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What is Industry 4.

Since the beginning of the 19th century, we have experienced three industrial revolutions. The engine of each of them was a new breakthrough technology: the mechanics of a steam engine, the principle of an assembly line and the speed of a computer. They have been called industrial revolutions because the innovations that caused them not only led to some increase in productivity and efficiency, but completely changed the way goods were produced and work was done.

Today we are experiencing the fourth industrial revolution, called Industry 4.0, which is taking supply chain automation, monitoring and analysis to the next level with intelligent technologies. At the heart of Industry 4.0 is the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) and Cyber-Physical Systems—intelligent autonomous systems that use computer algorithms to monitor and control physical “things,” including equipment, robots, and vehicles. "Industry 4.0" makes all parts of the supply chain "smart" - from smart industries and factories to smart warehouses and logistics. But Industry 4.0 is not just about the supply chain. Industry 4.0 connects to back-end systems such as enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, providing an unprecedented level of visibility and control over an organization's activities. Ultimately, Industry 4.0 is a critical aspect of the digital transformation of any company.

General definition of Industry 4.0 is the development of digital industrial technologies … The digital transformation of Industry 4.0 allows us to work side by side with machines, using new high-performance approaches.

Daniel Burrus

Industry 4.0 Technologies

Industry 4.0 is based on nine technology pillars. These innovations serve as a bridge between the physical and digital worlds and enable intelligent and autonomous systems to function. Organizations and supply chains are already using some of these advanced technologies, but the full potential of Industry 4.0 can only be realized when they are used in combination.

1. Analytics based on big data and artificial intelligence. Industry 4.0 involves collecting big data from a wide range of sources, from manufacturing equipment and Internet of Things (IoT) devices to ERP and CRM systems, as well as weather and traffic applications. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning-based analytics are applied to real-time data, and the resulting information is used to make better decisions and automate all areas of supply chain management: supply chain planning, logistics management, manufacturing, research and design, enterprise asset management (EAM) and purchasing.
2. Horizontal and vertical integration. The foundation of Industry 4.0 is horizontal and vertical integration. Horizontal integration ensures close interaction between processes at the "local level" - at the production site, between multiple production sites and across the entire supply chain. Through vertical integration, all levels of the organization are connected, and data flows freely from the shop floor to the board of directors and back. In other words, manufacturing is tightly integrated with business processes such as research and development, quality assurance, sales and marketing, and other departments. The fragmentation of data and knowledge is becoming a thing of the past.
3. Cloud computing. Cloud computing is the most powerful tool of the Industry 4.0 concept and digital transformation. The possibilities of modern cloud technologies are far from limited to increased speed, scalability, ease of storage and cost efficiency. They are the foundation for the latest technologies, from AI and machine learning to the Internet of Things, and provide companies with the technical ability to innovate. The data on which Industry 4.0 technologies are built is stored in the cloud, and the cyber-physical systems that form the core of this concept use the cloud for communication and coordination.
4. Augmented reality (AR). Augmented reality tools that overlay digital content on real environments are a key component of Industry 4. 0. While working in augmented reality, employees use smart glasses or mobile devices to visualize real-time IoT data, digitized parts, repair or assembly instructions, training content, and other information while looking at a tangible object, such as a piece of equipment or a product. AR is still in its early stages of development, but is already having a major impact on maintenance, service delivery, and quality assurance processes, as well as on technician training and security.
5. Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). The Internet of Things (IoT)—more specifically, the Industrial Internet of Things—is so important to Industry 4.0 that the two terms are often used interchangeably. Most of the physical objects in Industry 4.0—devices, robots, machines, equipment, products—use sensors and RFID tags to provide real-time data about their state, performance, or location. This technology enables companies to optimize supply chains, design and modify products quickly, prevent equipment downtime, stay on top of consumer preferences, track products and inventory, and more.
6. Additive manufacturing/3D printing. Additive manufacturing, or 3D printing, is another key technology at the heart of Industry 4.0. 3D printing was originally used as a tool for rapid prototyping, but now offers a wider range of use cases, from mass customization to distributed manufacturing. For example, the use of 3D printing allows you to store parts and products as design data files in virtual warehouses and print them on demand at the time of need, reducing both transportation distances and costs.
7. Autonomous robots. Industry 4.0 has led to a new generation of autonomous robots. Programmed to perform tasks with minimal human intervention, autonomous robots vary widely in size and function, from drones for inventory scanning to autonomous mobile robots for material handling. Armed with advanced software, AI, sensors and machine vision, these robots are capable of performing complex and highly precise tasks, as well as recognizing, analyzing and acting on information from their environment.
8. Simulation/digital twins. A digital twin is a virtual model of a real machine, product, process or system created based on data from IoT sensors. This core component of Industry 4.0 enables companies to better understand, analyze and improve the performance and maintenance of industrial systems and products. For example, a machine operator can use a digital twin to pinpoint a failed part, predict potential problems, and increase uptime.
9. Cyber ​​security. With the ever-increasing levels of connectivity and the use of big data in Industry 4.0, cybersecurity is of paramount importance. By adopting a Zero Trust security architecture and technologies such as machine learning and blockchain, companies can automate threat detection, prevention, and response, and minimize the risk of data breaches and production delays across their networks.

Benefits of Industry 4.0

Smart Products

Develop connected products that understand their state and can share information about health, location, usage level, storage conditions, and more. help you improve everything from product quality and customer service to logistics and research processes. They can also predict service needs, receive remote updates, and unlock opportunities for new service-based business models.

Smart factories

The smart factory is characterized by a high level of digitalization and autonomy, and allows to take full advantage of advanced technologies such as big data, artificial intelligence, robotics, analytics and the Internet of things. Also referred to as Factory 4.0, such manufacturing is able to self-correct, leverage Smart Manufacturing Processes 4.0, and deliver custom-made products at minimal cost and on a large scale.

Smart Assets

Nearly every physical asset launched today has built-in sensors that, when connected to the Internet of Things and analytics tools, can revolutionize the way an enterprise manages assets. By working with smart assets, technicians can monitor asset performance in real time, predict and prevent downtime, apply dynamic and predictive maintenance, take advantage of digital twins, and tightly integrate assets and business processes.

New opportunities for employees

But no matter how autonomous your systems become, you will always need people. Empower them with technologies such as artificial intelligence and real-time access to sensor data so they always know what's happening on the production floor and are ready to make quick decisions and fix problems as they arise. Wearable devices and augmented reality applications can also help them with problem solving, health monitoring and safety.

Benefits for companies

A wide range of Industry 4.0 solutions are on the market, helping thousands of companies transform their digital supply chain, reorganize production, focus on customers and connect all aspects of the organization.

Here are some of the benefits that companies can enjoy today:

• A radical increase in productivity and automation. Companies use data to drive decisions across their operations, improving forecasting accuracy, ensuring on-time deliveries and generating profit-optimized plans.
• Resilience and flexibility in any market or economic environment. Companies are shaping the digital supply chain of the future with state-of-the-art planning tools.
• The confidence you need to explore new business models and seize opportunities quickly. With Industry 4.0 solutions, companies are reducing costs, improving market efficiency and connecting supply chains across sea, land and air.
• Green and sustainable solutions without sacrificing profitability. Customers are becoming more efficient and cost-effective as a result of digital transformation, while meeting their environmental goals without compromising other business goals such as profitability and scalability.

Learn more about Industry 4.0 solutions

Experience the benefits of digitally transforming your supply chain.

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Industry 4.0 Frequently Asked Questions

Before choosing a route, you need to determine your starting point. An important first step along the way is the audit and analysis of existing processes, assets and business systems. Their results will tell you where you are, help you set priorities, and even identify actions that will bring quick results. Industry 4.0 brings significant benefits and impacts every aspect of business. This is much more than just updating IT systems, so you need support and commitment from management.

In a nutshell, yes, you can. IoT gateway devices can often be retrofitted to older machines. These devices allow IoT sensors to report performance data. In some cases, you can install and connect video cameras and thermal sensors, forming a more reliable picture. Given the age and function of the equipment, you will find the best solution. An audit and analysis will help you determine the long-term value of upgrading versus replacing obsolete assets.

A robust ERP system is the "brain" of the Industry 4.0 technology stack. If in the past ERP solutions performed mainly office tasks, today an intelligent ERP system is the center of interconnected processes covering the areas of production, logistics, design and many other areas of business. As you develop your digital transformation project, you need to determine if your existing ERP system is up to the task.

Legacy ERP systems running legacy disk databases have reached their limits. The ability to use data from connected plants, assets, products, and employees will depend on the characteristics of your ERP system. Is she smart enough? Does it support embedded technologies such as AI, machine learning and analytics? How fast is the database? If your company is running an older system, it might be time to upgrade to take advantage of Industry 4.0.

The choice of technologies for the first stage depends on which processes are most important for your core business model and which areas of your company will benefit the most from the transformation. Early on, companies often focus on implementing one core technology at a time. By their very nature, Industry 4.0 solutions provide a wealth of reliable big data and insights to help you accurately assess the ROI and benefits of these solutions. Thanks to this, the integration of subsequent business areas becomes more and more seamless.

Unlike many other fundamental changes, digital transformation can be done in stages without significant disruption to business processes. Start with a robust ERP system and digital transformation roadmap that will enable you to deploy many Industry 4.0 solutions almost immediately.

Change is no easy task. We understand this. When companies transitioned from typewriters to computers, they faced resistance from employees who found the new tasks overwhelming. But unlike early technological transformations, Industry 4.0 solutions actually reduce rather than increase the level of complexity for the user. Workflows are streamlined, manual and repetitive tasks are automated, and interfaces are intuitive. In addition, many 4.0 technologies make learning easier. These include wearable augmented reality devices and mobile-optimized user interfaces.

If 2020 has taught us anything, it's that we can't always tell with certainty what's in store for us. But while we cannot predict the future, we can take steps to be more resilient and better prepared for it. The best in-memory ERP systems scale and support unlimited workloads, while Industry 4.0 technologies are designed specifically to support future growth and adapt to unexpected changes.

The fundamental principles of Industry 4.0 software solutions include scalability built into them, as well as support for agility and resilience. If your business model or manufacturing model needs to change radically to meet new market demands, Industry 4.0 systems provide the level of understanding and confidence you need to quickly adapt and implement change.

Without a doubt, the fourth industrial revolution will change the situation on the labor market. However, it is not monotonous work that leads to innovation, but ideas and creative thinking. Digital technologies empower employees, allowing more and more people to move from physical to mental work. In 1980, there were only a few thousand programmers in the world. Today there are over 20 million of them. And while many physical tasks will be taken over by robots, many new tasks will be created to run a digital business.

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The main competitor: why the authorities spend so much effort on fighting Smart Voting

• Anna Rynda, Andrey Zakharov, Sergey Goryashko
• BBC

15 September 2021

Sign up for our 'Context' newsletter: it will help you understand the events.

Image copyright AFP

In the fight against Alexei Navalny's "Smart Voting" project, the Russian authorities have come to blows with Google and the US authorities. Roskomnadzor, having blocked all the resources of the oppositionist, began testing the equipment of the "sovereign Runet". The authorities, not without reason, fear that the Smart Voting technology may negatively affect the election results for the Kremlin, political analysts say. United Russia officials assure that they are not afraid of Navalny's project.

Under the conditions of non-admission of opposition candidates to the elections, the "Smart Voting" project has become almost the only tool by which opponents of the authorities can influence the outcome of the elections. Because of "Smart Voting," pro-government candidates have previously faced embarrassing defeats - at first glance, from weaker opponents.

On Wednesday, Navalny's team published Smart Voting recommendations for the State Duma elections - a list of candidates for which his supporters are invited to vote (in most cases, for candidates from the Communist Party, see chart).

"Smart voting", as it was before, offers to vote for a particular candidate, who, according to the project, has the highest chances of winning United Russia. Whom to support at the last moment before the elections is announced by the Navalny team itself. The choice may fall even on "technical" opponents who did not campaign.

In fact, "Smart Voting" is a continuation of Navalny's strategy "vote for any party except United Russia". After the application of this technology in the 2011 elections, United Russia lost its constitutional majority in the State Duma.

Disputes about the effectiveness of Smart Voting continued among politicians and experts - the candidates who won the elections, whom it supported, often refused to recognize the significance of Navalny's team's calls.

The Kremlin put an end to this dispute in the summer - on the eve of the Duma elections, it seriously took up the fight against Smart Voting, despite the relatively high ratings of United Russia, the absence of dangerous electoral competitors and the defeat of Navalny's team.

On September 6, at the request of the Prosecutor General's Office, Roskomnadzor blocked the Smart Voting website. Authorities said the project was being used to continue the activities of a recognized extremist organization. After adding links to the site in the register of prohibited information, they disappeared from the Yandex search results.

Navalny's structures were recognized as extremist in Russia in the summer and banned, for communication with them threatens administrative and criminal liability. The Smart Voting project was not banned by the court, but the authorities link it to the banned Anti-Corruption Foundation (FBK, which the authorities have recognized not only as extremist, but also as a foreign agent).

• Roskomnadzor blocked the Smart Voting website
• The mother of a three-year-old child was arrested for mentioning Smart Voting on Instagram
• Navalny's lawsuit against the Prosecutor General's Office and Roskomnadzor - what does it say?

Two campaigns against Smart Voting

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According to Navalny's associate Leonid Volkov, blocking attempts and other technical measures taken by the Russian authorities create serious obstacles for the operation of Smart Voting.

"All sites are blocked, and the average user in Russia does not have any VPN. The availability of our resources is now very affected," Volkov told the BBC.

Navalny's ally is confident that the Russian authorities see "Smart Voting" as the main enemy in the elections to the State Duma, as the technology showed its potential in 2019-2020.

"Smart Voting" - this is our political strategy, created for cases where our candidates were not allowed by definition. Naturally, it has become the main opponent of the regime,” Volkov believes. "United Russia" recognized the FBK as an extremist organization, as well as all the products produced by it," State Duma deputy Alexander Khinshtein told the BBC, answering the question why the authorities are fighting Smart Voting, although they are sure of victory in the elections.

"We are running a competitive, fair and open campaign," Khinshtein said. “And the examples you gave do not testify to the success of Smart Voting,” he added, commenting on the defeat of candidates associated with the mayor’s office in the Moscow City Duma elections in 2019.

According to Khinshtein, each defeat has a “specific history and surname” : "If we talk about the gubernatorial elections, this was due to claims against specific candidates, the same applies to candidates for deputies of the Moscow City Duma. " Khinshtein himself, as a single-mandate candidate in Samara, is not afraid, as he states, "no "Smart Voting" and no one from competitors".

• Double candidates and support from a maniac: how they use black PR in the 2021 elections
• From Daineko to Bulanova. Which celebrity goes to the Duma and why?
• Central Election Commission will check the alleged training on electoral fraud in Korolyov si Deputy Chairman of the State Duma Pyotr Tolstoy.

  The authorities are waging two campaigns against Smart Voting at the same time, run by two different "dioceses", political and sociologist Konstantin Gaaze told the BBC.

  "One campaign is connected with these bans, blockings. It is conducted by the security forces and the "expansion of the security forces" like Roskomnadzor," he explained his thought. "United Russia" constituencies. That is, they offer "cancellation", they press with "compensation" in order to remove potential leaders of "Smart Voting" from the elections.0005

  According to Gaaze, the fact that the security forces have joined the fight against "Smart Voting" may be due to "the transfer of part of the internal political functions from the presidential administration to the expanded Security Council and the security forces. "

  "They are no longer struggling with the possibility of influencing the election results, they are fighting with foreign influence, this is a process that has a slightly different logic," the expert believes.

  It is still difficult to assess the effectiveness of "Smart Voting" in federal elections, Gaase believes.

  Political scientist Alexander Kynev believes that efforts to neutralize Smart Voting can have the opposite effect: "They increase interest in Smart Voting, create intrigue, a sense of movement. The forbidden fruit is sweet, as a result, political life arises around this struggle ".

  Blocking the Smart Voting website and application will have little effect on the situation, Kynev is sure: "When the list [of Smart Voting candidates] appears, it already lives its own life, spreads in all possible ways. In the Soviet years, Vysotsky was also not shown on television - And what of it?"

  Chronicle of the fight against Smart Voting.

  First round - blocking

  The struggle of the authorities against "Smart Voting" began a long time ago. The first time Roskomnadzor blocked the project website ten days after its launch - on December 7, 2018.

  The resource was included in the register of those prohibited by the decision of the Tagansky Court of Moscow - Roskomnadzor went to court, believing that the site was illegally processing personal data, citing alleged complaints from citizens. The department considered the problem that the user of "Smart Voting" does not have the opportunity to refuse the processing of personal data.

  In addition, Roskomnadzor claimed that the collected data was hosted on Google servers in the US. As evidence in court, the agency cited the presence of Google Analytics and Yandex.Metrica counters.

  Roskomnadzor stated that the site administrator had to submit a certified agreement to the agency or store information on Russian servers. At the same time, Google and Yandex counters are used on most Runet sites to collect depersonalized information about visitors. The same counters, according to the Ghosterry service, are on the website of the Central Election Commission of Russia.

  After blocking the site, Navalny's team moved the project to a new address owned by Google, and Smart Voting continued to work almost unhindered for two years.

  During this time, Navalny's team tested "Smart Voting" in the regional and municipal elections of 2019-2020. The 2019 Moscow City Duma elections were the most successful for the project. “In 20 constituencies out of 45, Smart Voting candidates won, that is, in almost half. And in several they lost by a very small margin,” Kynev recalled.

  Navalny's team also considered successful the use of the strategy in the elections to the city parliaments of Tomsk and Novosibirsk. In addition, Volkov called the results of the elections to the Legislative Assembly of the Khabarovsk Territory in 2019, where the Liberal Democratic Party won 29 out of 36 seats, a victory for Smart Voting. Although the Vice-Speaker of the State Duma from the LDPR, Igor Lebedev, explained the success of the party by the popularity of his fellow party member, the governor of the region, Sergei Furgal (later he was arrested and dismissed).

  Since the advent of Smart Voting, Navalny and his associates have promised to prepare it for use in the Duma campaign. The authorities decided to prevent this.

  Kynev considers the effectiveness of this technology to be the main reason for the fight against Smart Voting. According to him, in recent years, United Russia candidates have won about 90% of single-mandate constituencies in regional elections: "It is clear why - its candidates are consolidated, and the opposition is fragmented. Accordingly, the only way to combat United Russia's dominance is to consolidate the electorate around one candidate" .

  Second round - ban again, allegations of extremism and brand hijacking

  Photo author, Google

  Photo caption,

  Roskomnadzor demanded that Google remove the phrase "smart voting" from search results. The search engine did not obey

  The second round of technical struggle against "Smart voting" began on the eve of the elections to the State Duma.

  In the summer, the little-known company "Vulintertrade" from the Stavropol Territory filed an application with Rospatent for registration of a trademark with the phrase "Smart Voting". The BBC later found an indirect connection between Vulintertrade and the security forces.

  The sign was registered in a short time, and in early September, Vulintertrade filed suits with the Moscow Arbitration Court against Yandex and Google demanding that search results with this phrase not be displayed.

  • "Smart voting" is now owned by a wool seller from Dagestan. Is he connected to the security forces?
  • The court banned Google and Yandex from showing "Smart Voting" in search results
  • Bailiffs came to Google's Moscow office because of "Smart Voting"

  On September 3, the Moscow Arbitration Court, as an interim measure, ordered search engines to stop issuing the phrase "Smart Voting".

  And on September 6, Roskomnadzor announced that the Smart Voting website in Russia was blocked at the request of the Prosecutor General's Office, which saw in it a connection with the FBK, which was recognized by the court as an extremist organization in the summer and banned, like Navalny's headquarters. Other websites of Navalny and his associates were blocked back in July.

  The next day, links to "Smart Voting" disappeared from Yandex's search results after Roskomnadzor added the links to the register of prohibited information. "According to the law, search engines are required to exclude links to sites and their "mirrors" as soon as Roskomnadzor enters them into the registry. Synchronization with the registry occurs automatically," the company said.

  Google didn't remove the link - the link to the "Smart Voting" site is still displayed first in queries. On September 13, the media reported that bailiffs came to the Moscow office of Google. The next day, the Federal Bailiff Service confirmed that their visit was related to "Smart Voting" and the requirement to enforce the decision of the arbitration court on the claim of Vulintertrade.

  The decision to recognize Navalny's structures as extremist was made by the Moscow City Court on 9 June. The trial was held behind closed doors. At the same time, amendments to the law were adopted, prohibiting people associated with extremist organizations from participating in elections at any level. Many of Navalny's associates and supporters were ultimately excluded from the September elections. Lawyer Ivan Pavlov, who represented the interests of the FBK, said that the ban on Navalny's structures was part of an unfair political struggle.

  The author of the photo, AFP

  Image caption,

  This week it became known that Navalny filed a lawsuit against the Prosecutor General's Office and Roskomnadzor in connection with the blocking of websites "It's just a form of political struggle. And what the authorities are doing now with Navalny's structures is a vivid example of Russian political struggle," Pavlov told the BBC. "The field is being cleared" and everything is being destroyed, the authorities want no there was no mention of Navalny."

  "In order for an organization to be banned as extremist, it must systematically perform some actions that qualify as extremist. This has not been established," says Alexander Verkhovsky, director of the Sova Center for Monitoring Xenophobia Problems (recognized in Russia as an organization that performs the functions of a foreign agent).

  In particular, Verkhovsky notes, the court concluded that Navalny’s structures called for violating the law on rallies, that is, they called on people to go to uncoordinated protest actions: “It is clear that these are illegal actions, strictly speaking, but this is definitely not relevant to extremist legislation."

  Third round - in anticipation of problems with the Russian Internet

  In June, Roskomnadzor already appealed to Google with a demand to stop technical support for the Smart Voting website - allegedly because of a violation of the law on personal data. The agency referred to a complaint from Andrey Elantsev, a lawyer from Yekaterinburg, who turned to Roskomnadzor after discovering that the project's servers were located in the United States, "a state unfriendly to Russia."

  Google did not respond to this appeal even then. On Monday, it became known that bailiffs came to the company's Moscow office in the Baltschug Plaza business center.

  Roskomnadzdor has also repeatedly demanded that Apple and Google remove the Navalny application - through it there is also access to Smart Voting. He also sought the same from the App Store and Google Play, while stating that the refusal would be regarded as "interference in Russian elections."

  Last week, Roskomnadzor, together with the Monitoring Center for Public Communications Network Management, sent letters to a number of foreign companies, including DNS and CDN service providers, demanding that they stop providing opportunities to bypass restrictions on access to the Smart Voting application and website. "on the territory of the country.

  And IT experts spoke about testing by Roskomnadzor of "sovereign Runet" equipment for mass blocking of Google and Cloudflare DNS services.

  On September 9, Navalny's team IT specialist Artem Ionov reported that the day before he had fixed the blocking of Cloudfare and Google public DNS services by Roskomnadzor.

  Mikhail Klimarev, an expert from the Internet Protection Society, also wrote about the partial blocking of Google and Cloudflare DNS services in his telegram channel.

  GlobalCheck, a project to monitor restrictions on the Internet in Russia and the CIS, notes that for several days in a row, public DNS addresses of Google and Cloudfare have been periodically blocked in Russia in test mode. They believe that in this way the authorities check which services may suffer if a mass blocking of these addresses begins to combat the Smart Voting application.

  In addition, Rostelecom has sent a proposal to its branches to ban the use of these addresses, RBC reported on Tuesday, September 14.

  ---

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