Advantages of fmri

What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of fMRI? - Advantages and Disadvantages of fMRI

The big advantage of fMRI is that it doesn't use radiation like X-rays, computed tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography (PET) scans. If done correctly, fMRI has virtually no risks. It can evaluate brain function safely, noninvasively and effectively. fMRI is easy to use, and the images it produces are very high resolution (as detailed as 1 millimeter). Also, compared to the traditional questionnaire methods of psychological evaluation, fMRI is far more objective.

Yet fMRI also has its disadvantages. First, it's expensive. Second, it can only capture a clear image if the person being scanned stays completely still. And third, researchers still don't completely understand how it works.

The biggest complaint from researchers is that fMRI can only look at blood flow in the brain. It can't home in on the activities of individual nerve cells (neurons), which are critical to mental function. Each area of the brain studied in fMRI is made up of thousands of individual neurons, each of which might have a unique story to tell. Because certain areas of the brain that "light up" on fMRI may represent a number of different functions, it's hard to tell exactly what kind of brain activity is being represented on the scan.

In addition, the results of an fMRI scan can be difficult to interpret. For example, in one UCLA study by researcher Marco Iacoboni, when swing voters were shown the words "Democrat," "Republican" and "independent," an area of their brain called the amygdala was activated, indicating feelings of anxiety and disgust. But the three terms also elicited activity in areas of the brain associated with reward, desire and connectedness. So how did those political terms make the subjects feel -- disgusted or connected? It was difficult for researchers to tell with any certainty [source: Scientific American].

Because of these drawbacks, some critics argue that fMRI is nothing more than a high-tech version of phrenology, the 19th-century pseudo-science that claimed to divulge a person's character based solely on the shape of his or her skull. In the future, researchers hope to make fMRI more "scientific" and improve its accuracy by focusing on individual neurons. They think that by recording the electrical activity in neurons, they will get a more complete and precise picture of brain activity.

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Advantages in functional imaging of the brain

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Front Hum Neurosci
v.9; 2015
PMC4436574

Front Hum Neurosci. 2015; 9: 249.

Published online 2015 May 19. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00249

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As neuronal pathologies cause only minor morphological alterations, molecular imaging techniques are a prerequisite for the study of diseases of the brain. The development of molecular probes that specifically bind biochemical markers and the advances of instrumentation have revolutionized the possibilities to gain insight into the human brain organization and beyond this—visualize structure-function and brain-behavior relationships. The review describes the development and current applications of functional brain imaging techniques with a focus on applications in psychiatry. A historical overview of the development of functional imaging is followed by the portrayal of the principles and applications of positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), two key molecular imaging techniques that have revolutionized the ability to image molecular processes in the brain. We conclude that the juxtaposition of PET and fMRI in hybrid PET/MRI scanners enhances the significance of both modalities for research in neurology and psychiatry and might pave the way for a new area of personalized medicine.

Keywords: positron emission tomography, molecular imaging, radiotracers, neurological diseases, functional magnetic imaging

Traditionally, diagnostic imaging was restricted to the visualization of aberrations in morphological structures. However, neurological pathologies generally do not cause significant correlates to macroscopically or microscopically visible changes in cell morphology. Since the contrast obtained for the differentiation of pathophysiological abnormality defines the performance of an imaging modality, highly sensitive methods for imaging alterations in brain functioning had to be developed. In general, any kind of radiation that penetrates the human body can be used as signal source for diagnostic imaging. Hence, the diversity of imaging modalities reflects the variety of the capabilities of the different kinds of radiation used in clinical practice. The aim of this short review is to introduce the principles of the most common and most promising molecular imaging techniques for the investigation of alterations in brain functioning: positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and to deduce their limitations and prospects.

The contemporary imaging methods: computer tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), PET, and ultrasound (US) can be traced back to the German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen. In 1895 Röntgen recognized that X-rays penetrate solid mater. He further discovered that the attenuation of X-rays depends on the characteristics of the object penetrated. When he subsequently deduced the technique of X-ray imaging a great invention took place: the visualization of structures inside the body without using surgery!

Since then the imaging with X-rays has been shown to provide images of excellent anatomic resolution. The development of CT, the corresponding tomographic modality, has further enhanced X-ray imaging and up to the present billions of scans have been carried out. The specific strength of CT imaging is its high anatomic resolution. The imaging is straightforward as long as bony materials or calcified tissue is investigated. In soft tissues the differences of X-ray attenuation are marginal and contrast agents are used to provide the known high-quality CT images in the major areas of the body i.e., the vascular system, the lungs and the kidneys. Inclusion of elements of high atomic number is pivotal for the efficacy of CT contrast agents as the X-ray absorbency is almost directly proportional to the third power of an elements atomic number. However, unfortunately, most elements of high atomic number are not biocompatible and iodine containing contrast agents dominate the choice of contrast agents in clinical use. High doses of up to 42 g of the contrast agent are required to induce sufficient contrast (Mortelé et al., 2005). Hence, for brain imaging in particular the highly sensitive methods PET and MRI are more promising.

When it comes to the tasks faced in brain imaging, the assessment of cellular functions and the visualization of metabolic processes is required. The visualization of changes of essential cellular structures gives testimony about the health status of a cell long before macroscopically or microscopically visible changes in cell morphology occur. These sensitive phenomena are only accessible to investigations with tracers/imaging agents and in the most delicate cases extremely small numbers of receptors are available to trigger the specific accumulation of the imaging agent (Catana et al., 2012).

Generally, there are two types of imaging agents to be differentiated (a) passive agents that modulate an external signal i.e., in CT and US; and (b) probes that either produce a signal autonomously i.e., radiotracers and bioluminescent dyes, or transformations of an external signal, such as with MRI contrast agents or fluorescent probes. As passive contrast agents only enhance the body’s signal, relatively high doses are required to delineate their endogenous contrast. While very high concentrations of CT contrast agents are required, the signal of radiolabeled tracers can be measured at an exceptionally high sensitivity. As the radioactive signal is exclusively emitted by the endogenous tracer it can be definitively traced back to the imaging agent. The short lived positron emitters ¹¹C and ¹⁸F are ideal for molecular imaging purposes. The positrons emitted by these radioisotopes produce gamma rays upon collision with electrons. These gamma rays efficiently penetrate the body and are detected in the PET scanner. The radioisotope is linked to a tracer molecule that triggers specificity by i.e., binding neuroreceptors or tracking the hemodynamics of the brain. Due to their pivotal function in neurotransmission and neuromodulation, the assessment of the spatial and temporal activity of neuroreceptors virtually depicts the brain functions and physiologic activities. Hence, PET tracers are the prototype of imaging agents for functional brain imaging, and PET studies have been proven of vital importance for the understanding and therapy of neurologic and psychiatric disorders.

Selective radioligands are often derived from psychoactive drugs and gain their specificity by mimicking neurotransmitters. The visualization of their specific binding to a target such as a receptor, a transporter or an enzyme allows revealing various pathologic conditions. In the following, PET tracers will be reviewed that target receptors, proteins or neurotransmitter, or glucose consumption.

Typical examples of radiotracers for PET are the ligands for the quantitative imaging of specific neuroreceptor subtypes such as [¹¹C]raclopride and [¹⁸F]fallypride for dopamine D2/D3 receptors for differential diagnosis of movement disorders and for assessment of receptor occupancy by neuroleptics drugs in schizophrenia (Siessmeier et al., 2005). Tracers binding arterial nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and acetylcholinesterase such as [¹⁸F]-2-fluoro-A85380 have been developed as markers of cognitive and memory impairment as well as Parkinson’s disease or multiple system atrophy (Bucerius et al., 2012). [¹¹C]DASB, [¹¹C]McN 5652 and [¹⁸F]FMe-McN5652 have been shown to bind serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) receptors and the 5-HT transporter. These transporters are dysregulated in affective disorders and shall be valuable structures for the assessment of activity of antidepressants. In the midbrain and amygdala of patients with major depressive disorder lower 5-HT transporter binding can be assessed with tracers such as [¹¹C]McN5652 (Parsey et al., 2006). Furthermore, this group of tracers is capable to determine abnormalities in both serotonin transporter and dopamine transporter binding as a result of the abnormalities in the neurotransmitter systems of the brains of autistic individuals (Hesse et al., 2012). Due to the salient role of opioid systems in neuropathic pain (Maarrawi et al., 2013), PET imaging of opioid receptors facilitates the understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of pain generation and assists the use and advancement of pain medication, spinal cord stimulation and spinal infusion pumps. The opioid receptor binding tracer [¹¹C]diprenorphine reveals reduced opioid receptor densities in neuropathic pain patients. Another tracer that binds to the GABA-receptors [¹¹C]flumazenil has been used to study increased cortical excitability in focal epilepsy (Szelies et al., 2002).

The pervasive search for drug treatments targeting Alzheimer’s disease has stimulated tracers to provide an intimate link to the diagnostics of this potential blockbuster market. Radiotracers binding the plaque forming proteins beta-amyloid- and tau-protein represent a straightforward approach for this disease. Subsequently, a series of different tracers ofthe Pittsburgh compound, e.g., florbetaben and flutemetamol have recently been approved for the detection of Alzheimer’s disease related protein plaques and the accompanying potential of staging this disease (Nordberg et al., 2010). Interestingly, a radiolabeled derivative of the dye thioflavin T was shown to bind the amyloid protein deposits in the brains of patients suffering from Alzheimer’s disease (Kreisl et al., 2013). Other examples for the various PET tracers for neuroimaging are 6-[¹⁸F]fluoro-L-DOPA that allows the imaging of presynaptic dopamine and can be used to determine dopamine turnover in Parkinson patients (Sossi et al. , 2002).

The study of tracers that map the regional differences of blood flow represents a different approach to visualize pathological changes and to gain function information of the brain. ¹⁵O-H₂O is the gold standard for this purpose (Grüner et al., 2012). This is complemented by 2-[¹⁸F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG), the working horse of modern molecular imaging (de Leon et al., 2001). In addition, to provide perfusion data, FDG allows conclusions about neuronal activity based on the energy metabolism. FDG is taken up by glucose transporters and trapped inside the cell as its 6-phosphate as a result of phosphorylation by the enzyme hexokinase. As the progression of Alzheimer’s disease is accompanied by decreased brain metabolism, FDG-PET can be used to diagnose its early stages and for the differentiation from other processes of dementia (Mosconi et al., 2008). Due to the short half-lives of ¹¹C (20 min) and ¹⁸F (108 min) very small amounts of the tracer are required to obtain the appropriate signal intensity and the total radiation exposure is comparable to the one obtained by whole body CT scans. The short half lives in turn entail the on demand synthesis of the radiotracers ideally with a cyclotron in close proximity to the PET imaging facility. The effective doses are continuously reduced by using tracers with short physical and biological half-lives, by minimizing the activity injected and by the ongoing enhancement of the sensitivity of PET scanners.

While PET imaging allows the assessment of neurotransmitter concentrations in the brain, it is not suitable to reveal micro- and macroscopic structural aberrations in the white and gray matter. In addition, PET cannot be used to detect rapid changes in brain activation. Moreover, despite the enormous achievement of PET imaging there is always a concern about the radiation risks involved in this modality. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) represents an alternative as endogenous compounds involved in the biochemistry of the brain are detected. The resonance frequency of protons depends on their chemical structure and MRS measures the concentration of marker molecules such as methionine or lipids (van der Graaf, 2010). Again, the performance of the imaging modality is limited by the contrast enhancing molecules: the concentrations of significant compounds such as neurotransmitters in the brain are far below the detection limit. In contrast, the bulk of the signal in magnetic resonance imaging comes from free water and this is present in abundance. The sizeable differences varying from 99 percent in the CSF over about 80 percent in gray matter to 70 percent in white matter are the basis for the excellent soft tissue contrast observed in MRI images of the brain (Neeb et al., 2006). Due to its high spatial resolution and the possibility to detect chances in brain morphology without the application of tracers, MRI has become the clinically preferred method of imaging soft tissues, such as the brain.

While in principle, MRI can be conducted without the application of contrast agents to the patient, for diagnostic purposes, e.g., early detection of strokes, contrast agents have to be applied. At first glance the sensitivity of MRI is similar to that of CT and high concentrations of the contrast agent should be required. But there is a fundamental difference between the contrast agents used in CT and MRI. The currently used MRI contrast agents (mostly gadolinium complexes that cause T1-shortening) are working indirectly by affecting the relaxation of water molecules in their coordination sphere. Due to the high exchange rate of water in the sphere of gadolinium complexes a large number of water molecules are relaxed within one scan (typically 2–3 s). As a result, an apparent several thousand fold amplification of the effect is observed. Consequently, a huge variety of MRI contrast agents have been developed (van der Graaf, 2010).

After evidence for a link between nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NFS) and gadolinium contrast agents had been described (Cowper et al., 2000), the risk of NSF has become an important issue in radiology. There is a broad consensus that the residual risk caused by gadolinium contrast agents only exists for patients with impaired kidney function. Even though NFS was associated with only an infinitesimal insignificant number of the patients diagnosed with gadolinium contrast agents, their link to the risk of NSF has greatly affected the development of MRI contrast agents and the approval of novel MRI contrast agents by the FDA has collapsed since. This is an unbearable situation: due to their elemental role in patient care, MRI contrast agents hold invaluable benefit for today’s health care. A discussion of the obligation to strike between the benefits of novel contrast agents and the risk of their widespread application (please consider that out of necessity the formerly approved contrast agents are still used!) is beyond the scope of this article.

Given the difficulties described for the development of specific MRI contrast agents, fMRI was developed in due course. As discussed above, the success of MRI is in great part due to the fact that an endogenous contrast agent is detected at high sensitivity. fMRI provides further characteristics that contribute to this exceptional performance. In the preferred application of the fMRI technique the iron in deoxyhemoglobin acts as a paramagnetic contrast agent similarly as gadolinium in the common MRI contrast agents. The blood of adults contains about 750 g of hemoglobin, an amount hardly to be attained with endogenous contrast agents. In deoxygenated hemoglobin the iron is paramagnetic as it has four unpaired electrons. Upon oxidation, hemoglobin loses its contrast enhancing properties. Consequently, the deoxyhemoglobin/oxyhemoglobin ratio defines the signal intensity. The so called blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD)-effect can be traced back to neural activity (rather than spiking of neurons), probably mainly due to increased uptake of glutamate in astrocytes (Logothetis et al., 2001; Raichle, 2001).

Several elementary features contribute to the unmatched performance of fMRI for neurological applications: (a) its clinical convenience—fMRI is performed with the standard MRI scanners and does not require the injection of contrast agents, but is achieved due to the measurement of an endogenous contrast agent that is present at high concentration in the brain; (b) the fact that the contrast agent is functional and responsible to stimuli; (c) the fact that fMRI it is not associated with the use of radioactive probes provides a high ease of repeatability and therefore makes longitudinal studies of subjects possible; and (d) the possibility to study not only alterations in brain morphology that affect activation of a certain region, but also its connectivity to other brain regions.

Nowadays, MRI scans of the brain are standard in clinical care in neurologic and psychiatric hospitals. Neurological, as well as vascular diseases of the brain can be easily detected and help guiding diagnostics and appropriate therapies. In addition, fMRIs can be acquired prior to brain surgeries to allow the surgeon an individualized anatomical mapping of visual and motoric functions of the patient.

Moreover, fMRI has a prominent role in neurologic and psychiatric brain imaging research. For the sake of brevity, the following illustration of MRI and fMRI for psychiatric research will be exemplarily illustrated for schizophrenia. MRI studies on schizophrenia show a volume loss of brain tissue, specially an enlargement of the ventricles, replicating earlier CT studies, making it one of the most robust findings in MRI research (Shenton et al., 2001). The first fMRI studies on schizophrenia revealed dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and temporal cortex as neural substrate of deficient cognition (Kindermann et al. , 1997). More recently, the focus has shifted to (a) the investigation of socio-emotional processing in schizophrenia, as well as (b) to the investigation of resting state to detect task independent alterations in the connectivity of brain networks (Zhou et al., 2007) that both give according evidence for prefrontal and temporal alterations. Consequently, an additional achievement of fMRI becomes obvious: fMRI does not only allow the detection of altered brain activation, but also of altered brain connectivity, indicating disturbed communication of brain areas. And indeed schizophrenia that has long been described as a disorder of disconnectivity, could be empirically linked to altered functional (Meyer-Lindenberg et al., 2001), as well as structural (Burns et al., 2003) prefrontal-temporal communication by means of fMRI, and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) that gives evidence for myelin loss of white matter tracks. Another modality of high interest in MRI scanners is MRS. By allowing the investigation of glutamate in the prefrontal cortex of patients with schizophrenia, MRS helps to solve another puzzle of the cognitive deficits in schizophrenia, (Poels et al. , 2014). Moreover, attempts to investigate molecular processes in the brain by means of fMRI are the imaging genetics studies that combine genetic information for e.g., a certain SNiP that is known to influence the availability of dopamine in the frontal cortex with brain activation (Mier et al., 2010). However, using MRS the concentration of only few neurotransmitters can be estimated, and imaging genetics studies might neglect epigenetic effects, while PET has a wide range of possible molecular targets in the brain that can be directly assessed. Notwithstanding the additional advantages and necessities of MRS and imaging genetics studies, a combination of (f)MRI and PET would allow a direct comprehensive assessment of the functioning of individual brain regions, as well as the interplay on the level of the whole brain (see Figure for a schematic comparison of PET and (f)MRI).

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Basic aspects of PET and fMRI. Left: chemical structures of common PET tracers used in neurological imaging and illustration of the induction of relaxation by hemoglobin, Middle: General characteristics of PET versus fMRI, Right: Typical PET and fMRI images (both single subjects).

Generally, in PET the advances are driven by the development of selective radioligands (i.e., tracers targeting Alzheimer’s disease) and in fMRI the development of the instrumentation (i.e., the implementation of high-field MRI into clinical applications), as well as the analysis methods (i.e., advances methods for connectivity analyses, such as dynamic causal modelling).

However, improvements of the specificity of molecular imaging probes invariably go along with the loss of effectual resolution as the orientation guide—the accumulation in the non-target tissue is decreased. Hence, bimodal imaging techniques that combine the outstanding molecular imaging probabilities of PET with imaging techniques with a better spatial resolution were developed. PET/CT is the prime example for such a bimodal imaging technique as the anatomical information gained at high resolution by CT synergistically matches the functional information of PET imaging. Due to the lack of tissue that provides significant attenuation of X-rays in the brain, PET/CT images of the brain do not significantly benefit from the CT-portion of the fused images. Since MRI has excellent soft tissue contrast, MRI should be perfect to navigate the PET information in the brain and high hopes are placed into the clinical outcome of the PET/MRI scanners that currently emerge. Hence, despite the exceptional technical challenges that had to be mastered (Pichler et al., 2008), PET/MRI hybrid systems have been developed. These PET/MRIs do not only allow to acquire PET and MRI with the same machine, but to acquire them simultaneously, because there is more to this combination than the convergence of anatomical and molecular resolution. While the determination of increases in neural activity and metabolism by the BOLD effect at first glance resembles static tracers that track the hemodynamics (i.e., CT and MRI blood pool contrast agents), the BOLD effect gives insight into the site of oxygen consumption and thus metabolic information. Hemoglobin is not able to penetrate the blood brain barrier but as it is triggered by the readily diffusible molecule oxygen, it virtually reports on metabolism beyond the blood brain barrier. Hence, this is the first time that it is possible to directly and simultaneously investigate the activity of neurotransmitters along with the activity and connectivity of a brain region. This combined assessment will give rise to a next generation of understanding brain function in healthy persons and patients with mental illnesses, and thus gives rise to high promise on the way to personalized therapies—the great white hope in medicine.

Despite the complexity of the brain function, advances in brain imaging techniques, in particular PET and MRI have boosted the research in the structure and function of the human brain. MRI has become the main modality for clinical neuroimaging. While economical restrictions and unbalanced safety concerns halt the development of novel tracers, fMRI hemodynamic based strategies have strongly advanced the progress of neuroimaging. The molecular imaging tracers (predominantly radiotracers) for PET provide the basis not only for a better understanding of molecular processes in the brain, but also for the stratification procedures essential for the safe development of individualized therapies. The directly combined application of BOLD fMRI measuring brain function with PET radiolabeled reporters that map the distribution and function of receptors synergistic will form the basis of a new area in today’s rapidly increasing insight into brain function.

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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ᐈ What are the advantages of MRI diagnostics? The answer of the specialist of the center "I-Clinic"

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/ What are the advantages of MRI diagnostics?

MR tomography is one of the most accurate and safe methods of differential diagnosis. A study on a tomograph has a number of significant advantages in comparison with other methods of examining the body:

Non-invasive. During the procedure, human tissues are not injured. Discomfort occurs only if the patient is shown intravenous contrast.
Safety. During the diagnosis, ionizing radiation is not used, which is the basis of X-ray and CT scans.
Versatility. MRI allows you to examine all anatomical regions without exception, since soft tissues, bone structures, the vascular bed, and the fat layer are clearly visible on the tomograms.
Possibility of application in all categories of patients. MRI can be performed even in newborns from the first day of life.
Versatility. During the screening process, the doctor receives images of the organ of interest in several planes and projections, which allows you to examine the tissues to the smallest detail.
Image detail. On tomograms, organs and tissues, including the brain and spinal cord, are perfectly visualized. This allows the diagnostician to identify the presence of pathologies and make the correct diagnosis.
Possibility of 3D modeling. Through modifications to the scanner, the doctor can create a three-dimensional image of the studied anatomical region.

MRI is considered the "Gold Standard" for examining patients with suspected tumor processes. Thanks to clear pictures, the doctor can identify the true genesis with a small size of the neoplasm. In addition, screening gives the opportunity to differentiate deviations in the work of the central nervous system and the musculoskeletal system.

One of the main advantages of magnetic resonance imaging, doctors point out that it is on MRI tomograms that it is possible to visualize both the bone structures of the skull, and the gray, white matter of the brain and spinal cord.

MRI is especially valued when it is necessary to confirm the following conditions:

inflammation and swelling of the brain;
demyelinating processes;
cerebral ischemia;
traumatic brain injury and its consequences;
senile dementia;
changes in the density of the medulla.

MRI at I-Clinic (ICLINIC)

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Thanks to a special modification of the "SQ Engine", the tomograph has increased magnetic field gradients and the examination time has been reduced by 15-20% (without loss of examination quality).
Using an amagnetic trolley, we accept patients with limited mobility and weighing up to 250 kg
We employ highly professional specialists with many years of experience.
When describing tomograms, we use professional WIDE medical monitors with a resolution of 5 MP, which allow us to see very small structures.
We provide the results of tomograms in electronic, paper form, as well as on film.

The duration and quality of the examination result depending on the intensity of the magnetic field of the tomograph

The list of frequently asked questions and answers about MRI examinations

Benefits of MRI | MRI diagnostics

You can make an appointment by calling 8 (3532) 433-505,
or using the appointment form

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Because magnetic resonance imaging provides a very detailed image, it is considered the best technique for the detection of various tumors, the study of disorders of the central nervous system and diseases of the musculoskeletal system. As a result of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a complete, three-dimensional picture of the studied area of the body is obtained. Thanks to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), it becomes possible, without using contrast agents, to carefully examine many organs and systems.

Modern tomographs allow the scanning method to obtain tomograms in an arbitrary oriented plane without changing the position of the patient. At the same time, similar CT principles of spatial information coding and data processing are used in an MRI study. In a single scan of, for example, the head, data are usually collected from about 20 levels of the skull and brain with a slice thickness of 4-5 mm. The higher the intensity of the magnetic field of the tomograph, this value is expressed in Tesla, the thinner these sections can be made, the more accurate the study will be, the more accurate the result will be. Most clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners contain 0.5-1.5 Tesla magnets and only a few - 3T. A stronger magnetic field can provide a more detailed examination. Scanning time depends on the tasks and parameters of the magnetic resonance tomograph and averages from 2-7 minutes (for magnetic resonance imaging of the MRI of the head) to 60 minutes. Ultimately, images of sections of the tissue under study, such as brain tissue, appear on the display screen.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) makes it possible to visualize sections of the skull and brain, spinal column and spinal cord on a display screen and then on X-ray film. Information allows to differentiate the gray and white matter of the brain, to judge the state of its ventricular system, subarachnoid space, to identify many forms of pathology, in particular volumetric processes in the brain, demyelination zones, foci of inflammation and edema, hydrocephalus, traumatic lesions, hematomas, abscesses, foci of manifestation ischemic and hemorrhagic type, by the way, ischemic foci in the brain can be detected in a hypodense form as early as 2-4 hours after a stroke.

An important advantage of MRI over CT is the ability to obtain an image in any projection: axial, frontal, sagittal. This allows visualization of the subtentorial space, spinal canal, detection of acoustic neuroma in the cavity of the internal auditory canal, pituitary tumor, subdural hematoma in the subacute period, even in cases where it is not visualized on CT.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become the main method for detecting some forms of anomalies: anomalies of the corpus callosum, Arnold-Chiari anomalies, demyelination foci in the paraventricular and other parts of the white matter of the brain in multiple sclerosis.

On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) earlier than on computed tomography (CT), foci of cerebral ischemia are detected, and they can be detected in the brainstem, in the cerebellum, in the temporal lobe. On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), contusion foci, brain abscesses and areas of brain tissue edema are clearly visible.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays an important role in determining the causes of dementia. At the same time, changes in the brain tissue are often nonspecific and sometimes difficult to differentiate, for example, foci of ischemia and demyelination.

Valuable information is revealed on MRI of the spine, especially on sagittal sections. At the same time, structural manifestations of osteochondrosis are visualized, in particular the state of the vertebrae and ligamentous apparatus, intervertebral discs, their prolapse and impact on the dura mater, spinal cord, cauda equina, intravertebral neoplasms, manifestations of hydromyelia, hematomyelia and many other pathological processes are also visualized.

The diagnostic potential of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be enhanced by the preliminary administration of certain contrast agents. As a contrast agent introduced into the bloodstream, an element from the group of rare earth metals is usually used - gadolinium, which has the properties of a paramagnet, is administered intravenously.

The advantage of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) over computed tomography (CT) is most obvious in the study of those parts of the nervous system, the image of which cannot be obtained using CT due to the overlap of the examined brain tissue with adjacent bone structures.

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