Opposite of defensive

24 Synonyms & Antonyms of DEFENSIVE

adjective

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intended to resist or prevent attack or aggression

a defensive alliance among the small nations against the aggressors

protective,
self-protective

deterrent,
preventive

safe,
secure

aggressive,
bellicose,
belligerent,
combative,
contentious,
in-your-face,
militant,
pugnacious,
quarrelsome,
scrappy,
truculent,
warlike

offensive

defensive

noun

a position of readiness to oppose actual or expected attack

their unexpectedly harsh words put him on the defensive

alert,
lookout,
qui vive,
watch

offensive

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The first known use of

defensive was in the 14th century

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“Defensive. ” Merriam-Webster.com Thesaurus, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/thesaurus/defensive. Accessed 28 Oct. 2022.

Style: MLA

Merriam-Webster.com Thesaurus, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/thesaurus/defensive. Accessed 28 Oct. 2022.">MLA Merriam-Webster.com Thesaurus, s.v. “defensive,” accessed October 28, 2022, https://www.merriam-webster.com/thesaurus/defensive.">Chicago Merriam-Webster.com thesaurus. Retrieved October 28, 2022, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/thesaurus/defensive">APA Merriam-Webster.com Thesaurus, https://www.merriam-webster.com/thesaurus/defensive. Accessed 10/28/2022.">Merriam-Webster

More from Merriam-Webster on defensive

Nglish: Translation of defensive for Spanish Speakers

Britannica English: Translation of defensive for Arabic Speakers

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DEFENSIVE Synonyms: 27 Synonyms & Antonyms for DEFENSIVE

See definition of defensive on Dictionary.com

adj.protective, watchful

synonyms for defensive

opposing
averting
conservative
foiling
forestalling
preservative
preventive
thwarting

arresting
balking
checking
coping with
defending
frustrating
guarding
in opposition
interrupting
protecting
resistive
safeguarding
uptight
warding off
withstanding

antonyms for defensive

MOST RELEVANT

unwary
unwatchful

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How to use defensive in a sentence

The Capitals have allowed at least three goals in 10 of 12 games and have repeatedly talked about getting better in their defensive zone.

FOR FIRST TIME IN THREE WEEKS, CAPITALS COULD BE AT FULL STRENGTH SUNDAYSAMANTHA PELLFEBRUARY 11, 2021WASHINGTON POST

University of Puget Sound defensive lineman Peter Ciari missed the rush — and the snarl of the chain saw.

FOR THIS COLLEGE FOOTBALL TEAM, COVID MEANS THE SEASON STARTS IN FEBRUARY — WITH SENIOR DAYGLYNN A. HILLFEBRUARY 11, 2021WASHINGTON POST

The Cavaliers held Georgia Tech well below its scoring average in that game, and this time, Virginia began with another defensive surge in the first half.

VIRGINIA PULLS AWAY FROM GEORGIA TECH, TIGHTENS GRIP ON FIRST PLACE IN ACCGENE WANGFEBRUARY 11, 2021WASHINGTON POST

One of those players, Jason Pierre-Paul, reiterated calls to re-sign key defensive players.

TAMPA BAY BUCCANEERS CELEBRATE SUPER BOWL LV VICTORY IN BOAT PARADECINDY BOREN, GLYNN A. HILLFEBRUARY 10, 2021WASHINGTON POST

Washington had four scorers in double figures, perhaps in part because of a tweak in the starting lineup on Brooks’s end, and on the defensive end the Wizards did what was needed to keep Chicago in check.

ALEX LEN HELPS THE WIZARDS FIGHT OFF THE BULLS WITH A LATE DEFENSIVE STANDAVA WALLACEFEBRUARY 9, 2021WASHINGTON POST

His personal mania for practicing the little things right became tremendously influential even on the defensive side of the ball.

TOM BRADY STILL HAS THE ITCH, AND IT’S TAKEN HIM PLACES NO FOOTBALL PLAYER HAS BEENSALLY JENKINSFEBRUARY 8, 2021WASHINGTON POST

Mahomes must now prove he can solve the next defensive coordinator with a rugged front seven who plays his safeties back in deep zone.

WHAT WENT WRONG FOR THE CHIEFS AND PATRICK MAHOMES IN A BRUTAL SUPER BOWL DEFEATADAM KILGOREFEBRUARY 8, 2021WASHINGTON POST

The drive was aided by a 15-yard penalty on Kansas City defensive tackle Chris Jones for unnecessary roughness, after he took a post-play swipe at the face of Tampa Bay center Ryan Jensen.

SUPER BOWL HIGHLIGHTS: BUCS CELEBRATE CHAMPIONSHIP, TOM BRADY WINS MVPDES BIELER, MARK MASKE, CHUCK CULPEPPERFEBRUARY 8, 2021WASHINGTON POST

“While the guys up front hunted, the guys in the back covered, so we worked hand-in-hand tonight,” said defensive coordinator Todd Bowles, having himself one doozy of a winter.

NFL DEFENSES NO LONGER DOMINATE, MAKING BUCS’ SHUTDOWN OF CHIEFS EVEN MORE IMPRESSIVECHUCK CULPEPPERFEBRUARY 8, 2021WASHINGTON POST

To contain the Chiefs, Tampa Bay defensive coordinator Todd Bowles is likely to rely on exotic blitz packages.

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT SUPER BOWL LVSAM FORTIERFEBRUARY 7, 2021WASHINGTON POST

WORDS RELATED TO DEFENSIVE

against
allergic
anti
antipathetic
antithetical
antonymous
at cross-purposes
at odds
averse
battling
clashing
combating
conflicting
confronting
contrary
controverting
counter
crossing
defending
defensive
denying
disagreeing
disputed
disputing
dissentient
enemy
exposing
facing
gainsaying
hostile
in opposition
incompatible
inimical
irreconcilable
objecting
obstructive
opposing
opposite
protesting
repelling
restrictive
rival
up against
warring

against the grain
allergic
anti
antipathetic
antithetical
antonymous
at cross-purposes
at odds
averse
battling
clashing
combating
conflicting
confronting
contrary
controverting
counter
crossing
defending
defensive
denying
disagreeing
disputed
disputing
dissentient
enemy
exposing
facing
gainsaying
hostile
in opposition
incompatible
inimical
irreconcilable
objecting
obstructive
opposite
protesting
repelling
restrictive
rival
up against
warring

against
allergic
anti
antipathetic
antithetical
antonymous
at cross-purposes
at odds
averse
battling
clashing
combating
conflicting
confronting
contrary
controverting
counter
crossing
defending
defensive

denying
disagreeing
disputed
disputing
dissentient
enemy
exposing
facing
gainsaying
hostile
in opposition
incompatible
inimical
irreconcilable
objecting
obstructive
opposing
opposite
protesting
repelling
restrictive
rival
up against
warring

against the grain
allergic
anti
antipathetic
antithetical
antonymous
at cross-purposes
at odds
averse
battling
clashing
combating
conflicting
confronting
contrary
controverting
counter
crossing
defending
defensive
denying
disagreeing
disputed
disputing
dissentient
enemy
exposing
facing
gainsaying
hostile
in opposition
incompatible
inimical
irreconcilable
objecting
obstructive
opposite
protesting
repelling
restrictive
rival
up against
warring

alert
careful
cautious
defensive
guarded
heedful
mindful
observant
on one's guard
on one's toes
on the lookout
on the watch
vigilant
wary
watchful

alert
careful
cautious
defensive
guarded
heedful
mindful
observant
on guard
on one's toes
on the lookout
on the watch
upon one's guard
vigilant
watchful

The complex of 78 fortifications and defensive structures of Leningrad of the 1920s-1940s will receive the status of a monument of regional significance

March 25, 2015

expertise on the inclusion of 78 fortification objects in the unified state register of cultural heritage objects (monuments of history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation as an object of cultural heritage of regional significance "Complex of fortifications and defensive structures of Leningrad 1920s-1940s.

The complex of defensive and fortification structures on the territory of St. Petersburg is a monument of the Russian military engineering school of the 1920s-1940s, unique in its integrity and preservation. This school, based on the experience of the First World War and summing up foreign achievements in this area, brought a lot of new things to the theory and practice of fortification, influencing, among other things, the development of weapons, in particular, powerful artillery systems.

For a long time, individual enthusiasts, various societies, the Executive Committees and Administrations of Leningrad districts were engaged in the study of the fortifications of Leningrad - of St. Petersburg ensured the safety of objects located on their territories.

In accordance with the instructions of the Governor of St. Petersburg, by order of the KGIOP, in 2014, at the expense of the city budget, a state historical and cultural expertise was carried out in order to justify the inclusion of the fortifications of Leningrad in the unified state register of cultural heritage objects (monuments of history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation . After analyzing the information provided by the Information and Analytical Center “Remember Everyone by Name”, KGIOP specialists compiled a list of surviving fortifications in 11 districts of the city.

According to the results of the study, the complex included 78 fortification facilities built in 1928-1943, located on the territory of 11 districts of St. Petersburg, including machine-gun and artillery bunkers, observation and command posts. All objects included in the complex were part of the defensive lines of Leningrad during the Great Patriotic War and together formed a single system of defense of the city. To date, most of the objects of expertise are in a satisfactory technical condition, some have been museumified with the possibility of visiting.

As part of the examination, objects that already have the status of objects of cultural heritage and are included in the unified state register of cultural heritage objects were not considered. Also, objects that are part of cultural heritage objects as a historical part, attributed to the structural elements of these objects and included in their subject of protection (such are the defensive structures located in the forts of Kronstadt, classified as objects of cultural heritage of federal significance), were not considered. The complex does not include lost and ruined objects that have numerous surviving analogues.

Members of the working group of the Council for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage and employees of KGIOP supported the conclusions of experts that the memorial value of fortifications associated with the events of the Soviet-Finnish, Great Patriotic Wars is obvious and beyond doubt. Such objects convey the historical memory of the feat of the people to the next generations, help to better understand the pages of the great history of our country.

Composition of the complex:

I) Structures of the Karelian fortified area (KaUR) (1928-1932):

1) APK No. 1 KaUR (300 m northeast of the Sestroretsk cemetery)

2) DOT No. 54 KaUR (1500 m east of the WHSD intersection 41st km and Novoye shosse)

3) DOT No. 56 KaUR (530 m to the south-east of the building at the address: St. Petersburg, Beloostrov, Novoe shosse, 53, letter A)

4 ) Pillbox No. 59 KaUR "Komsomolets" (1900 m southeast of the intersection of the WHSD 41st km and Novaya Highway)

5) Pillbox No. 101 KaUR (525 m. northwest of Primorskoye Highway).

6) DOT No. 113KaUR (45 m to the west of the building at the address: St. Petersburg, Sestroretsk, Zarechnaya Doroga, 3, building 1, lit. A)

7) DOT No. 115 KaUR (200 m south -to the west of the building at the address: St. Petersburg, Sestroretsk, Zarechnaya Doroga, 7, letter B)

-west of the central entrance)

9) DOT No. 121KaUR (on the territory of the sanatorium "White Nights", in the western part, 113 m. to the north-west of the building at the address: St. Petersburg, Sestroretsk, 38th km of Primorsky highway, d. 2, letter A)

10) DOT No. 122 KaUR (On the territory of the cultural heritage site of federal significance "Park Dubki", on the northwestern tip of Dubkovsky Cape, 82 m east of the coastline of the Gulf of Finland)

11) DOT No. 123 KaUR (364 m north-east of the western border of the Sestroretsk military memorial cemetery, 125 m east of the Primorskoye highway and 73 m west of the railway)

96 m west of Primorskoye Highway)

13) DOT No. 131 KaUR (Krasny Saper) (on the territory of the White Nights sanatorium, in the eastern part, 50 m south of the building at the address: St. Petersburg, Sestroretsk, 38 -th km of Primorskoye Highway, 2, letter A)

line of the Gulf of Finland)

15) DOT No. 134 KaUR (in a closed area, 161 m south of the Zarechnaya road, 60 m east of the building located at the address: St. Petersburg, Sestroretsk. Zarechnaya road, d. 8, letter Zh

16) DOT No. 223 KaUR (730 m southwest of the building at the address: St. Petersburg, Beloostrov settlement, Novoe shosse, 53, letter A)

17) DOT No. 234 KaUR (270 m to the north-east of the building at the address: St. Petersburg, Beloostrov, Novoe shosse, 53, letter A)

II . Structures of the Kronstadt fortified area (1930-1941):

18) DOT (122 m north-west of the cultural heritage site of federal significance "3rd North Half Tower", located at the address: St. Petersburg, Kronstadt, Vosstaniya street, d. Z, letter B, south of the coastline of the Gulf of Finland)

19) Pillbox (on the territory of the Kronstadt Yacht Club, 33 meters east of the building located at the address: St. Petersburg, Kronstadt, Toulonskaya alley, building 3, letter B)

20) Pillbox (13 m north-east of the cultural heritage site of federal significance "North-Eastern Tower", located at the address: St. Petersburg, Kronstadt, Manuilsky St., 26, letter Zh)

21) DOT (30 meters north -to the east of the federal cultural heritage site "Northern 1 Half Tower", located at St. Petersburg, Kronstadt, Vosstaniya street, 1 Za, letter A)

III . Structures of the period 1941-1943:

22) Machine-gun cap. (Krestovsky Island, 160m south-west of the intersection of Yuzhnaya Doroga and Krestovsky Prospekt)

23) Machine-gun cap (opposite house 55 along Rybatsky Prospekt)

24) Observation post (OP) (Alexandrino Park, 200 m. east building at the address: 48 Marshala Zhukov Ave. , building 4, letter A)

25) Artillery pillbox (Kolpino, 500m west of the intersection of Tankistov St. and Kolpinsky Highway)

26) Pillbox (Kolpino, opposite 2, Oboronnaya St.)

27) Machine-gun bunker (Kolpino, opposite 39, along Oktyabrskaya St. near the railway track)

28) Machine-gun bunker (200 m to the west of the building at the address: No. Shushary, Lensovetovsky, 25, letter A)

29) Artillery bunker (900 m northwest of the intersection of Ust-Izhorskoe highway and Sofiyskaya street)

30) Artillery bunker (200 m east of the building at the address: Pyazelevo settlement, Naberezhnaya st., 1)

31) Artillery bunker (2000 m west of the Kondakopshino railway station)

32) Artillery bunker (Peterhof, 120 m south of the intersection of Shakhmatova St. and Gostilitsky highway, on the territory of the Old City Cemetery)

33) Machine-gun bunker (Peterhof, Park Lugovoi (Ozerkovy) 100 m north of the Upper Eagle Gate)

Artillery bunker (Krasnoe Selo, Narvskaya st.

, 8, building 1)

35) Machine-gun bunker (site of the former Radio Center, 318 m. 71, building 2, letter A)

36) Machine gun bunker (site of the former Radio Center, 327 m southwest of the building located at the address: St. Petersburg, Sofiyskaya street, 71, building 2, letter L)

37) Artillery bunker (site of the former Radio Center , 314 m southwest of the building located at the address: St. Petersburg, Sofiyskaya street, house 71, building 2, letter L)

31, k.Z, lit. A)

39) Machine-gun bunker (70 m to the west of the building at the address: Sofiyskaya street, 99, lit. E)

40) Machine-gun pillbox (Cemetery "In Memory of the Victims of the Ninth of January." 700 m west of the intersection of the Main Alley and the road of the Memory of the Victims of the Ninth of January) 66 but Sofiyskaya st.)

42) Artillery pillbox (600 m south-west of the building at the address: Moskovskoe shosse, 33, lit. A)

IV. Structures of the Izhora line 1943:

0003

44) Pillbox No. 15 at the Izhora frontier (in the courtyard of 41 on Alpiysky Lane)

45) Pillbox No. 19 at the Izhora frontier (opposite 30, building 1 along Slavy Avenue)

46 ) Pillbox No. 24 at the Izhora line (Belgradskaya St., opposite 26)

47) Pillbox No. 25 at the Izhora line (in the courtyard of house 10, building 2 on Slavy Ave.)

48) Pillbox No. 42 Izhora frontier (Belgradskaya St., opposite 32)

49) DOT No. 52 of the Izhora frontier (Cosmonavtov Ave., near 47)

50) DOT No. 65 of the Izhora frontier (Moskovsky Ave. , near house 212)

51) Pillbox No. 67 of the Izhora frontier (Moskovsky pr., near 212)

52) Pillbox No. 75 of the Izhora frontier (Tipanova St., near 25) Izhora (Gastello St., near 17)

54) Pillbox No. 78 of the Izhora frontier (Gastello St., near 15)

55) Pillbox No. 82 of the Izhora frontier (Varshavskaya St. opposite 67)

56) Pillbox No. 83 at the Izhora frontier (Varshavskaya St., opposite d. 79)

0003

58) Pillbox No. 99 at the Izhora frontier (Leninsky Prospekt, near 139)

59) Pillbox No. 100 at the Izhora frontier (Narodnogo Opolcheniya Ave., near 20)

60) Pillbox No. 104 Izhora frontier (Narodnogo Opolcheniya Ave., near house 6)

61) Pillbox No. 106 of the Izhora frontier (102 Stachek Ave.)

cemeteries)

63) DOT No. 112 at the Izhora line (in the courtyard of house 79 on Stachek Ave.)

64) DOT No. 117 at the Izhora line (Korabelnaya Street in the park, at the intersection with Kronstadtskaya Street)

65) DOT-KV No. 126 at the Izhora line (Krasnenkoye Cemetery, 40 m north of the intersection of the Central and Gareva paths)

66) DOT-KV No. 127 at the Izhora line (Krasnoputilovskaya St., opposite 67)

67 ) Pillbox No. 204 at the Izhora line (190 m northeast of the building at 43 Dimitrova St., letter A)

68) Pillbox No. 227 at the Izhora line (opposite the building at Obukhovskaya Ave. Oborony, 295, lit. A)

69) DOT-KV No. 230 of the Izhora line (140m south-west of the junction of Murzinskaya St. to Obukhovskaya Oborony Ave.)

70) Pillbox No. 239 at the Izhora line (in the courtyard of the house at 287 building 2 Obukhovskaya Oborony Ave., letter A)

71) Pillbox No. 248 at the Izhora line (near house 10, letter A) E no Progonnoy St.)

72) bunker No. 252 at the Izhora line (near the building at the address: 3rd Rabfakovsky lane 5, building 4)

73) bunker No. 260 at the Izhora line (Cemetery "In Memory of the Victims of the Ninth of January" 320 m east of the intersection of the Main Alley and the road of the Memory of the Victims of the Ninth of January)

74) Pillbox No. 268 at the Izhora line (Aleksandrovskaya Fermy Ave., opposite house 33, lit. P)

75) Pill No. 269 at the Izhora line (Cemetery of the Memory of the Victims of the Ninth of January. 290 m. north of the intersection of the Main Alley and the road of the Memory of the Victims of the Ninth of January)

76) Pill No.

77) Pillbox No. 988 at the Izhora line (Narodnogo Opolcheniya Ave., near house 2)

78) Pillbox at the Izhora line (in the courtyard of the building at the address: Obukhovo station, house 8a, letter A).

The materials of the historical and cultural expertise carried out by the expert S.E. Shungina.

Inquiries by phone: 710-41-17, [email protected] - press secretary of KGIOP Ksenia Cherepanova

Aggressive-defensive reaction. The cholinergic nature of the aggressive-defensive reaction

Updated: 10/27/2022

Life is such that everyone strives to use you as a food object or eliminate you as a possible competitor. Therefore, in order to live, you must be able to protect yourself. Not only we know this, our dogs also know this.
For the purposes of self-defense, nature has provided several forms of defensive behavior. For example, passive-defensive reaction. This is when you feel danger, lie down in a hole and pretend to be a rag. Maybe it will pass! Active-defensive reaction consists in the fact that we leave the sphere of action of a dangerous stimulus. No, we are not cowardly, but for some reason we have no desire to come into direct contact with the danger right now. But the danger can be avoided by destroying it or scaring it! This is the meaning of an aggressively defensive reaction.
Which form of defensive behavior to choose is determined by several reasons. Of course, first of all, heredity. In the same conflict situation, some breeds of dogs (for example, service dogs) more often choose an aggressive-defensive path than others (for example, decorative ones). And education and training play a very important role in the frequency of manifestation of an aggressive-defensive reaction and its severity. It is during education that ideas about danger are laid - in relation to living objects in the process of socialization, in relation to factors of inanimate nature due to ecological imprinting. And during training, the dog is taught to fight and win. That is, if a dog was raised and kept in isolation (maybe in a territory surrounded by a fence) and even “baited”, then it can consider everything living, unfamiliar to it as enemies and behave towards them according to its experience.
If, as a result of hereditary causes, the strength of the central nervous system in a dog is low, it may behave cowardly-aggressively. Such a dog always exaggerates the real danger and is very afraid. She demonstrates a submission posture (ears back, head down, she avoids direct gaze, tries to appear smaller, hides her tail between her legs, urinates frequently), licks her hands, and rolls over onto her back, exposing her belly. The dog does not like to be touched by hands, for example, during veterinary procedures, is afraid when its paws are touched, does not like caresses and shies away from an outstretched hand. Such a dog bites out of fear - defensively, it bites when it finds itself in a hopeless situation (from its point of view) and often bites when a person turns his back on him and leaves.
Sometimes it happens that dogs are brought up by women and such dogs can be aggressive towards men. By the way, this is called incomplete socialization.
Defensive aggression can be triggered by pain. In this case, the pain causes an instinctive defensive reaction. That is, if we cannot stop the pain by withdrawing our hand, then we push away that which serves as a source of pain. In a similar situation, dogs behave in the same way.
Defensive aggression can arise not only as a result of self-defense. Often dogs protect members of their pack, that is, us, their big brothers. It has also been observed that the closer a dog is to its owner, the more aggressive its reaction (the courage of dogs, even more than that of humans, depends on the presence of a group - the group effect), especially if the owner is agitated. The aggression of such dogs sharply decreases as they move away from the owner.

Gritsenko Vladimir Vasilievich
from the book "Correction of Dog Behavior"
Candidate of Veterinary Sciences, training instructor, expert of the RKF
posted with the personal permission of the author
copying is prohibited

DEFENSIVE REACTIONS

DEFENSIVE REACTIONS 902 - 9032 (syn. 902) a complex of behavioral reactions, expressed in the form of individual or combined manifestations of signs of reactions of aggression (rage, anger) and avoidance (fear), aimed at preserving the individual and species under the influence of adverse environmental factors.

The motive reactions (to run away — to attack), specific for manifestation of rage and fear and variants of their combined manifestation, reflect biol, O.'s significance of river. as a tactical technique in adaptation reactions, when manifestations of only aggression or only avoidance give way to a mixed compromise option, the most flexible and expedient under the given conditions. From this point of view, IP Pavlov's ideas about passive and active defensive reactions reflect one of the attempts to emphasize the different ratio of aversive (avoidant) and aggressive tendencies of an animal, depending on its individual properties and reinforcement characteristics.

Reactions of rage and fear are usually considered as emotional reactions, oriented Ch. arr. to control the external situation, and, therefore, represent certain standardized ways of responding to the most typical environmental situations.

Fear reactions as phylogenetic ancient forms of adaptive behavior are aimed at self-preservation by actively avoiding a real or potentially dangerous factor (predator, poisonous substance, etc.), and if it is impossible to avoid it, by passive adaptation (freezing reaction, imaginary death, passive posture). subordination, etc.), which allows to reduce or prevent the action of harmful factors. The reaction of aggression - a phylogenetically later form of adaptive behavior - is aimed at approaching the object in order to achieve certain benefits by fighting it or for demonstrative actions, to establish hierarchical relations in the community, etc. Reactions of aggression and fear accompany various forms of behavior - food , sexual, maternal, etc. In some species, the manifestation of aggression is not necessary (for example, in rodents in the absence of competition for food), but in predators it becomes a necessary means of survival and is included as a necessary link in wheat-foraging behavior.

Manifestation of O. p. determined by numerous external and internal factors. In animals with a predominance of relatively rigid, congenital, behavior programs O. p. can be called so-called. key, or triggering, stimuli (silhouette of a bird of prey for a chicken, a cry of warning and alarm, etc.). In children (and in young animals) O. p. in the form of fear, it manifests itself in response to any new and sufficiently strong stimulus, including abrupt changes in the activity of internal organs.

In adult animals, the possibility of manifestation of O. p. in the form of aggression increases with an increase in the number of animals in the population, during starvation, sexual arousal, i.e., in the presence of any pronounced biol, need or state of stress. At the person O. r. in the form of unmotivated irritability and unreasonable conflicts, they can be caused by the poverty of impressions, the monotony and monotony of work, and a long stay in a small team. Therefore, the staffing of groups for a long stay in conditions of relative isolation is usually carried out with the obligatory consideration of psychological compatibility in conditions of a deficit of sensory information.

In the early stages of ontogeny O. r. in humans and animals, they have the character of specialized stereotypical reflexes such as withdrawal, shaking, spitting out bitter and, therefore, potentially poisonous substances. At the age of b-8 months. the child develops fairly stable stereotypes related to the feeding procedure, the taste of food, the regimen, etc. Therefore, breaking the established stereotype, for example, when placed in a nursery (garden), can cause a reaction of protest, or frustration attitude towards the new person). As shown by M. Ya. Studenikin, Yu. A. Makarenko, H. N. Burmistrova (1979), emotional stress in children in connection with admission to a new team and limited contact with the mother is accompanied by significant changes in metabolism, nonspecific protective mechanisms of thermoregulation and is one of the factors that reduce resistance to infections.

Central mechanisms involved in the implementation of simple stereotypical O. r. (withdrawal of a limb, shaking off, etc. ), are located at the level of the spinal cord and medulla oblongata. Purposeful O. r. are formed in the learning process and are carried out with the participation of the neocortex and frontal lobes. Experiments with selective exclusion of certain brain structures made it possible to identify nek-ry funkts, differences between them. Thus, the destruction of the ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus enhances the manifestation of the avoidance reaction and behavioral changes, reminiscent of running wild; damage to the cingulate gyrus and the medial parts of the thalamus inhibits the reaction of active avoidance, increasing the passive forms of O. p. fading type.

The question of the presence of biologically active substances (hormones, mediators, peptides) that selectively change O. p. has not been finally resolved. At the same time, the essential role of M- and N-cholinergic structures of the brain in the mechanisms of O.'s occurrence is shown. Idea of a role of monoaminoergic structures of a brain in O. 's integration of river. received a new explanation: it was found that the introduction of a number of neurotropic agents into the brain, along with a general increase in activity in an animal, leads to an increase in aggressive tendencies. On the other hand, many tranquilizers help to reduce fear and anxiety, practically without changing the thresholds for the reaction of aggression and self-stimulation.

The nature of the manifestation of O. r. significantly modified under the influence of hormones. In particular, in animals, an increase in aggressive tendencies is observed with an increase in the level of androgens in males and prolactin in females. Thyroid hormones increase aggressiveness in animals of both sexes. Less clear are the data on the mechanisms of action of ACTH and steroid hormones of the adrenal cortex. The introduction of patients with ACTH or cortisone for therapeutic purposes causes unpredictable mood changes; suggest that the nature of emotional reactions in this case depends on the initial emotional state. G. Selye, the author of the concept of the general adaptation syndrome as a nonspecific response of the body to a stressor, put forward the idea of catatactic and syntactic hormones, which he considers, respectively, as tissue analeptics and tranquilizers, and conventionally singled out active, offensive (catatoxic) and passive, conciliatory (syntactic), behaviors, recommending the latter as more preferable for maintaining health.

Violations of O. river, having a different origin, are shown by hl. arr. in the selective increase or decrease in anxiety and fear or aggression. In young children in conditions of sensory deprivation and a lack of social communication, peculiar protective reactions may arise in the form of a stubborn desire to suck fingers, rhythmic movements of the head and torso. In older children, ways to protect themselves from excessive parental care or the strict requirements of teachers can be manifested by negativism and a number of bad habits (nail biting, hair pulling, tics, etc. ). In some cases, in children, as well as in emotionally immature subjects, a pronounced reaction of fear causes a mosaic of symptoms characteristic of phylogenetically ancient forms of protection - a motor storm or an emotional stupor, stupor - that is, reactions of the "animal hypnosis" type. In an adult, reactions of pronounced fear are accompanied by a decrease in perceptual, mnemonic and other mental functions (for example, a decrease in the speed of information processing, a decrease in the throughput of sensory channels), which ultimately makes it difficult to make an adequate decision. And vice versa, emotions of an active sthenic type, the desire for self-affirmation, the so-called. sports anger, etc., as a rule, increase the efficiency of various activities.

It should be emphasized that, unlike aggressive reactions, reactions of fear and anxiety are difficult to extinguish and often act as an obligatory symptom in certain forms of psychosomatic pathology. Fear, for example, arising as a natural reaction to a sudden change in the activity of internal organs (an attack of bronchial asthma, arrhythmias, etc. ), is subsequently fixed in memory and can provoke the onset of somatic disorders through a vicious circle mechanism.

Various O. s. (attacks of displeasure, unmotivated fear, malice, rage or even aggressiveness) can be symptoms of an organic lesion of individual brain structures, in particular the amygdaloid region (see).

Form and frequency of manifestation O. r. characterize the behavior of the individual. A sociological analysis of relationships within small groups has shown that a leader in a micro-collective, as a rule, has initiative, activity, and self-control. In the community of animals, the most aggressive and physically strong male becomes the leader.

Quantification O. r. used for certain types of prof. selection to characterize behavior in certain critical situations that require active and adequate action (the activities of a pilot, dispatcher, high-altitude builder, etc.). Such a prof. selection is carried out using a set of methods, including questionnaires, psychological tests, a number of special techniques that simulate a fall, accident, as well as research on special simulators.

Experimental studies O. p. on animals is carried out by creating conflict situations, using nociceptive stimulation or stimulation of the protective zones of the brain. The reaction of aggression, for example, can be reproduced by the introduction of large doses of phenamine or caffeine, as well as by methods that imitate certain natural situations (open field test, “social dominance” test, etc.) - O-R- are widely used in ethological methods of observation, in particular when studying the hierarchical organization in an animal population, etc.

Bibliography: Anokhin PK Biology and neurophysiology of the conditioned reflex, M., 1968; Berezin F. B., Miroshnikov M. P. and Rozha-n e c R. V. Methodology of a multilateral study of personality, M., 1976; Wald-man A. V., Kozlovskaya M. M. and Medvedev O. S. Pharmacological regulation of emotional stress, M., 1979; To about sm about lines y F. P. Emotional stress during work in extreme conditions, M., 1976; Makarenko Yu. A. System organization of emotional behavior, M., 1980; Milner P. Physiological psychology, trans. from English, M., 1973; With t at de-nikin M. Ya., M a k a r e n to about Yu. A. and Burmistrova H. N. Adaptation of children to environmental conditions, Vestn. USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 10, p. 20, 1979; Ecological human physiology, Adaptation of a person to the extreme conditions of a preschool institution and a medical hospital, ed. O. G. Gazenko and others, p. 625, M., 1979; Experimental Psychology, ed. P. Fresse and J. Piaget, trans. from French, c. 3, M., 1975.

ORIENTATION-RESEARCH REACTION

0231 orienting reflex ) - an active reaction of a person or animal to an unexpected change in the usual environment; behavioral response to novelty.

I. P. Pavlov called the Orienting-exploratory reaction "what is the reflex?" sense organs towards an unusual stimulus. The essence of the Orienting-exploratory reaction is to focus attention and mobilize the internal systems of the body to clarify the biological (and often social) significance of an unknown factor in humans, to ensure readiness for the necessary and adequate response actions. The orienting-exploratory reaction in a person receives a special refraction in the form of conscious research activity.

Orienting-exploratory reaction distinguishes between general and specialized (species, individual) signs of manifestation. Common signs include generalized motor reactions (startle, fading), increased excitability of the nervous system and activation of analyzers, which is accompanied by increased release of adrenaline and a number of vegetative changes: blood pressure increases, heart contractions become more frequent and intensified, breathing changes, etc.

Activation c. n. s., which occurs under the action of a new factor (stimulus), is displayed on the human EEG in the form of an increase in the alpha rhythm and its desynchronization - during wakefulness (A-stage) or a flash of alpha oscillations - in a semi-drowsy state (B-stage). In this case, evoked responses (vertex potentials) are also recorded. At the cellular level, an increase is detected, less often a decrease in the frequency of impulse activity of neurons in the cortical and other parts of the brain.

O.-i. R. it is not always combined with active exploratory behavior: having made sure, with passive waiting, that a new stimulus is indifferent, a person or animal may no longer pay attention to it. O.-i. R. may have a certain “coloration” (defensive, aggressive, food, sexual, etc.), which is reflected in the direction of the behavioral reaction. Depending on the type, temperament or functional state of the animal, O.-i.r. may end in flight or rapprochement for contact or attacks

Forms of manifestation O.-i. R. differ significantly in organisms at different stages of evolutionary development. O.-i. R. in lower animals it is expressed in general motor excitation or, on the contrary, in fading, hiding. With the complication of the structure and functions of the nervous system, specialized adjusting muscle reactions arise and improve - for orienting the body and sensory organs in the direction of the stimulus. At the same time, there is an increase in the sensitivity of the corresponding analyzers, concentration of attention, etc. O.-i. R. are aimed at identifying not only new stimuli, but also the objective parameters already known with a partial shift, for example, sound intensity at the same frequency, color saturation at the same color, etc., and feature selection occurs up to the limits of differential sensitivity of analyzers . O.-i. R. appears both at the beginning of the action of the stimulus and at its deactivation.

Physiological regularities of realization of Orienting-exploratory reaction in humans and higher animals are in many respects similar. At the same time, a number of features are distinguished, depending on the level of development of the higher parts of the brain, the perfection of individual analyzers, their predominant ecological significance (vision - in humans, monkeys, many species of birds; smell, hearing, night vision - in predators; hearing - in herbivores ; ultrasonic hearing - in dolphins, bats, etc.). In highly organized animals, especially in primates, an active research search for sources and causes of a new phenomenon to determine its biol, significance becomes the dominant side of O. - and. r., which is expressed in complex forms of behavior - in anthropoids, even with the use of the simplest tools (sticks, stones, etc.). To understand and classify the new, the previous experience and the developed ability for initial generalizations, simultaneous and sequential associations, and the formation of primary ideas and concepts fixed in memory are used (see Higher nervous activity). All this is already the beginnings of thinking. At last, at the person a research orientation of O. - and. r., retaining general biological foundations, acquires qualitatively new features in the form of conscious practical and scientific activity, the desire for knowledge, and the ability to abstract theoretical thinking.

O.-i. R. as a physiol, the phenomenon was first described by I. M. Sechenov in the book “Reflexes of the Brain” (1863), citing an example of a “reflected” startle of a “nervous lady” to an unexpected knock (the so-called start reflex). This reflex, I. M. Sechenov emphasized, under the action of a new stimulus, manifests itself in a “fatal way”, but weakens and disappears when it is repeated as a result of “delaying mechanisms”, i. e., the action of central inhibition (see). Later these features of O. - and. R. were noted and confirmed by IP Pavlov, as well as JI. A. Orbeli, who wrote that O.-i. R. begins as an unconditioned reflex ("fatal way"), and proceeds as a conditioned one, since it undergoes extinction - internal, conditioned inhibition (see Conditioned reflex).

Implementation O.-and. R. accompanied by the inhibition of all current functions of the body and the disinhibition of those previously delayed. O.-i. R. suppresses other unconditioned reflexes, but if the latter reach the strength of the dominant (see), i.e., cause extreme excitation of the animal (food, sexual, pain, defensive), then O. - and. R. may not show up. Acting on the mechanism of external inhibition, O. - and. R. interrupts conditioned reflexes. Biologically, this is very important, since a new, unknown stimulus may require concentration of attention, all forces and urgent response. If the stimulus is repeated many times and turns out to be indifferent, O. - and. R. fades away and the animal returns to its former activities or to a state of rest. The body gets used to a new stimulus, or, in the words of I. M. Sechenov, learns to counteract it. This simplest form of learning consists (according to IP Pavlov) in the formation of a negative, i.e., inhibitory conditioned reflex.

Fading inhibition O.-i. R. is considered as a kind of addiction - a biologically more general manifestation of the plasticity of organisms. Plasticity makes habituation an active process, allowing behavior to quickly adapt to changing environments. Quenched O. - and. R. after some time, it is restored, as is the extinguished positive conditioned reflex, which also reveals a similarity in their course.

The rate of extinction of the Orienting-exploratory reaction is related to its severity, which is determined not only by the physical-chemical. the parameters of the stimulus, but also the biological, in particular ecological, specificity of the stimulus, as well as the complexity of the undeciphered information contained in it (the latter is of particular importance for humans). An important role is played by the degree of novelty, surprise and hidden ambiguity of the stimulus, as well as its similarity with stimuli that carry genetically embedded information about the usefulness or harmfulness of this trait (the squeak of a mouse for a cat, the sight of a snake for monkeys, etc.).

In the process of ontogenesis O.-i. R. initially observed in the form of generalized motor activity, usually associated with a food dominant. Gradually, a specialized setting of the sense organs, a research reflex, is formed, and with a stronger stimulus O. - and. R. becomes defensive. The type of stimulation matters. In newborns, the greatest inhibitory effect on sucking movements; provide sound stimuli, less significant - light, olfactory, tactile. In animals (monkeys, puppies), O. appears first of all. R. to smell and tactile stimuli.

There are different views regarding the neurophysiological mechanisms of O. - and. R. Nek-ry researchers connect O.'s manifestation - and. R. with special “novelty neurons” capable of responding only to a previously unseen stimulus.

Common classification O.-i. R. no. More often they are divided according to the degree of complexity into the following categories: 1 - generalized, such as startle (start reflex), general arousal or fading; 2 - with motivational "coloring" inherent in the state of dominant need; 3 - installation reflexes; 4 - simple orienting-exploratory reactions; 5 - active research search - in higher animals, primates, supplemented by the use of tools - in anthropoids; 6 - conscious research activity of a person, aimed at understanding the laws of life, the development of nature and human society.

O.-i. R. as one of fiziol, the correlates of attention is an important component of various conditioned reflexes, thus participating in all kinds of c. n. d. Numerous experiments have established that O.'s presence - and. R. to a future conditioned signal is necessary for the formation of conditioned reflex connections. So, human learning is possible only with a sufficient degree of attention to the subject, which can be objectively judged to a certain extent by one or another indicator of O. - and. R. It has been experimentally shown that learning (especially for children) is more successful when the degree of novelty is high. Novelty, unusualness in this case acts in itself as a reinforcement factor, providing the formation of new conditioned reflex connections, facilitating perception and memorization.

O.-i. R. largely depends on the type and funkts, the state of the nervous system. At unbalanced, impressionable people O. - and. R. is exalted and disproportionate to the strength and degree of novelty of the perceived stimulation. On the contrary, at the phlegmatic, slow person O. - and. R. appears in a weaker form. A balanced strong type of the nervous system is characterized by rapid adaptation to new stimuli, to an unusual situation, which allows you to most adequately and quickly respond to the changing requirements of the situation. Disturbance of normal course O. - and. R. indicates a deterioration in the functional state of the nervous system, for example, as a result of overwork, malnutrition, alcohol poisoning, drowsiness. More serious shifts indicate the development or presence of certain nervous diseases. In particular, at neurosises at the person increased excitability, vigilance in relation to a new situation, the new phenomena, the significant size of vegetative components of O. is observed - and. r., its slow and incomplete extinction. At patients with schizophrenia, on the contrary, areactivity or weak expressiveness of O. is often noted - and. r., the appearance of defensive reactions instead. O.-i. R. are also suppressed in various depressive states.

Having fully retained its important biological significance, acquired in the process of evolution, Orienting-exploratory reactions in human activity has become a powerful social factor, the range of action of which extends from manifestations of simple curiosity and passion for new impressions to tireless searches aimed at understanding secrets nature.

Bibliography: Anokhin PK Biology and neurophysiology of the conditioned reflex, M., 1968; Kratin Yu. G. Analysis of signals by the brain, p. 98, L., 1977; Orienting reflex and orienting-research activity, ed. L. G. Voronina et al., M., 1958; Pavlov I. Complete works, vol. 3-4, M.-L., 1951: Sechenov I. M. Selected works, vol. 1-2, M., 1952-1956; Sokolov E. N. Perception and conditioned reflex, M., 1958; he, Nervous model of stimulus in a reflex arc, Zhurn. higher nervous active, vol. 28, c. 2, p. 227, 1978; Sliarpless S. a. Jasper H. Habituation of the arousal reaction, Brain, v. 79, p. 655, 1956.

Aggressive-defensive model

In this model, the roles of the first and second parties are different. The first side - the aggressor - wanting to achieve certain changes, comes into conflict with the second side - the defender. The aggressor may aim to take something from the defender, or change existing conditions to his detriment, or call him to order because the aggressor is dissatisfied with his behavior. Usually, the aggressor will use mild competitive tactics first because it is less risky. But if soft methods fail, the aggressor uses harder tactics, and the conflict escalates until the goal is achieved or until it is discovered that prolonged escalation is more costly than the goal for which the conflict was started. The defender only responds to the attacks of the aggressor, and his reactions become aggravated with the aggravation of the escalation. This process lasts until the aggressor gets his way or backs down.

This text is an introduction.

Continuation of LitRes

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• Defensive aggression

Surely you have noticed that often dogs behave aggressively not because of their courage, but, on the contrary, out of fear. The animal barks, foams at the mouth and bares its teeth, but backs away from the object, while the animal, which actually feels superior, lunges at the object, or at least growls, grins and steps confidently, rather than acting like a hysteric .

Dogs that have an unbalanced temperament and a weak nervous system almost always bite out of fear. The reasons for this may be poor breeding and rearing of the dog in conditions that are poor in impressions and with a lack of communication.

Anecdote on the topic

- A dog bit me yesterday!

- No, normal. I would be mad to pull the tail!

Owners often mistakenly perceive that since they have adopted a puppy of a purebred pit bull, then the right "knowledge" and instincts are already genetically incorporated in it. Nothing like this! Any dog needs education, just as a person born into a royal family, having "blue" blood, is not endowed with good manners from birth. They need to be vaccinated.

Cowardly-aggressive dogs should be expected to behave unpredictably. They demonstrate a pose of submission: ears turned back, head down, they do not look into the eyes, they try to appear smaller, hide their tail between their legs, often urinate, lick a person’s hands and sycophantly fall on their back, exposing their stomach - but it’s worth turning their backs to them, they will bite or run after you or your car with loud barks.

If your dog exhibits this behavior, here are some tips on how to teach him to distinguish between false danger and true danger.

1. If your dog is afraid of people walking towards you, ask your friends to come up to your dog and give him pieces of his favorite treat - this will restore his trust in people. Do not overdo it, otherwise she will go to the other extreme - excessive trust.

2. If your puppy is too shy and loves peace and quiet, try not to cultivate these habits in him, take him with you wherever possible. He is now part of your life and must get used to your rhythm.

3. Try to protect your dog from extraneous aggression from dogs and people, try to show your disposition in communication with other people and dogs. Your dog will understand that if he does not have to protect you from them, then he does not need to be afraid for himself.

4. In spite of the previous three points, periodically "let us know" your dog that you need protection by staging mild conflict situations, observe his behavior. This will be a kind of exam - first of all, for you as a trainer. Draw your own conclusions.

Interesting fact!

Dogs are also characterized by jealousy. And even a cowardly dog can express its jealousy through aggression towards the object of your increased attention. In this, as in many other things, they are like children. Often the objects of jealousy are other dogs.

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Play aggression Play for dogs is more than a pastime.

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