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Nicotine causes depression


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  • SAMHSA’s National Helpline is a free, confidential, 24/7, 365-day-a-year treatment referral and information service (in English and Spanish) for individuals and families facing mental and/or substance use disorders.

    Also visit the online treatment locator.

SAMHSA’s National Helpline, 1-800-662-HELP (4357) (also known as the Treatment Referral Routing Service), or TTY: 1-800-487-4889 is a confidential, free, 24-hour-a-day, 365-day-a-year, information service, in English and Spanish, for individuals and family members facing mental and/or substance use disorders. This service provides referrals to local treatment facilities, support groups, and community-based organizations.

Also visit the online treatment locator, or send your zip code via text message: 435748 (HELP4U) to find help near you. Read more about the HELP4U text messaging service.

The service is open 24/7, 365 days a year.

English and Spanish are available if you select the option to speak with a national representative. Currently, the 435748 (HELP4U) text messaging service is only available in English.

In 2020, the Helpline received 833,598 calls. This is a 27 percent increase from 2019, when the Helpline received a total of 656,953 calls for the year.

The referral service is free of charge. If you have no insurance or are underinsured, we will refer you to your state office, which is responsible for state-funded treatment programs. In addition, we can often refer you to facilities that charge on a sliding fee scale or accept Medicare or Medicaid. If you have health insurance, you are encouraged to contact your insurer for a list of participating health care providers and facilities.

The service is confidential. We will not ask you for any personal information. We may ask for your zip code or other pertinent geographic information in order to track calls being routed to other offices or to accurately identify the local resources appropriate to your needs.

No, we do not provide counseling. Trained information specialists answer calls, transfer callers to state services or other appropriate intake centers in their states, and connect them with local assistance and support.

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Last Updated: 08/30/2022

The Association of Cigarette Smoking With Depression and Anxiety: A Systematic Review

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Smoking contributed to the development of schizophrenia and depression

British geneticists have found a causal relationship between smoking and the risk of schizophrenia and depression. Using a genome-wide association analysis, they showed that smokers were 2.27 times more likely to develop schizophrenia and 1.99 times more likely to develop depression. At the same time, feedback was also observed - but only for depression. An article describing the study was published in Psychological Medicine .

There are more smokers among people with mental disorders than among the healthy population. Due to the additional health problems that smoking causes (such as lung disease and cardiovascular disease), their life expectancy can be significantly reduced, so the nature of the relationship between smoking and mental disorders needs to be understood accurately. However, it is not always obvious and it is not possible to establish it exactly even with the help of studying biochemical mechanisms.

It is known, for example, that substances contained in tobacco inhibit the production of monoamine oxidase, an enzyme that breaks down monoamine neurotransmitters, such as dopamine. Antidepressants from the group of monoamine oxidase inhibitors have a related effect, from which it can be concluded that smoking could be used as a means of self-treatment in depression.

On the other hand, dopamine itself at high concentrations of nicotine in the body begins to be produced more strongly. Increased activity of dopaminergic neurons, in turn, is one of the obvious biomarkers of schizophrenia: this is why most of the drugs that stop the symptoms of the disease - antipsychotics - act specifically on dopamine. To show the connection between smoking and the development of mental disorders through the influence on the work of brain neurotransmitters, therefore, it is possible, but it will remain two-sided; in addition, smoking may well be a side variable.

Robin Wotton of the University of Bristol and colleagues tried to find a causal relationship between smoking and the risk of developing mental disorders using a genome-wide association search. To do this, they used the results of a recent study on genetic markers associated with smoking as a binary variable, which found 378 single nucleotide polymorphisms in a sample of more than 1. 3 million people.

After that they did their own research on the genomes of 462690 people who provided information on how much they smoke, how often, and their attempts to quit. In the end, the scientists were able to find 126 polymorphisms related to the duration of smoking, the number of cigarettes smoked, and whether people tried to stop (and also whether they succeeded).

Next, scientists used already known single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with the development of depression and schizophrenia (40 and 114, respectively). Scientists conducted a statistical analysis of the relationship between smoking and the development of mental disorders using Mendelian randomization methods - they evaluate the influence of genetic markers on the development of any trait as instrumental variables and help determine a causal relationship (with an eye to the fact that genetic factors are a variable random).

The analysis showed that smoking (both a binary variable and all studied indicators) is a risk factor for the development of both schizophrenia and depression (both p < 0. 001): smokers have a 2.27 times higher risk of developing schizophrenia, and depression - 1.99 times. An inverse relationship was found only for depression (p = 0.005), but not for schizophrenia, and there was a weak association between the presence of this disease and the onset of smoking.

The authors concluded that the relationship between smoking and the development of depression and schizophrenia is causal. However, they clarify that this is true only for a part of the studied population: due to the fact that an inverse relationship was also observed, but only for depression (this, apparently, is explained by the self-medication hypothesis), it is necessary to transfer the results to the entire population with caution. . The biochemical mechanism of such a connection remains to be studied: the authors, however, note that it most likely actually involves the work of monoamine neurotransmitters (not only dopamine, but also serotonin).

In recent years, genome-wide association studies have uncovered loci associated with, for example, insomnia and immediate reward predisposition, and have shown that homosexual intercourse cannot be explained purely genetically. However, scientists still doubt the need for genome-wide studies.

Elizaveta Ivtushok

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Scientists have found out how smoking and depression are connected

Smoking can lead to depression, Israeli scientists say. Smokers are much more likely to experience depressive symptoms, and quitting the habit improves mental health.

Smoking is not only harmful to physical health, but is also associated with mental disorders, researchers from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem found. The study was published in the journal PLOS ONE .

Smoking, including passive smoking, is one of the main risk factors for morbidity and mortality worldwide, the authors note. Almost 90% of smokers acquire this habit before adulthood, 98% before the age of 26.

Previous studies have shown that people with depression and other mental disorders are more likely to start smoking than mentally healthy people. In particular, many studies have noted that smokers have a much lower quality of life and more pronounced symptoms of anxiety and depression.

More recent data have shown that there may be an inverse relationship - smoking becomes a predisposing factor for mental problems, and quitting it is associated with a decrease in depressive symptoms.

Together with colleagues from Serbia, the authors interviewed more than 2000 students of Serbian universities.

As it turned out, smoking students were several times more likely to suffer from depression than their non-smoking peers.

In particular, at the University of Pristina, depression was observed in 14% of smoking students and only 4% of non-smokers, and in the University of Belgrade - in 19% of smokers and 11% of non-smokers. Women were more likely to suffer from depressive symptoms.

In addition, regardless of economic or social status, students who smoke were also more likely to complain of depression and had lower mental health scores (energy, social functioning) than non-smokers.

“Our study confirms existing evidence that smoking and depression are closely linked,” says Prof. Hagai Levin. It's too early to say that smoking causes depression. But tobacco seems to have a negative effect on our mental health.”

The Israeli government is actively cracking down on smoking - as of 2020, cigarettes are banned from being displayed in stores, warning labels on packs are increased to 65% of the pack size, and all tobacco products and e-cigarettes must be sold in the same packaging, without logos or display manufacturer's brand.

Levin would like such measures to take into account the impact of smoking on mental health.

“I encourage universities to advocate for the health of their students by creating cigarette-free campuses where not only is smoking banned, but tobacco advertising is banned,” he says. “Combined with policies to prevent, screen for and treat mental illness, these steps will go a long way towards combating the harmful effects of smoking on our physical and mental health. ”

Researchers suggest that the effect of nicotine on the activity of neurotransmitters.

In addition, other chemicals in cigarette smoke indirectly stimulate the release of dopamine associated with feelings of satisfaction, which ultimately leads to mood swings.

Students generally have more mental health problems than non-graduate peers, the researchers note. This is probably due to the stress caused by the strict academic requirements. The authors of the work suggest that depression can push them to smoke, and then, in turn, only aggravate their condition. The researchers hope that quitting smoking will allow students to improve their mental health, but this remains to be tested.

Previously, British geneticists drew attention to the fact that

smoking can provoke not only depression, but also schizophrenia.

Since the prevalence of smoking among people with depression and schizophrenia is generally higher than among the rest of the population, they decided to find out whether the diseases predispose a person to smoking or vice versa.

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