4 developmental domains in child development
Domains of Development - Human Development
Domains of Development
Human development is comprised of four major domains: physical development, cognitive development, social-emotional development, and language development. Each domain, while unique in it's own, has much overlap with all other domains. It is important to understand these concepts, because everything related to human development can be traced back to these four domains.
Physical Development
Physical development is defined as the biological changes that occur in the body and brain, including changes in size and strength, integration of sensory and motor activities, and development of fine and gross motor skills.
Physical development in children follows a directional pattern. Muscles in the body's core, legs and arms develop before those in the fingers and hands. Children learn how to perform gross (or large) motor skills such as walking before they learn to perform fine (or small) motor skills such as drawing. Muscles located at the core of the body become stronger and develop sooner than those in the feet and hands. Physical development goes from the head to the toes.
As kids enter the preschool years, their diets become much more similar to that of adults. Eating a variety of foods is also important to ensure that kids get the nutrients that they need for healthy physical development. Instead of allowing children to fill up on juice and milk, experts recommend limiting the intake of such drinks. If a child is filling up on juice and milk, then they are probably missing out on eating other foods.
Cognitive Development
Cognitive development is defined as the changes in the way we think, understand, and reason about the world.
As mentioned under the Roles of the Theorists tab Jean Piaget developed great theories regarding the cognitive development of children. Piaget's stages of cognitive development illustrates a child's growth.
Stages of Cognitive Development
Social-emotional Development
Social-emotional development is defined as the changes in the ways we connect to other individuals and express and understand emotions.
The core features of emotional development include the ability of a child to identify and understand their own feelings, to accurately read and comprehend emotional states of others, to manage strong emotions and their expression in a beneficial manner, to regulate their own behavior, to develop empathy for others, and to establish and maintain relationships.
Healthy social-emotional development for infants and toddlers develops in an interpersonal context, specifically that of positive ongoing relationships with familiar and nurturing adults. Emotion and cognition work together, informing the child’s impressions of situations and influencing behavior.
Children will experience a range of emotional and cognitive development related to interactions and relationships with adults and peers, identity of self, recognition of ability, emotional expression, emotional control, impulse control, and social understanding.
Below is a video explaining the social and emotional development a child should experience from birth through childhood.
Language Development
Infants understand words before they can say. In other words, comprehension precedes production of language. Children differ enormously in the rate at which they develop language.
The four different aspects of language include all of the following; phonology - the sounds that make up the language, syntax - the grammar of the language, semantics - the meanings of words, and pragmatics - how we use language in social situations to communicate.
Two areas of the brain are particularly important for language development and use: Broca's area is important for the production of speech, and Wernicke's area is important for understanding and making sense out of speech.
Children move through stages of language development, but there is a good deal of variability from child to child in the age at which each stage appears. Before they are able to use words, infants communicate by crying, cooing, babbling, and gesturing. Infants and toddlers begin verbalizing by using one word at a time and then create primitive sentences when they put two words together. When children make sentences that contain only the essential words this is called telegraphic speech. Fast mapping allows children to add words to rapidly to their vocabulary.
Below is a video demonstrating the four stages of language development
Understanding the Five Domains of Early Childhood Development
From birth to death, living and learning go hand-in-hand. However, nothing quite compares to the first few years of our lives, when we first learn to walk, talk, and interact with other people and our environments — as well as process how these things make us feel.
Although children progress at different rates, there are a number of key milestones each individual should hit as they develop. When a deficiency is recorded, early intervention services can be administered to try to minimize or limit the effects of a suspected intellectual or developmental disability.
To determine eligibility for early intervention, a child will either receive a qualifying diagnosis (such as autism) or display a 25% or greater delay in one or more of the five domains of development. These include: physical, cognitive, communicative, socioemotional, and adaptive. Let’s take a glance at each of these areas, what they entail, and what to look for.
Physical
This domain involves the senses (taste, touch, sight, smell, hearing, and proprioception — or bodily awareness of one’s orientation in space), gross motor skills (major movements involving large muscles), and fine motor skills (involving small muscles, particularly of the fingers and hands).
Humans develop physical ability directionally, from top to bottom and the center outward. A baby will at first have the ability to turn the head and sit upright, before being able to reach, grab, and eventually walk and run as they progress into toddlerhood (2-3 years). All the while child should be able to instinctively respond and react to stimuli in his or her physical environment.
Cognitive
The cognitive domain of development refers to the ability to mentally process information — to think, reason, and understand what’s happening around you. Developmental psychologist Jean Piaget divided cognitive development into four distinct stages.
- During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development (0-2 years), humans are essentially limited to perceiving the world on a purely sensory level. And adult makes a funny face at you? Laugh at what you see. Dangles a toy in front of you? Reach for it.
- By the time a child reaches the preoperational stage (2-6 years), he or she is beginning to incorporate language into his or her analysis of people and surroundings.
However, in most cases, logical functioning isn’t quite there yet — the child may yet have trouble “putting it all together.” - Prior to hitting puberty, a child should have arrived in the concrete operational stage (7-11 years), where he or she can process events and information at face value, but will still generally not be able to accommodate abstracts or hypotheticals.
- Persons 12 years and up are said to be in the formal operational stage, able to perform the intricate mental gymnastics that make human beings so remarkable. Thinking in the abstract — such as envisioning hypothetical scenarios, forming strategies, and parsing through different viewpoints — becomes a regular part of interfacing with one’s reality.
Communicative
The ability to comprehend, utilize, and manipulate language may be the single most powerful skill a person can develop. The four aspects of language development are phonology (forming a language’s constituent sounds into words), syntax (fitting those words together into sentences according to language’s rules and conventions), semantics (meaning and shades of meaning), and pragmatics (how the language is applied in practical and interpersonal communication).
The maturation of verbal communication skills can vary markedly between individuals — but by two years, many toddlers are capable of at least telegraphic speech, simple sentences communicating the essence of a want or need.
Socioemotional
To truly thrive, we must learn to exist peacefully within ourselves and coexist with others. As a child develops within the socioemotional dimension, he or she learns how to successfully regulate his or her own internal emotional state and read the social cues of others. Strong emotions can be controlled or expressed properly; confrontation can be managed without violence; we can evolve empathy toward others.
- By 6 months, a baby should be reacting to facial expressions and reciprocating.
- By a year, clear preferences in terms of likes and dislikes should begin to surface — as well as recognition of the familiar versus the unfamiliar.
- By two years, a child should be engaging in parallel play with his or her peers.
Each child may be involved in a separate activity, but they are interested in each other’s activities and comfortable in each other’s company. - By three years, the awareness of self should have begun to form, and an ability to express feelings.
- By four years, the child should be able to cooperate with others, abide by simple rules, and manage emotions without tantrums or aggression.
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Adaptive
Adaptive development refers to the self-care component of growing up, taking care of things like eating, drinking, toileting, bathing and getting dressed independently. It also entails being aware of one’s environment and any hazards it may pose, keeping oneself safe and protected. A child should have made significant progress in these areas before his or her fourth birthday.
If you suspect a deficiency in any of these areas, do not hesitate to apply for ECCM’s Early Intervention Services and get your child back on the right track.
Early intervention may help minimize the need for further services and supports down the road and maximize a child’s potential.
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Main directions of child development
Each parent strives for the harmonious development of his child, for the realization of his creative and intellectual potential. What aspects to pay attention to and how best to build a program for raising a baby so that there is no preponderance in the direction of one direction?
Speaking in general terms, the child's development scheme can be conditionally divided into 4 areas:
1. Physical culture and health improvement
It includes not only the preservation and strengthening of the child's health, but also health-saving technologies.
These include hardening, massage, air baths, immunization, disease prevention. A very important point in this direction is the formation of cultural and hygienic skills (observance of the daily routine, washing hands before eating, etc.). Do not forget about the motor activity of the child: exercises, dancing, outdoor and sports games, acquaintance with various sports. Where there is sport, there is a healthy lifestyle. From the age of three, it is already possible to introduce the baby to a healthy lifestyle in a playful way. It is necessary to help the child create a holistic view of his body, teach him to "listen" and "hear" his body, give first aid skills and develop the ability to sympathize with someone else's pain. nine0003
2. Cognitive-speech
This area includes the development of perception, thinking, memory, attention, imagination and speech. How to take into account so many aspects? This direction realizes itself in the acquaintance of the child with the environment, stimulates curiosity.
Explore the world of objects and phenomena together with your child, conduct search activities to clarify cause-and-effect relationships, develop a “feeling” for nature. And also discuss all this with your child - enter into a dialogue, retell fairy tales, engage in speech creation (inventing new names for objects, continuing fairy tales, etc.). nine0003
3. Artistic and aesthetic development
Artistic and aesthetic development involves the development of aesthetic taste in children. Introducing the child to the world around, focus on its beauty and uniqueness. Admire, rejoice, admire with him. Such emotions arouse in the child the desire to convey the beauty he has seen, to capture what he liked. At this stage, help the baby in creative activities and self-expression: drawing, modeling, design, music, theater, role-playing games will help you develop creativity and imagination. nine0003
Do developmental exercises from Aikyusha
4. Social skills
In the social and personal development of the child, special attention is paid to the development of the individuality and social skills of the child.
Introduce the baby to the culture of communication, behavior in society, and the resolution of problem situations. Teach your child to help each other and empathize.
And do not forget to praise, support and stimulate the baby in any activity. Such an attitude contributes to the formation of a child's positive sense of self, self-confidence, and, as a result, independence in decision-making and responsibility for them. nine0003
A particularly important period in a child's life is associated with adaptation in kindergarten. Remain a support for your baby, then everything will work out in the best way!
Anastasia Yurikova ,
editor-in-chief of IQsha.ru website, educational designer and author of exercises
Child development by weeks | Regional Perinatal Center
Expectant mothers are always curious about how the fetus develops at a time when it is awaited with such impatience. Let's talk and look at the photos and pictures of how the fetus grows and develops week by week.
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What does the puffer do for 9 whole months in the mother's tummy? What does he feel, see and hear?
Let's start the story about the development of the fetus by weeks from the very beginning - from the moment of fertilization. A fetus up to 8 weeks old is called embryo , this occurs before the formation of all organ systems.
Embryo development: 1st week
The egg is fertilized and begins to actively split. The ovum travels to the uterus, getting rid of the membrane along the way. nine0003
On the 6th-8th days, implantation of eggs is carried out - implantation into the uterus. The egg settles on the surface of the uterine mucosa and, using the chorionic villi, attaches to the uterine mucosa.
Embryo development: 2-3 weeks
Picture of embryo development at 3 weeks.
The embryo is actively developing, starting to separate from the membranes. At this stage, the beginnings of the muscular, skeletal and nervous systems are formed.
Therefore, this period of pregnancy is considered important. nine0003
Embrio development: 4–7 weeks
Development of the fetus in pictures in pictures: Week 4
Development of the fetus photo: Week 4
photos weeks of pregnancy.
The heart, head, arms, legs and tail are formed in the embryo :) . Gill slit is defined. The length of the embryo at the fifth week reaches 6 mm.
Development of the fetus by weeks photo: week 5
At the 7th week, the rudiments of the eyes, abdomen and chest are determined, and fingers appear on the handles. The baby already has a sense organ - the vestibular apparatus. The length of the embryo is up to 12 mm.
Fetal development: 8th week
Fetal development by week photo: week 7-8
The face of the fetus is determined, you can distinguish the mouth, nose, ears.
The head of the embryo is large and its length corresponds to the length of the body; the fetal body is formed. All significant, but not yet fully formed, elements of the baby's body already exist. The nervous system, muscles, skeleton continue to improve. nine0003
Development of the fetus in the photo already sensitive arms and legs: week 8
The fetus developed skin sensitivity in the mouth area (preparation for the sucking reflex), in the area of the palm and hand.
At this stage of pregnancy, the genitals are already visible. Gill slits die. The fruit reaches 20 mm in length.
Fetal development: 9-10 weeks
Fetal development by week photo: week 9
Fingers and toes are already nailed. The fetus begins to move in the pregnant woman's stomach, but the mother does not feel it yet. With a special stethoscope, you can hear the baby's heartbeat. Muscles continue to develop.
Weekly development of the fetus photo: week 10
The entire surface of the fetal body is sensitive and the baby develops tactile sensations with pleasure, touching his own body, the walls of the amniotic sac and the umbilical cord. It is very curious to observe this on ultrasound. By the way, the baby first moves away from the ultrasound sensor (of course, because it is cold and unusual!), And then puts his hands and heels trying to touch the sensor. nine0003
Surprisingly, when a mother puts her hand to her stomach, the baby tries to master the world and tries to touch with his pen “from the back”.
Fruit development: 11–14 weeks
Development of the fetus in the photo of the legs: weeks 11
In the baby, the legs, legs and eyelids are formed, and the genitals become distinguishable (you can find out the gender (you can find out the gender child).
The fetus begins to swallow, and if something is not to its taste, for example, if something bitter got into the amniotic fluid (mother ate something), then the baby will begin to frown and stick out his tongue, making less swallowing movements. nine0003
Fruit skin appears translucent.
Development of the fetus: Week 12
Photo of the fetus 12 weeks per 3D ultrasound
Development of the fetus, Week urine. Blood forms inside the bones. And hairs begin to grow on the head. Moves more coordinated.
Fetal development: 15-18 weeks
Weekly development of the fetus photo: week 15
The skin turns pink, the ears and other parts of the body, including the face, are already visible. Imagine, a child can already open his mouth and blink, as well as make grasping movements. The fetus begins to actively push in the mother's tummy.
The sex of the fetus can be determined by ultrasound.
Fetal development: 19-23 weeks
Fetal development by week photo: week 19
Baby sucks his thumb, becomes more energetic. Pseudo-feces are formed in the intestines of the fetus - meconium , kidneys begin to work. During this period, the brain develops very actively.
Fetal development by week photo: week 20
The auditory ossicles become stiff and now they are able to conduct sounds, the baby hears his mother - heartbeat, breathing, voice. The fetus intensively gains weight, fat deposits are formed. The weight of the fetus reaches 650 g, and the length is 300 mm.
The lungs at this stage of fetal development are so developed that the baby can survive in the artificial conditions of the intensive care unit. nine0003
Fetal development: 24-27 weeks
Lungs continue to develop. Now the baby is already falling asleep and waking up.
Downy hairs appear on the skin, the skin becomes wrinkled and covered with grease. The cartilage of the ears and nose is still soft.
Fetal development by week photo: week 27
Lips and mouth become more sensitive. The eyes develop, open slightly and can perceive light and squint from direct sunlight. In girls, the labia majora do not yet cover the small ones, and in boys, the testicles have not yet descended into the scrotum. Fetal weight reaches 900–1200 g, and the length is 350 mm.
9 out of 10 children born at this term survive.
Fetal development: 28-32 weeks
The lungs are now adapted to breathe normal air. Breathing is rhythmic and body temperature is controlled by the CNS. The baby can cry and responds to external sounds.
Child opens eyes while awake and closes during sleep.
The skin becomes thicker, smoother and pinkish. Starting from this period, the fetus will actively gain weight and grow rapidly.
Almost all babies born prematurely at this time are viable. The weight of the fetus reaches 2500 g, and the length is 450 mm. nine0003
Fetal development: 33–37 weeks
Fetal development by week photo: week 36
The fetus reacts to a light source. Muscle tone increases and the baby can turn and raise his head. On which, the hairs become silky. The child develops a grasping reflex. The lungs are fully developed.
Fetal development: 38-42 weeks
The fetus is quite developed, prepared for birth and considered mature. The baby has mastered over 70 different reflex movements. Due to the subcutaneous fatty tissue, the baby's skin is pale pink. The head is covered with hairs up to 3 cm.
Fetal development by weeks photo: week 40
The baby perfectly mastered the movements of his mother , knows when she is calm, excited, upset and reacts to this with her movements.
During the intrauterine period, the fetus gets used to moving in space, which is why babies love it so much when they are carried in their arms or rolled in a stroller. For a baby, this is a completely natural state, so he will calm down and fall asleep when he is shaken.
The nails protrude beyond the tips of the fingers, the cartilages of the ears and nose are elastic. In boys, the testicles have descended into the scrotum, and in girls, the large labia cover the small ones. The weight of the fetus reaches 3200-3600 g, and the length is 480-520 mm. nine0003
After the birth, the baby longs for touching his body, because at first he cannot feel himself - the arms and legs do not obey the child as confidently as it was in the amniotic fluid. Therefore, so that your baby does not feel lonely, it is advisable to carry him in your arms, press him to you while stroking his body.
And one more thing, the baby remembers the rhythm and sound of your heart very well .
