
67±27
Total fat intake (g / d) Zinc
Placebo		21
17		49±26
59±33		46±16a
65±34		46±15 b
65±21
Saturated fatty acid intake (g / d) Zinc
Placebo		21
17		17±8
21±7		18±6a
24±9		17±6 a
25±9
MUFA fatty acids intake (g / d) Zinc
Placebo		21
17		13±6
16±7		13±4a
18±8		13±4 b
19±5
PUFA fatty acid intake (g / d) Zinc
Placebo		21
17		9±14
18±24		9±8
17±25		8±7 a
17±17
Cholesterol intake (g / d) Zinc
Placebo		21
17		224±120
254±152		178±87
208±153		210±131
238±177
Fiber intake (g / d) Zinc
Placebo		21
17		13±5
14±4		16±4
14±4		14±3
13±4

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For comparison in each group paired t-test and for comparison between two groups independent sample t-test was used. Statistically significant difference compared with Placebo

ap < 0.05

bp < 0.01

During the study, dietary intakes of micronutrients such as zinc, magnesium, iron, vitamins B1, B2, B3, B6, B12 and folic acid were not significantly different between the two groups (). Only dietary intake of magnesium in the group receiving zinc supplementation was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than the placebo group at the baseline ().

Table 4

Mean ± SD dietary micronutrient intake in patients with depression receiving zinc supplementation or placebo

Variables (Energy and food components)Study groupsNStudy period
BaselineSixth WeekTwelfth week
Zinc intake (mg/d) Zinc
Placebo		21
17		6. 5±2.1
7.6±2.2		7.5±1.7
7.4±2.5		7.5±1.7
7.3±2.5
Magnesium intake (mg/d) Zinc
Placebo		21
17		193±55a
249±75		227±63
255±83		234±85
254±63
Iron intake (mg / d) Zinc
Placebo		21
17		11±4
13±4		12.5±5
13±4		12±4
13±4
Vit. B 1intake (mg / d) Zinc
Placebo		21
17		1.4±0.5
1.7±0.5		1.5±0.5
1.7±0.4		1.6±0.4
1.5±0.3
Vit. B 2intake (mg / d) Zinc
Placebo		21
17		1.2±0.4
1.5±0.5		1.5±0.6
1.5±0.7		1.5±0.5
1.4±0.4
Vit. B 3intake (mg / d) Zinc
Placebo		21
17		17±5
18±5		17±6
18±5		18±5
19±8
Vit. B 6intake (mg / d) Zinc
Placebo		21
17		1.5±0.8
1.5±0.4		1.5±0.6
1.5±0.3		1.5±0.6
1.6±0.4
Folic acid intake (µg / d) Zinc
Placebo		21
17		198±119
246±114		239±110
234±130		228±106
270±120
Vit. B 12intake (µg / d) Zinc
Placebo		21
17		2±1. 2
2±0.9		2.4±1.4
2.6±1.4		2.6±1.1
2.7±1.8

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Statistically significant difference compared with Placebo

ap < 0.05

* Vit.= Vitamin

The Beck score decreased in the placebo group, but this reduction was not significant compared to the baseline. Depression scores decreased significantly in the zinc group in the sixth week (P < 0.01), and the twelfth week of the study (P < 0.001) compared to the baseline, but this difference was not statistically significant compared to the 6th and 12th week values.

At the end of the study, Beck scores was significantly lower (p < 0.05)in zinc group compared with the group receiving the placebo. Even after adjusting for the effect of dietary confounding factors, including intake of total fat, saturated fatty acids, MUFA and PUFA fatty acids and magnesium, this difference still remained significant ().

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Changes in mean Beck depression scores in the groups receiving zinc compared with placebo using ANOVA with repeated measure. * Statistically significant difference compared with Placebo after 90 day: p < 0.05

Zinc is an essential micronutrient which is responsible for the different biological roles. Some of these functions are involvement in some enzymes activation, gene expression, synthesis and release of insulin, and cardiovascular homeostasis. The amount of zinc stored in the adults’ body is 2-3 grams; most of which, is in skeletal muscle and bone. Only 0.1% of the total zinc pool is present in plasma. The plasma levels of zinc are used to evaluate the nutritional status of zinc (10).

In the present study, mean serum zinc concentration in the group receiving zinc supplements increased by 6.5 µg/dL. However, this increment was not significant compared with placebo. Mean serum zinc concentrations at baseline were 100 ±15 and 106 ±17 µg/dl in the zinc and placebo groups, respectively. These amounts were similar to the mean serum zinc concentrations in healthy adults in Shiraz 104 ±18 µg/dL (11), and Ahvaz (7)111 ± 18 µg/dL, respectively. Some studies have shown the low serum zinc levels in depressed patients which are resistant to treatment (12, 13).Other studies have also shown that low serum zinc levels are normalized during treatment with antidepressants (14) which is consistent with our findings. In the present study, the mean dietary zinc intake in patients with major depression was about 6.5-7 mg per day. While in the study of Ghasemi and colleagues, the mean dietary zinc intake in men and women were 15.8 ± 11 and 14.7 ± 11 mg/day, respectively (15). The less zinc intake in these patients may be due to some antidepressants and lack of appetite as one of the symptoms of depression. Serum zinc level was normal in the current study. Therefore, despite the low intakes of zinc, we can infer that the increased serum zinc up to normal levels may be due to antidepressants. The antidepressants may stimulate releasing zinc from the body's stores such as muscles and bones. Also, zinc supplementation on these patients has restored the zinc pools.

Studies on dietary factors and their relation to depression have shown that consumption of meals containing high amounts of carbohydrates cause insulin release. Insulin causes glucose entrance into the cells, and on the other hand make more amino acids such as tryptophan to cross the blood - brain barrier. This may increase neurotransmitter levels, especially serotonin, in the brain which can lead to improved mood (16). Amino acid tryptophan can be converted to serotonin in the body and can cause sleep and mental calmness (17). Tyrosine amino acid can be synthesized from the amino acid phenylalanine and may enter into the biochemical pathways of dopamine and norepinephrine (18). Dietary omega-3 fatty acids are provided from some especial plant and animal sources (especially some marine animals). Omega-3 fatty acids are involved in regulating corticotropin factor, stimulating the serotonergic pathway, preventing neuronal apoptosis, improving blood flow to the brain and regulating gene expression (19). Folate and B12 deficiency are associated with depression. About 10 to 30% of depressed patients have low serum folate levels and their response to antidepressants is weak. Early vitamin B12 deficiency leads to depression. This is due to the reduced synthesis of S-Adenosyl Methionine (20). S-Adenosyl Methionine is associated with mood. The low concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid of depressed patients have been observed and it was found that increasing its plasma concentrations have improved the depressive symptoms (21). So far, clinical trials published in this field have not assessed the mentioned dietary confounding factors. However, the present study was the first experiment which evaluated the effects of dietary confounding factors in patients with depression. As shown in the results, the effects of dietary factors on depression during the study were similar between the two groups. In cases where there was statistical difference between the two groups, the confounding effects were adjusted using ANCOVA.

In the present study, zinc supplementation significantly decreased the Beck depression scores compared with the placebo. Findings of this research were similar to the study by Nowak and colleagues on 20 patients with major depression. Nowak supplemented the antidepressants with 25 milligrams of zinc in one group and the other group was given a placebo with antidepressants. Beck depression scale at baseline and the second, sixth and twelfth weeks were measured. Nowak showed that reduction in Beck scores at week 6 and 12 in the group receiving the supplement were significant compared with placebo (22).

In a study on patients with major depression, Siwek and colleagues gave imipramine combined with 25 mg zinc supplement to one group and placebo combined with imipramine to another group. Siwek findings revealed no significant change in depression scores of the two groups. However, zinc supplementation significantly reduced the rate of depression in patients resistant to medication and may facilitate treatment with antidepressants (12). One of the possible causes of the differences in the results of Siwek study with ours may be due to different type of antidepressant medication prescribed.

Antidepressants may exert their effect through the zinc-containing neurons. Zinc is located in the presynaptic vesicles of neurons of the cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, and spinal cord. These neurons are mainly glutaminergic. The majority of zinc-containing neurons in the spinal cord is gamma-amino butyric acidergic or GAB Aergic and partly Glycinergic; perhaps zinc inhibits glutamate receptors such as N-Methyl-D-Aspartic (NMDA) (23, 24).

Another hypothesis in this field is the role of the protein Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF). Some recent studies have shown that the BDNF may be involved in mechanism of zinc antidepressant effect. Chronic high doses of zinc increases BDNF gene expression in the cerebral cortex of rats, while a low dose of zinc may increase BDNF gene expression in hippocampus (25, 26).

The limited number of patients did not allow subgroups analysis based on type of SSRI drugs.

The results of this study reveal that zinc supplementation combined with antidepressant drugs can be effective in the treatment of patients with major depression.

We would like to thank the Center for Neuroscience Research for financial support, Imam Hussein Laboratory personnel, and Endocrine Research Center of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences.

We suggest evaluating the effects of different doses of zinc on depression in future studies.

Authors have nothing to declare.

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Zinc - ingredient description, instructions for use, indications and contraindications ProWellness

Table of Contents

  • Zinc Description
  • Biological Functions
  • Intake Rates
  • Zinc Deficiency
  • Zinc Overabundance
  • Food Sources
  • Preventive and Curative Use
  • 0029

    Disclaimer

    Please note that all information posted on the site Prowellness is provided for informational purposes only and is not a personal program, a direct recommendation for action, or medical advice. Do not use these materials for diagnosis, treatment, or any medical procedure. Consult your physician before using any technique or using any product. This site is not a specialized medical portal and does not replace the professional advice of a specialist. The Site Owner is not liable to any party who has suffered indirect or direct damage as a result of misuse of materials posted on this resource.

    Description of zinc

    Zinc is a trace element present in the body as part of more than 300 hormones and enzymes and performs vital functions.

    Zinc accumulates in cells, hair, muscles, skin, bones. The total mass of the element in the human body is small - from 1.5 to 3 g. However, its importance for humans can hardly be overestimated.

    Biological functions

    Zinc is found in every cell of the body. It is important for the synthesis of DNA, RNA, carbohydrates, fats, proteins. Influences the activity of more than 300 enzymes that are involved in metabolism, nervous function, digestion and many other processes.

    Without this trace element, the full development of immune cells and cell division is impossible. With its deficiency, the skin, digestive, nervous, reproductive, hematopoietic, and immune systems suffer.

    In addition to the listed functions, zinc:

    • important for prostate health;
    • stimulates tissue regeneration;
    • is required for insulin production;
    • improves the absorption of tocopherol;
    • is responsible for dental health;
    • eliminates inflammatory processes;
    • ensures the correct structure of the ribosome;
    • normalizes the functioning of the liver;
    • improves the condition of the organs of vision.

    Zinc reduces oxidative stress and lowers the risk of pneumonia, macular degeneration, infections. It is involved in collagen synthesis, immune and inflammatory response, so it is used in the treatment of ulcers and burns.

    Attention! Zinc can be used to treat acne. They inhibit inflammatory responses, sebaceous gland activity, and the growth of propionibacterium acne. Numerous studies have shown that people with acne are often deficient in zinc.

    Consumption rates

    A new portion of zinc is needed by the body every day, since it does not have a depot for its storage. The daily intake of a trace element for infants is 0.8 mg, for children - 3-10 mg, for adults - 15 mg, for pregnant women - 25 mg.

    Zinc deficiency

    With a micronutrient deficiency, the following symptoms are observed:

    • feeling nervous;
    • sleep is disturbed;
    • no appetite;
    • reduced visual acuity;
    • anemia develops;
    • nail plates are affected;
    • depression occurs;
    • mental disorders are manifested;
    • dandruff develops;
    • hair falls out;
    • testosterone level drops;
    • potency worsens;
    • skin diseases occur.

    Zinc excess

    An overdose of zinc is accompanied by nausea, anemia, intestinal colic, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, impaired kidney function, a metallic taste in the mouth, and jaundice.

    Food sources

    Leading foods for zinc are oysters, pumpkin and sesame seeds, beef, lentils, cereals, almonds, walnuts, peanuts, chicken, and pork. In addition, zinc ions are found in fish, vegetables, berries, dried fruits, fruits, and milk.

    Prophylactic and curative use

    Zinc preparations are available in the form of capsules, tablets, ointments, solutions, pops and chewable lozenges, drops for oral administration. The active substance is included in the form of oxide, sulfate, citrate or acexamate.

    The optimal prophylactic zinc dosage is 8 mg for women and 11 mg for men. If the micronutrient is used to treat various conditions, the doses are increased. For example, with acne - 135 mg, with problems with conception - 50 mg, with a cold - 150 mg.

    Attention! Zinc is taken one hour before meals or 2 hours after meals. You can not combine it with antibiotics.

    Disclaimer

    Please note that all information posted on the site Prowellness is provided for informational purposes only and is not a personal program, a direct recommendation for action, or medical advice. Do not use these materials for diagnosis, treatment, or any medical procedure. Consult your physician before using any technique or using any product. This site is not a specialized medical portal and does not replace the professional advice of a specialist. The Site Owner is not liable to any party who has suffered indirect or direct damage as a result of misuse of materials posted on this resource.

    Zinc is an indispensable trace element for the human body

    Already in 1963, the importance of zinc for human health and life was not in doubt, although at that time only three intestinal enzymes were known to science, for which zinc acts as a cofactor. Today we know about more than 300 enzymes and more than 100 transcription factor variants in which zinc acts as a cofactor.

    Zinc can be deposited in the human body in limited quantities, and therefore, to maintain its vital level, it is necessary to systematically consume foods or biologically active food supplements containing zinc.

    About 2 billion people suffer from chronic zinc deficiency. This is usually associated with an unbalanced diet and excessive consumption of cereals containing phytic acid salts. Zinc deficiency can be caused by the presence of malabsorption syndrome and sickle cell anemia, among other diseases, as well as chronic damage to the liver and kidneys. Other reasons include pregnancy, breastfeeding, veganism (complete refusal of food of animal origin) and alcohol dependence.

    Chronic zinc deficiency leads to stunted growth in children, immunodeficiency and cognitive impairment. Reduced immunity is accompanied by frequent repeated infectious diseases, which significantly reduces a person's life expectancy. In addition, sensitivity to infectious agents increases, the incidence of dermatitis increases, and the rate of wound healing slows down. In particular, it is worth noting that in the elderly, a lack of zinc causes inhibition of protein biosynthesis, leading to a decrease in the amount of muscle and an increase in adipose tissue.

    Health benefits. Systemic effects

    Zinc is an effective immunostimulant. It acts as a "second messenger" of immune cells and significantly reduces the duration of colds. In addition, a sufficient supply of zinc to the visual structures ensures the correct perception of light stimuli on the retina and reduces the risk of developing age-related macular degeneration.

    The antioxidant effect of zinc plays a critical role in reducing oxidative stress, which can cause DNA damage, and thus, this microelement reduces the risk of cancer.

    Chronic zinc deficiency leads to or exacerbation of neurological and psychiatric disorders such as depression and schizophrenia, as well as neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

    The key role of zinc in the synthesis of testosterone and in spermatogenesis has long been known, from which we can conclude that this trace element is necessary for men during sexual activity.

    Antibacterial effect

    Zinc's anti-inflammatory, wound healing, antioxidant and antibacterial effects make it versatile as an additive in personal care, skin and oral care products.

    For example, preparations containing zinc salts and, in particular, zinc oxide are used to treat various forms of acne. Note that the effectiveness directly depends on the size of the salt particles: the smaller it is, the more it inhibits the growth of bacteria.

    Zinc-containing sunscreen products help to reduce the oxidative stress associated with intense sun exposure. At the same time, micronized zinc oxide effectively absorbs and reflects long-wave UVA radiation, additionally creating physical protection for the skin.

    The addition of zinc salts to toothpaste or mouthwash provides protection of the chewing surface of the teeth up to 2-3 hours after application due to the binding of saliva elements and bacterial membranes to the mucous membranes.

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