Definition of extrinsically

Extrinsic Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster

ex·trin·sic ek-ˈstrin-zik -ˈstrin(t)-sik

: not forming part of or belonging to a thing : extraneous

: originating from or on the outside

especially : originating outside a part and acting upon the part as a whole

extrinsic muscles of the tongue

: external

extrinsically

ek-ˈstrin-zi-k(ə-)lē

-ˈstrin(t)-si-

adverb

Synonyms

accidental
adventitious
alien
extraneous
external
foreign
supervenient

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Example Sentences

You have to consider any extrinsic factors in the success of the business. the fact that the ring belonged to your grandmother is extrinsic to its value to a jeweler

Recent Examples on the Web Individuals can also work on actualization such as practicing getting through real-life challenges in the virtual world, building skills, and intrinsic and extrinsic rewards to increase self-efficacy. Colleen Reilly, Forbes, 11 Oct. 2022 But not all types of motivation are equivalent: intrinsic motivation is, in many contexts, more durable than extrinsic motivation. Alex Hutchinson, Outside Online, 18 June 2022 The intrinsic and extrinsic aspects of people in social situations aren’t fixed and distinct but are continually shaping and transforming one another, so that there’s no fact of the matter about which causes what. Jessica Riskin, The New York Review of Books, 21 Apr. 2022 Don't forget that extrinsic motivation works a lot better when intrinsic motivation is in place. Expert Panel®, Forbes, 7 Mar. 2022 Trust plays a crucial role in this virtuous cycle, compensating for the fewer opportunities for social status displays and other forms of extrinsic motivation typical of a remote work setting. Caterina Bulgarella, Forbes, 5 Jan. 2022 Eugene, Oregon, coach Peter Thompson, likes to break them into two broad categories: intrinsic and extrinsic. Richard A. Lovett, Outside Online, 27 June 2020 NFTs take this desire for an extrinsic reward to its logical conclusion: a financial incentive. Will Bedingfield, Wired, 13 Jan. 2022 Culture needs to go beyond extrinsic rewards to include a clear mission that employees feel connected to and inspired by. Caroline Castrillon, Forbes, 12 Dec. 2021 See More

These example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word 'extrinsic.' Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback.

Word History

Etymology

French & Late Latin; French extrinsèque, from Late Latin extrinsecus, from Latin, adverb, from without; akin to Latin exter outward and to Latin sequi to follow — more at exterior, sue

First Known Use

1613, in the meaning defined at sense 1a

Time Traveler

The first known use of extrinsic was in 1613

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“Extrinsic. ” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/extrinsic. Accessed 30 Nov. 2022.

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Kids Definition

extrinsic

ex·trin·sic ek-ˈstrin-zik -ˈstrin(t)-sik

: not being part of or belonging to a thing : extraneous

extrinsically

-zi-k(ə-)lē

-si-

adverb

Medical Definition

extrinsic

ex·trin·sic ek-ˈstrin-zik -ˈstrin(t)-sik

: originating or due to causes or factors from or on the outside of a body, organ, or part

renal tumors or cysts … causing extrinsic compression of the renal vasculature Scientific American Medicine

: originating outside a part and acting on the part as a whole

—used especially of certain muscles

the extrinsic muscles of the tongue

compare intrinsic sense 2

extrinsically

-zi-k(ə-)lē, -si-

adverb

Legal Definition

extrinsic

ex·trin·sic ek-ˈstrin-zik, -sik

: not contained in or occurring in something (as a contract)

Extrinsic Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com

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British

[ ik-strin-sik, -zik ]

/ ɪkˈstrɪn sɪk, -zɪk /

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See synonyms for extrinsic on Thesaurus.com

adjective

not essential or inherent; not a basic part or quality; extraneous: facts that are extrinsic to the matter under discussion.

being outside a thing; outward or external; operating or coming from without: extrinsic influences.

Anatomy. (of certain muscles, nerves, etc.) originating outside the anatomical limits of a part.

OPPOSITES FOR extrinsic

1, 3 intrinsic.

See antonyms for extrinsic on Thesaurus. com

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Also Archaic, ex·trin·si·cal .

Origin of extrinsic

First recorded in 1535–45; from Late Latin extrinsecus “outward,” adjective use of Latin extrinsecus (adverb) “on the outward side,” equivalent to extrim- (ext(e)r “outer” (see exterior) + -im adverb suffix) + secus “beside” (derivative of sequī “to follow”)

OTHER WORDS FROM extrinsic

ex·trin·si·cal·ly, adverbnon·ex·trin·sic, adjectivenon·ex·trin·si·cal, adjectivenon·ex·trin·si·cal·ly, adverb

un·ex·trin·sic, adjective

WORDS THAT MAY BE CONFUSED WITH extrinsic

extraneous, external, extrinsic

Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2022

Words related to extrinsic

acquired, alien, exotic, exterior, external, extraneous, gained, imported, outer, outside, outward, superficial

How to use extrinsic in a sentence

Everything you’ve heard about fixed versus growth mindset, intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation, and positive versus negative reinforcement points in this direction.
We Need More Feminist Dads - Issue 95: Escape|Jordan Shapiro|February 3, 2021|Nautilus
In retrospect, I’ve come to realize that two themes of Le Douarin’s work — intrinsic versus extrinsic influence and the single cell approach — are at the core of how I work.
Catherine Dulac Finds Brain Circuitry Behind Sex-Specific Behaviors|Claudia Dreifus|December 14, 2020|Quanta Magazine
And "mediumistic" facts, extrinsically at least, are certainly better known.
Lola|Henny Kindermann
There would be many things there intrinsically as well as extrinsically valuable.
The Healthy Life, Vol. V, Nos. 24-28|Various

Intrinsically and extrinsically it may be considered inaccessible to these generations.
Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, Volume 61, No. 378, April, 1847|Various
The community that establishes a city increases the utility of the land therein and thereabout extrinsically.
Distributive Justice|John A. (John Augustine) Ryan
Thus as the perfect monad, he is intrinsically and extrinsically the whole, sustaining all things.
Giordano Bruno|James Lewis McIntyre

British Dictionary definitions for extrinsic

extrinsic

/ (ɛkˈstrɪnsɪk) /

adjective

not contained or included within; extraneous

originating or acting from outside; external

Derived forms of extrinsic

extrinsically, adverb

Word Origin for extrinsic

C16: from Late Latin extrinsecus (adj) outward, from Latin (adv) from without, on the outward side, from exter outward + secus alongside, related to sequī to follow

Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012

The Ugly Truth: How Appearance Affects Our Lives

David Robson
BBC Future

20 July 2015

image copyrightGetty

The features of one's own face can greatly help or hinder a person - and it's not just about attractiveness. People around you usually unconsciously evaluate your appearance according to criteria that you did not even think about, correspondent warns BBC Future .

Imagine that you have a non-identical twin. You got the same upbringing, have the same IQ, the same education, the same hobbies. You are equally sociable, adventurous, interesting. Go to the same sports club for sports, like to eat the same dishes.

Spiritually and intellectually, you are twins. There is only one difference: your faces. Let's say one of you has semi-childish features with wide eyes. And the other has sharp cheekbones and a more brutal (in some ways even slightly Neanderthal) forehead.

How will your lives develop over the years? Will you follow the same path, or will small differences in appearance force you to take different paths?

The latter is true. Just by throwing one glance at you, others immediately draw conclusions about your abilities and whether you can be trusted; decide whether you are a leader or a performer. And these biases can influence the most important events in your life, determining everything from your circle of friends to your bank account balance.

(More BBC Future articles in Russian)

"We like to think we make decisions rationally, but in reality we are often influenced by rather superficial signals," says Carnegie Mellon University's Christopher Olivola. absolutely superficial, but very important factor."

Until now, the tendency to evaluate a person by his appearance (“hypocrisy”, as Olivola and his colleagues call it) was taken for granted. But the more scientists understand the impact this has on our lives, the more they begin to wonder if "hypocrisy" should not be considered a harmful prejudice that needs to be fought.

Physical attractiveness can be considered its main component, especially considering how closely we follow the adventures of celebrities. Back in the 1990s, economist Daniel Hamermesh found that beautiful people can earn 10-12% more than their average-looking counterparts, a trend that can be seen across careers ranging from American football to law and even economics.

Image copyright Getty

Image caption,

Even the smallest differences in appearance can send twins on different paths in life

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"Unpleasant discovery," says Hamermesh now, a couple of decades later. True, he found at least one exception to the rule - a pretty appearance is not very useful for people who trade in armed robbery. "If a robber can intimidate you to give you money, then he does not have to resort to physical violence," he notes.

As we have already mentioned, beauty does not always help law-abiding people either: an attractive woman, for example, can be flunked at an interview, believing that her appearance can interfere with her professional activities.

Anyway, we sometimes give too much importance to beauty, forgetting about other forms of "facial discrimination". Alexander Todorov, a colleague of Olivola at Princeton University, set up a curious experiment 10 years ago: he asked subjects to look at photographs of American politicians running for congress and the Senate (given only one second for each photo), and then rate on a numerical scale how they looked like suitable candidates. Even after taking into account other factors, such as age and attractiveness, it turned out that a second of thinking allowed the participants in the experiment to guess the winning candidate 70% of the time.

A similar result was obtained by later studies, during which they studied how facial features affect the success of the owner (without attractiveness). It turned out that the more powerful a person looks, the more chances he has to get to the post of head of the company - and earn more money at the same time. The scientists also asked the subjects to evaluate the faces of cadets of military schools for authority - and it turned out that subsequently the career went faster for those cadets who received high marks in this experience.

Image copyright Getty

Image caption

Has your appearance ever let you down?

It is also widely believed that one can conclude from the face that the person in the photograph is honest. When subjects are shown a set of pictures, they tend to agree on which people they can trust—which affects their willingness to lend money to those people. In court, an open face can even help to get away with it: scientists have found that suspects who outwardly inspire confidence are more likely to be acquitted with equivalent evidence.

It must be admitted that these conclusions are made on the basis of completely subjective assessments. How do people know what traits make a person look bossy, intellectually capable, or dominant? Perhaps we are simply reacting to facial expressions - an open smile or displeasedly shifted eyebrows. Facial expressions certainly matter. But there is reason to believe that we notice other, more permanent features.

For example, Olivola and Todorov in their research used carefully designed computer images of faces with completely neutral expressions to exclude the influence of facial expressions on perception. The scientists asked the subjects to evaluate the faces and, by comparing the ratings of numerous images, were able to create sketches, the features of which most fully reflect one or another character trait. Looking at these sketches, we can conclude that in our perception of a person we are guided by a whole complex of different facial features - from the shape of the eyebrows to the bone structure of the skull.

Take a look at this photo and see if you yourself look competent, bossy, extroverted, or trustworthy.

Image copyright, Christopher Olivola Friederike Funk Alexander Todorov

Image caption,

These faces represent, in ascending order: (A) competence, (B) authority, (C) extraversion, (D) trustworthiness

that they themselves would never perceive the people around them so superficially. But in fact, as soon as we meet someone, we immediately unconsciously give this person an assessment. Todorov has shown that it takes only 40 milliseconds to form a first impression of a person (it takes 10 times longer to blink once). And this skill is formed from a very early age: three-four-year-old kids, based on their appearance, are already taken to draw conclusions about who is "bad" and who is "good."

In principle, there is nothing wrong with such superficial judgments - provided that they basically correspond to reality. There really is a reasonable grain in them: Jean-Francois Bonnefont and colleagues from the French National Center for Scientific Research recently conducted an experiment in which participants played an economic game. They were each given a few euros and had to decide whether to invest in other players - who in turn could either take all the money for themselves (the "unfair" option) or share the profits (the "fair" option).

Based on just one photo, participants could predict which behavior option their partner would choose - and it turned out that they did guess more often with the help of a photo portrait than if they made a choice purely by chance. The scientist believes that the results of this experience make us think about the curious questions of human evolution: “It is difficult to understand why nature decided to put on our faces the sign “I cannot be trusted.” In addition, the face can also reflect hormone levels and the health of the immune system.

But from a practical point of view, our accuracy in visual assessment of other people's traits leaves much to be desired and may even do more harm than good. "People pay too much attention to appearance, forgetting about other information that they already possess," says Olivola. For example, in games where honesty and trust are important, participants tend to trust a partner with innocent features - even with reliable information that this person has previously been caught cheating.

So, going back to our twins, it's not hard to imagine how the difference in initial perception of appearance can lead you and your imaginary non-identical twin brother down very different life paths. Appearance can determine your fate in a variety of situations: when you come to a party, meet the parents of your bride or groom, get a job or try to get a loan from the bank.

This issue is particularly important in today's world, Olivola notes: “With social media accounts, we can form an impression of ourselves even before we start talking to a person, and even before we get to know each other personally. Imagine that you are hiring a new assistant.You are going to look at all the resumes as objectively as possible, but if you catch your eye on a photo, then a grain of bias has already been planted in your soul. This can distort the perception of further information. " Bonnefon agrees with Olivola: "Perhaps, it is impossible to wean people from drawing instant conclusions - we do so automatically."

Image copyright, Getty

Image caption,

Wide eyes can mean innocence - but first impressions can often be deceiving

With these considerations in mind, Olivola and Todorov recently wrote an article in which they wrote that it is time for psychologists to think about methods opposition to "hypocrisy". “If it is necessary to make an important decision, then I try to structure the incoming information in such a way that the person appears at the very end of the process,” Todorov says. “When we interview graduates, I know even before a personal meeting whether I want to work with this other candidate. The most important information is information about past successes and letters of recommendation. "

Olivola even suggests screening candidates during interviews, although he acknowledges that this may not be the most practical solution. However, the experience of many professional music orchestras shows that blindfold auditions reduce the impact of bias on the outcome: for example, one study found that more women were admitted to orchestras this way.

In her book Beauty Pays, Hamermesh writes that appearance-based bias can lead to unpleasant legal consequences - if, for example, you can demonstrate in court that you are paid less than your colleagues who look more attractive. But the preparation and adoption of new laws require money, and the scientist believes that these resources may be worth using to solve more pressing problems.

"The question is: do we want to spend public funds to protect ugly people when, in my personal opinion, other groups deserve more attention?" he asks. Of course, no one argues that the fight against "hypocrisy" should distract us from the battles with other prejudices like sexism or racism (although in cases where "hypocrisy" is superimposed on them, the negative effect can only increase).

But regardless of whether we want to transfer this issue to the legal field or not, we should at least think about the superficiality of our perception. Unlike most other prejudices, in "hypocrisy" we play the role of both villains and victims: each of us at least once made unfair conclusions about a person based on appearance, and everyone was probably the object of such an unfair treatment.

This is such an ugly truth, which, nevertheless, is worth facing.

Read the original of this article in English is available on the website BBC Future .

Rain Children. What you need to know about autism

11 April 2019 12:01

Behind the poetic expression "children of the rain" lies the daily feat of people who are faced with a diagnosis of autism. Children who will never be able to perceive themselves as part of the world around them, and parents for whom every day is a series of battles and victories. First, fighting with yourself, accepting and realizing that their child will never be cured, and then fighting the disease for every gesture, every smile, every look and word of the child - small, but such important victories.

Scientists have not been able to reliably establish the causes of the disease. It is known about the genetic predisposition: signs of autism are more often manifested in people whose family already has an autistic person. Pregnancy in mothers of such children proceeds normally, and the children themselves are often very attractive in appearance - autism, as a rule, does not affect the physical development of the child. However, the development of autism is still in some cases associated with the manifestation of other diseases:

cerebral palsy;
maternal rubella infection during pregnancy;
tuberous sclerosis;
impaired fat metabolism (the risk of having a baby with autism is greater in obese women).

All of these conditions can have a bad effect on the brain and, as a result, provoke symptoms of autism. However, what autism is, and what are the causes of its manifestation, is still not completely clear.

Early diagnosis plays an important role in the further development of an autistic child. Autism in children is manifested by certain signs. Early childhood autism is a condition that can manifest itself in children at a very early age - both at 1 year old and at 2 years old. What is autism in a child, and whether this disease occurs, is determined by a specialist. But you can independently figure out what kind of illness a child has and suspect him, based on information about the signs of such a condition.

Early signs of autism in a child

This syndrome is characterized by 4 main signs. In children with this disease, they can be determined to varying degrees.

Signs of autism in children are:

impaired social interaction;
broken communication;
stereotypical behavior;
early symptoms of childhood autism in children under 3 years of age.

The first signs of autistic children can be expressed as early as the age of 2 years. Symptoms may be mild when eye-to-eye contact is impaired, or more severe when it is completely absent. As a rule, autism manifests itself very early - even before the age of 1, parents can recognize it. In the first months, such children are less mobile, react inadequately to stimuli from the outside, they have poor facial expressions.

The child cannot perceive a holistic image of a person who is trying to communicate with him. Even in the photo and video, you can recognize that such a baby's facial expressions do not correspond to the current situation. He does not smile when someone tries to amuse him, but he can laugh when the reason for this is not clear to anyone close to him. The face of such a baby is mask-like, grimaces periodically appear on it.

Baby uses gestures only to indicate needs. As a rule, even in children under one year old, interest is sharply shown if they see an interesting object - the baby laughs, points with a finger, and demonstrates joyful behavior. The first signs in children under 1 year old can be suspected if the child does not behave like this. Symptoms of autism in children under one year old are manifested by the fact that they use a certain gesture, wanting to get something, but do not seek to capture the attention of their parents by including them in their game.

An autistic person cannot understand other people's emotions. How this symptom manifests itself in a child can be traced already at an early age. If ordinary children have a brain designed in such a way that they can easily determine when they look at other people, they are upset, cheerful or scared, then an autistic person is not capable of this.

The child is not interested in peers. Already at the age of 2, ordinary children strive for company - to play, to get acquainted with their peers. Signs of autism in children of 2 years old are expressed by the fact that such a baby does not participate in games, but plunges into his own world. Those who want to know how to recognize a child 2 years old and older should simply look at the company of children: an autist is always alone and does not pay attention to others or perceives them as inanimate objects.

It is difficult for a child to play with imagination and social roles. Children 3 years old and even younger play, fantasizing and inventing role-playing games. In autistics, symptoms at 3 years old may be expressed by the fact that they do not understand what a social role in the game is, and do not perceive toys as integral objects. For example, signs of autism in a child of 3 years old can be expressed by the fact that the baby spins the wheel of a car for hours or repeats other actions.

Child does not respond to emotions and communication from parents. Previously, it was believed that such children are not emotionally attached to their parents at all. But now scientists have proven that when a mother leaves, such a child at 4 years old and even earlier shows anxiety. If family members are around, he looks less obsessed. However, in autism, signs in children of 4 years old are expressed by a lack of reaction to the fact that parents are absent. The autist shows anxiety, but he does not try to return his parents.

In children under 5 years of age and later, there is a delay in speech or its complete absence (mutism). The speech is incoherent, the child repeats the same phrases, devoid of meaning, speaks of himself in the third person. He does not respond to other people's speech either. When the “age of questions” comes, parents will not hear them from the baby, and if they do, then these questions will be monotonous and without practical significance.

Stereotyped behavior includes obsession with one activity, repetition of daily rituals, development of fears and obsessions. At the same time, if the sequence of the ritual is violated, the child becomes hysterical or may show aggression or self-aggression.

Can autism be cured and is it curable at all? Unfortunately, there is no cure. How you can help your child depends on each individual case. Drug treatment is prescribed only in case of destructive behavior of a small patient. But, despite the fact that the disease is not curable, it is possible to correct the situation. The best "treatment" in this case is regular practice every day and the creation of the most favorable environment for the autistic. Classes are held in stages:

To form the skills that are needed for training. If the child does not make contact, gradually establish it, not forgetting who it is - autistics. Gradually it is necessary to develop at least the rudiments of speech.
Eliminate forms of behavior that are non-constructive: aggression, self-aggression, fears, withdrawing into oneself, etc.
Learn to observe, imitate.
Teaching social games and roles.
Learn to make emotional contact.

The most common treatment for autism is practiced according to the principles of behaviorism (behavioral psychology). One of the subtypes of such therapy is ABA therapy. The basis of this treatment is to observe what the reactions and behavior of the baby look like. After all the features are studied, incentives are selected for a particular autist. Speech therapy practice is obligatory: if the kid regularly works with a speech therapist, his intonation and pronunciation are getting better. At home, parents help the child develop self-service and socialization skills. Since autists have no motivation to play, they get used to the daily routine, everyday affairs, cards are created where the order of performing this or that action is written or drawn.

Why is early diagnosis important? There are conditions that mimic autism that can be confused with its symptoms. But other methods are used to correct them.

ZPRR with autistic features

The symptoms of this disease are associated with a delay in psychoverbal development. They are in many ways similar to the signs of autism. Starting from a very early age, the baby does not develop in terms of speech in the way that existing norms suggest. In the first months of life, he does not babble, then he does not learn to speak simple words. At 2-3 years old, his vocabulary is very poor. Such children are often poorly developed physically, sometimes hyperactive. The final diagnosis is made by the doctor. It is important to visit a psychiatrist, speech therapist with the child.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

This condition is also often mistaken for autism. With a lack of attention, children are restless, it is difficult for them to study at school. There are problems with concentration, such children are very mobile. Even in adulthood, echoes of this state remain, because it is difficult for such people to remember information and make decisions. You should try to diagnose this condition as early as possible, practice treatment with psychostimulants and sedative drugs, and visit a psychologist.

Hearing loss

These are various hearing impairments, both congenital and acquired. Hearing-impaired children also have speech delays. Therefore, such children do not respond well to the name, fulfill requests and may seem naughty. At the same time, parents may suspect autism in children. But a professional psychiatrist will definitely send the baby for an examination of auditory function.

Hearing aid helps solve problems.

Schizophrenia

Previously, autism was considered one of the manifestations of schizophrenia in children. However, it is now clear that these are two completely different diseases. Schizophrenia in children begins later - at 5-7 years. The symptoms of this disease appear gradually. Such children have obsessive fears, talk to themselves, later delusions and hallucinations appear.

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Definition of extrinsically

Extrinsic Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster

Synonyms

Example Sentences

Word History

Dictionary Entries Near

Cite this Entry

Kids Definition

Medical Definition

Legal Definition

More from Merriam-Webster on

quiddity

Extrinsic Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com

OPPOSITES FOR extrinsic

Origin of extrinsic

OTHER WORDS FROM extrinsic

WORDS THAT MAY BE CONFUSED WITH extrinsic

Words related to extrinsic

How to use extrinsic in a sentence

British Dictionary definitions for extrinsic

Derived forms of extrinsic

Word Origin for extrinsic

The Ugly Truth: How Appearance Affects Our Lives

Rain Children. What you need to know about autism

Early signs of autism in a child

ZPRR with autistic features

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Hearing loss

Schizophrenia