Mbsr and depression

The effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on depression, anxiety, and stress in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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Meta-Analysis

. 2019 Jun;28(3):635-656.

doi: 10.1111/inm.12568. Epub 2019 Jan 17.

Simon Yat Ho Li¹, Daniel Bressington²

Affiliations

¹ Castle Peak Hospital, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong.
² School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong.

PMID: 30656813
DOI: 10.1111/inm.12568

Meta-Analysis

Simon Yat Ho Li et al. Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2019 Jun.

. 2019 Jun;28(3):635-656.

doi: 10.1111/inm.12568. Epub 2019 Jan 17.

Authors

Simon Yat Ho Li¹, Daniel Bressington²

Affiliations

¹ Castle Peak Hospital, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong.
² School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong.

PMID: 30656813
DOI: 10. 1111/inm.12568

Abstract

Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) has been widely used to improve various physical and mental conditions. Studies show the intervention is particularly effective in alleviating depression, anxiety, and stress in working-aged adults. No recent systematic review has focused on the use of MBSR in older adults. This study aims to examine the effects of MBSR intervention on depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms of older adults. Five electronic databases were searched for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published between 1990 and 2017. Six eligible studies were included and computed for meta-analysis. The methodological quality and risk of biases across the included RCTs were assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool. Overall, the amount of evidence is limited and of relatively low quality. The results of this review provide evidence that the MBSR is more effective than wait-list-control group to reduce depression in older adults with clinically significant symptoms immediately following the intervention. However, there is no clear evidence that the intervention reduced the perception of stress and anxiety, or that positive effects are maintained over the longer term. More robust studies involving larger sample sizes and using longer follow-up measurements are required.

Keywords: anxiety; depression; mindfulness; older adults; stress.

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Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Program | Tampa General Hospital

WHAT IS MBSR?

Tampa General Hospital and the Integrative Medicine and Arts department offer MBSR, an initiative that supports self-care education and tools that participants can use for the rest of their lives. MBSR is an eight-week evidence-based program that offers intensive mindfulness training to assist people with stress, anxiety, depression and pain. Developed at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center in the 1970s by Professor Jon Kabat-Zinn, MBSR uses a combination of mindfulness meditation, body awareness, yoga, and exploration of patterns of behavior, thinking, feeling and action.

What to Expect During MBSR

Each MBSR program is eight-weeks long and includes:

One orientation class
Eight weekly classes
One daylong silent retreat
Daily at-home practice
Guided meditation recordings

During your classes and retreat, you’ll learn stress reduction techniques through guided instructions and group dialogue. These include mindfulness meditation, gentle stretching and yoga.

BENEFITS OF MBSR

MBSR is supported by a wide body of research showing that it is effective at addressing chronic pain, anxiety, depression and general stress reduction. MBSR is ideal for cultivating greater awareness of the unity of mind and body. It is designed to help you achieve health and well-being in the face of stress, pain or illness

Reduction in chronic pain and other symptoms

MBSR can improve symptoms of the following conditions:

Anxiety
Chronic pain
Depression

Improved quality of life

MBSR can also help:

Reduce stress caused by major or everyday stressors
Increase mental focus

Empower you to play an active role in your own health and well-being

IS MBSR EVIDENCE-BASED?

Yes. MBSR is based on a framework of psychological science and is on the cutting edge of mind, body and integrative medicine. Published research has shown that meditation and relaxation training can be powerful aides to the conventional medical treatment of many disorders. Over 18,000 participants with all manner of diagnoses have successfully completed the eight-week course, and 1,400 physicians have referred patients to this program. Published evaluations of the medical outcomes resulting from patient participation have shown a 35 percent reduction in the number of medical symptoms and a 40 percent reduction in psychological symptoms.

THE EVIDENCE FOR MBSR

Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction is a program developed by Jon Kabat-Zinn, PhD, to reduce stress and improve overall well-being. It was initially developed to aid the chronically sick.
79 percent of meta-analysis and systematic reviews found MBSR to have a positive effect on symptom management, mental health and quality of life.

Evidence has also shown MBSR helps:

MBSR isn’t a cure-all, but it is a great, evidence-based resource with broad mental health benefits. Through focus on the breath, awareness and sensations, MBSR cultivates nonjudgmental, present moment awareness.

Learn More About Our MBSR Program

Clinical Outcomes for MBSR

Click Here

Meet Your MBSR Instructor

Click Here

Integrative Medicine and Arts Program

Click Here

Great Depression or China's first recession in a decade | News from Belarus

Forecasts of Chinese economic recovery are still extremely contradictory.

China has become the first country to encounter the COVID-19 virus in its industrial hub, Wuhan. And he was the first to decide that mass isolation would be the best way to combat the spread of the virus. Official Chinese government figures show that this has contained the outbreak. As the virus spreads around the world, other governments have adopted tactics by calling for general lockdowns or quarantines. But restrictions come at a price, and China, like the rest of the world, will probably have to fight longer with their consequences than with the disease. The first consequences are already visible - the Chinese economy has contracted for the first time in decades, and forecasts for its recovery are still extremely contradictory, writes the Kazakh edition of Vlast.

People wearing masks walk down the street after the COVID-19 outbreak in Shanghai, China, May 6, 2020 / Reuters

Depth of fall firms, China's National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) reported. This is the first quarterly decline since at least 1992, when statistics began to be kept. The decline is likely to continue in the second quarter: "This is the worst result we have ever recorded", - commented Shehzad Qazi , managing director of China Beige Book (CBB). The consulting firm polled more than 3,300 Chinese companies to assess the health of the world's second-largest economy, and in the first three months of 2020, every key metric, from revenue to earnings, was in a downtrend, also unseen in a decade of tracking.

But some analysts still agree that the figure of 6.8% is extremely optimistic. For comparison, JP Morgan predicts that the US economy will contract by 40% in the second quarter of this year.

China's manufacturing industry has been a major catalyst for economic growth for many years. In 2018, it brought in $4 trillion and accounted for 30% of the country's total economic output. However, due to the coronavirus crisis and declining exports across all global supply chains, China's manufacturing sector has faced huge economic losses.

But the most affected by the crisis in China were small and medium-sized businesses. In China, the contribution of SMEs is more than 60% of GDP (in the US, for example, it is 43%). Making matters worse for companies, they are usually financed not by large banks but by a shadow banking system that does not receive bailouts from the central government. "All of these [small] businesses will be severely affected ," says James Nolte , an Asia specialist at the World Policy Institute. " I don't know if the Chinese authorities will pay special attention to this sector."

Masked girls look at a mobile phone during lunch in Beijing, China, May 7, 2020 / Reuters

Trade war

Donald Trump repeatedly tried to shift the blame for the spread of the virus to China. Beijing has repeatedly denied the US allegations. Growing antagonism now threatens to cancel the truce in the trade war between the countries. American stock indices, and behind them the world ones, are already declining due to fears that the two largest economies may resume a trade war, and many financial markets around the world will be temporarily closed.

At the same time, against the backdrop of a colossal decline in the American economy, a sharp increase in unemployment, Trump now more than ever benefits from making China the key culprit of the situation. In the run-up to the November presidential election, this greatly increases Trump's chances of success.

The Republicans, led by Trump, are currently obsessed with "punishing" China, according to sources. One idea is to limit or remove the sovereign immunity that is normally granted to other governments. This will allow private and public - for example, by states - litigation. For example, Washington Post 9 columnist calls for this0013 Mark Thiessen : "Someone must pay for this unprecedented damage. It must be the Chinese government."

Yale Law School Professor E. Donald Elliot argues that China's behavior required "a strong response to prevent future recurrences... The first step should be to demand that China pay for the harm it has caused. "

But all these emotional revenge schemes are a poor basis for public policy. None of these ideas is objectively a good way to "punish" the Chinese government. Some of them are simply ineffective, others would result in a costly retaliation for the United States itself, as they would give other countries a free hand to retaliate.

What will happen to the Chinese economy?

Analyst firm IHS Markit believes collapsing global demand for Chinese exports and Beijing's reluctance to provide a stimulus package bodes for the country in trouble. Stimulus programs now account for about 3% of China's GDP, up from 12% in 2009, when large infrastructure projects propped up the economy in the wake of the global financial crisis. This increase in spending previously pushed China's debt-to-GDP ratio to over 300%. "If it is necessary to resume [containment] restrictions, then a double recession cannot be ruled out," , the forecast says.

A family rests in Sun Park during the Labor Day holiday in Beijing, China, May 5, 2020 / Reuters

One of the hopes for China's economic recovery to speed up is rising housing turnover, industry experts and Global Times insiders say . Citing data from the Beijing Municipal Commission for Housing and Urban and Rural Development, the China Securities Journal (CSJ) reported that 11 973 apartments compared to 8,554 in January. In the first three days of the May holidays in Beijing, 1,131 apartments were sold through the leading housing agency Lianjia, up 231.7% from last year, and the number of customers visiting the agency's outlets exceeded a quarter of the total in April, reports CSJ. Xia C Yi, a real estate agent in Lianjia, told The Global Times that he is definitely seeing an increase in the number of customers. Within 10 days, he signed two contracts, which usually takes almost a month. Increasing turnover is also good for other industries: manager last name Hu in a repair company told The Global Times that orders are up more than 100% from the previous two months. "As more people buy houses, the demand for renovations has also increased," Hu said.

Andy Rothman , investment strategist at Matthews Asia, says March data from China, which show a slower decline in retail sales, electricity consumption and fixed investment, as well as a sharp increase in car sales compared to January and February, signal that China is already "is on the road to recovery. " In another sign of China's good prospects, French luxury giant LVMH reports that sales at Louis Vuitton stores in mainland China have jumped 50% year-over-year in the past three weeks. Even without budget cuts, China remains "the world's best consumer case," according to Rothman, and is likely to remain attractive to multinationals and global investors.

A bookstore in a shopping area in Beijing, China, May 4, 2020 / Reuters

However, one should not forget that China, the largest exporter, needs the rest of the world for its own economic recovery. To fully restore its economy, China must see an improvement in the economies of the countries where it exports its goods - especially its top five destinations: the US, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea and Vietnam. All of them are still far from recovery.

In addition, the pandemic has already prompted many companies to move their production bases to other countries to reduce dependence on China. Japan has committed $2. 2 billion to help its manufacturers get out of China. Japanese automaker Mazda quickly moved some of its production from China's Jiangsu to Mexico's Guanajuato. Although the costs of the process were high, the move is expected to prove beneficial in the long run. Microsoft and Google have targeted the Thai and Vietnamese markets for their new phones, computers and other electronic devices.

One of the consequences of the pandemic, in addition to the global recession and economic shocks, may be new opportunities for developing countries, especially in Southeast Asia. But both they and China and the rest of the world have a long way to restore their economy, on which there is still too much uncertainty associated with the expectation of a second wave of coronavirus, the results of a new trade war and other things. One thing is clear for sure - a quick recovery of the world economy will not happen.

To follow important news, subscribe to the Euroradio channel in Telegram.

Every day we publish videos about life in Belarus on our Youtube channel. You can subscribe here.

Depression. Capitalism: An Unfamiliar Ideal

Depressions

Are economic depressions inevitable under capitalism?

Opponents of capitalism often accuse it of sins, the only reason for which is state intervention in the economy.

I have already given a blatant example of this approach: the responsibility that capitalism bears for creating coercive monopolies. Another infamous example of this approach is the assertion that capitalism is, by its very nature, doomed to periodic depressions.

Statisticians have repeatedly argued that depressions (the phenomenon of the so-called “growth and bust” business cycle) are inherent in the free market, and that the crash of 1929 was the final proof of the failure of the unregulated economy and the free market. What is the grain of truth in this statement?

Depression is a large-scale decline in production and trade, it is characterized by a sharp drop in production, a reduction in investment, a decrease in the number of jobs, as well as a decrease in the value of capital assets (enterprises, equipment, etc. ). The usual fluctuations in business activity, as well as a temporary slowdown in the development of production, are not depressions. A depression is a nationwide decline in business activity - and a corresponding drop in the value of major assets. There is nothing in the nature of a free economy that could lead to such consequences. Popular explanations citing the causes of depression as "overproduction", "underconsumption", monopolies, labor-saving technologies, uneven distribution, excessive concentration of material and financial resources, etc., have been repeatedly exposed as untenable.

The flow of labor and capital from one branch to another in accordance with changing conditions under capitalism occurs constantly. This is part of the movement, growth, progress inherent in capitalism. There is always an opportunity to try to make money in one area or another, there is always a demand and need for goods - only the name of the goods, the production of which is most profitable at the moment, changes.

In any particular area of production, there is a possibility that supply will exceed demand. In this case, prices begin to fall, profitability decreases, investment and the number of jobs in the relevant industry decrease. At the same time, capital and labor begin to flow into other industries in search of a more profitable application of forces. The corresponding industry is going through a period of stagnation, which is the result of unjustified, and therefore uneconomical, unprofitable, unproductive investments.

In a free economy based on the gold standard, such unproductive investment is severely limited; unjustified speculation does not grow unchecked. In a free economy, the amount of money and loans allocated to finance business is determined by objective economic factors. The banking system stands guard over economic stability. The principles governing the amount of cash injections operate in such a way as to prevent large unjustified investments.

Most companies finance their projects at least partially with bank loans. Banks act as think tanks, investing their clients' funds in businesses that will achieve maximum success. Banks do not have unlimited lending capacity: they are limited in terms of credit funds by the amount of their gold reserves. In order to operate successfully, making a profit and attracting customer funds, banks must issue loans wisely, choosing the most reliable and potentially most profitable enterprises.

If, during a period of increased speculation, banks receive too many requests for loans, then in response to a growing need for money, they, firstly, increase interest rates, and secondly, more meticulously select enterprises that agree to lend, establishing more stringent framework for those to whom it is considered possible to allocate funds. As a result, it becomes more difficult to get money and investments in the business are temporarily reduced. Businessmen are often unable to obtain funds for development, and are forced to adjust plans for expanding enterprises. Common stock purchases, reflecting investors' expectations of companies' profitability, are also declining; overvalued shares fall in price. Businessmen who have started unprofitable projects are unable to attract additional loans and are forced to close enterprises. Thus, further losses in the field of production factors are prevented, and economic errors are eliminated.

In the worst case scenario, such an economy could experience a minor recession - a slight decline in investment and production. In an unregulated economy, recovery occurs very quickly, after which investment and production begin to rise again. A temporary recession is not harmful to the economy, but, on the contrary, is beneficial: it allows the economic system to correct its own mistakes, overcome the disease and regain health again.

The impact of such a recession may be particularly felt in several sectors, but it is not capable of bringing down the entire economy. A nationwide depression similar to the one that happened in the US in 1930s, would have been impossible in a completely free society. It was made possible only by state intervention in the economy, or rather, government manipulations with credit funds.

The government's policy has been to silence all controls inherent in a free banking system that would prevent rampant speculation and subsequent economic collapse.

Any state intervention in the economy is based on the belief that economic laws do not have to function, that the principle of cause and effect can be canceled, that everything in the world is mobile and malleable, except for the whims of the bureaucrat, who are omnipotent: reality, logic and the economy itself are better don't get in his way.

Based on these ideas, the Federal Reserve System was formed in 1913, an institution with the right to exercise control (by complex and often indirect methods) over private banks throughout the country. The Federal Reserve hastened to free private banks from the limits imposed on them by their own reserves, free from the laws of the market - and arrogantly arrogated to government officials the right to decide how much credit should be available at what point in time.

The "cheap money" policy was the main idea and goal of these officials. Banks were no longer limited in their lending by the size of their gold reserves. Interest no longer made sense to rise in response to growing speculation and growing demand for loans. Credit was to become available at any moment - until the Federal Reserve "changes its mind."

The government argued that by taking control of money and credit out of the hands of private bankers, increasing or decreasing credit flows at will, guided by other considerations than driven by "selfish" bankers, it was able - in combination with other ways interventions - to control investments in such a way as to guarantee virtually permanent prosperity. Many bureaucrats believed that the government was capable of keeping the economy on a relentless boom.

I take the liberty of borrowing a beautiful metaphor from Alan Greenspan: if in a free market the banking system and the clear rules of the game act as a safety net to prevent complete economic collapse, in a free market, then the government, through the Federal Reserve System, uses a coin as a safety device. . The result of this policy was the explosion known as the economic crash of 1929.

During the 1920s, the government largely forced banks to artificially maintain economically unjustified low interest rates. As a result, money poured into any venture. K 19In 1928, it was already hard not to notice the danger signals: unjustified investments became a daily practice, and exchange papers were clearly overvalued. However, the government chose to ignore these danger signs.

The free banking system in this case would be forced, on the basis of economic necessity, to fight massive speculation. The volume of loans and investments in this case would have significantly decreased. Banks that invested in unprofitable projects, enterprises that turned out to be inefficient, as well as their partners, would suffer - and that's all: the whole country would not be plunged into crisis. However, they decided to abandon the "anarchic" free banking system - in favor of "competent" state planning.

The boom and massive speculation, the forerunners of any global depression, were allowed to run unhindered, a growing pattern of unprofitable investments and indifference to returns permeating the entire national economy. People invested anywhere, making fortunes overnight - on paper. Profitability was calculated based on monstrously exaggerated estimates of the future profits of the company. Loans were taken indiscriminately, with the expectation that, in a pinch, it would always be possible to cover them from the value of existing goods. All this resembled the actions of a person who sells bad checks, hoping to have time to get the necessary amount and deposit it in the bank before anyone presents the check for payment.

But miracles do not happen, and reality cannot be reshaped indefinitely. By 1929, the country's financial and economic system had become monstrously shaky. By the time the government finally started raising interest rates in a panic, it was too late. It is unlikely that anyone will be able to answer what specific event gave impetus to mass panic - and it does not matter: the collapse was inevitable, and any of the many events could serve as a trigger. But as the news of the first failing banks and commercial firms spread, uncertainty swept across the country in a spreading wave of nightmare. People began to sell shares, hoping to exit the market with a profit, or at least to get the money they needed to pay off bank loans that were required to be repaid. Others, seeing this, also began to sell their shares in a panic - and, literally overnight, the stock market was swept away by an avalanche to the very bottom, prices instantly fell, securities devalued, banks demanded the return of loans, for many of which borrowers were not in able to pay off, the value of capital assets declined at breakneck speed, fortunes collapsed before our eyes. K 19In 1932, business activity practically stopped. The rule that there is a price for frivolity has justified itself again.

Such, in essence, was the nature and causes of the Depression of 1929.

This is one of the most eloquent illustrations of the terrible consequences of a "planned" economy. When, in a free economy, a private entrepreneur makes a mistake in economic calculations, he (and perhaps those who work with him at the relevant moment) are forced to face the consequences of the mistake. In a controlled economy, when planners make this mistake, the whole country suffers.

However, the responsibility for the Depression of 1929 was not blamed on the government or the Federal Reserve, but on capitalism. Freedom got its chance - and was defeated, shouted statesmen of all stripes. The voices of the few sensible people who pointed to the real causes of the disasters were drowned in a chorus of accusations against businessmen, their greed and capitalism in general.

If our citizens had taken the trouble to understand the causes of the collapse, the country could have avoided most of the disasters that befell it. The depression dragged on for several tragic years because of the same monsters that gave birth to it: government regulation and control.

Contrary to popular misconception, control and regulation began long before the New Deal: in the 1920s, the mixed economy in the United States was already a fait accompli. However, during the Hoover presidency, state centrism began to develop faster - and with the advent of the New Deal proposed by Roosevelt, it began to grow with unprecedented activity. The economic controls that would have quickly ended the depression have been turned off—by chokeholds, tax increases, labor laws. The latter led to an economically unjustified increase in wages and, as a result, an increase in prices - at the very moment when prices should have been falling in order to attract investors and businessmen to the market.

The National Industrial Recovery Act, the Wagner Act, and the abandonment of the gold standard (with subsequent slide into inflation and mindless excess of spending over income) are just three of the many destructive steps taken by the New Deal, ostensibly to save the country from depression - although in reality these measures had a strictly opposite effect.

As Alan Greenspan pointed out in Stock Prices and Capital Evaluation, it wasn't just New Deal laws that hindered business recovery. Much more damaging was the general atmosphere of uncertainty generated by the then administration. No one could understand what kind of law or regulation would fall on their heads in the next moment, no one was able to guess in which direction state policy would turn, which means that long-term planning was out of the question.

To act, to produce, a businessman needs knowledge. He must base his actions on sober calculation, and not on "faith" and "hope" - especially faith and hope regarding the unpredictable leaps of thought in the head of a bureaucrat. Everything that business could achieve under the New Deal finally fell apart by 1937 as a result of growing uncertainty about the future actions of the government. There were more than 10 million unemployed in the country, and business activity fell to almost 1932 years - the most difficult year of the depression.

One of the myths of the New Deal is the assertion that Roosevelt "brought our country out of the depression." How was the problem of depression finally solved? With the help of a popular ploy that statesmen use in an emergency, namely war.

The depression spurred on by the stock market crash of 1929 was not the first in American history, but it was incomparably worse than the previous ones. If we study earlier depressions, we will find the same basic cause, the same common denominator: in one form or another, by one means or another, organized state intervention in the problem of financing. Consider an example typical of growing government intervention in the economy: The Federal Reserve was originally founded to save society from a repeat of earlier depressions, which were themselves the result of government financial manipulation.

The financial mechanism that controls the economy is the sensitive point, the beating heart of business activity. In no other area can government intervention produce such devastating consequences. If you're interested in the broader discussion of business cycles and their relationship to government manipulation of the leveraged market, read Ludwig von Mises' book Human Action[19].

The most amazing facts of history are stories of human error from which to learn. You can better understand this idea if you look at the activities of today's administration.

August 1962

This text is an introductory fragment.

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Mbsr and depression

The effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on depression, anxiety, and stress in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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Similar articles

Cited by

Publication types

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Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Program | Tampa General Hospital

WHAT IS MBSR?

What to Expect During MBSR

BENEFITS OF MBSR

Reduction in chronic pain and other symptoms

Improved quality of life

IS MBSR EVIDENCE-BASED?

THE EVIDENCE FOR MBSR

Evidence has also shown MBSR helps:

Learn More About Our MBSR Program

Clinical Outcomes for MBSR

Meet Your MBSR Instructor

Integrative Medicine and Arts Program

Great Depression or China's first recession in a decade | News from Belarus

Trade war

What will happen to the Chinese economy?

Depression. Capitalism: An Unfamiliar Ideal

Chapter 4. World Crisis: On the Road to Hell of a Global Depression

Short working day during depression

Economic Depression Scenarios

Chapter Two The Deepening of the Depression and the Search for a Leader

Chapter Four Communication as a Tool to Overcome Moral Depression

SERENADE ON DEPRESSION

IN THE MILLS OF GLOBAL DEPRESSION: FROM LIBERALISM TO TECHNOLOGICAL SOCIALISM

The Cruel Lessons of the Great Depression Evgeniya Obukhova