Zimbardo time perspective inventory

Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory | Science Of Behavior Change

The 56-item Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZPTI) measures individual differences in time-orientation, or tendency to focus on different aspects of the past, present, and future. The measure consists of five subscales, with answers scored from 1, very uncharacteristic [of me], to 5, very characteristic [of me]. The subscales are: (1) Past-Negative, including 10 items such as, “I think about the bad things that have happened to me in the past,” (2) Present-Hedonistic, including 15 items such as, “Taking risks keeps my life from becoming boring,” (3) Future, including 13 items such as, “I complete projects on time by making steady progress,” (4) Past-Positive, including nine items such as, “It gives me pleasure to think about the past,” and (5) Present-Fatalistic, including nine items such as, “Often luck pays off better than hard work.”

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Identified	The ZPTI was designed to capture different facets of perspective on time encompassing the past, present, and future (Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999; 2015). How one thinks about time has been linked to a broad range of behavioral, health, and psychological outcomes. In a paper summarizing the development of the ZPTI, Zimbardo and Boyd (1999; 2015) reviewed a large body of research, both qualitative and quantitative, supporting this assertion. A present orientation, for example, relates to risk behaviors ranging from substance use, risky driving, and sexual risk behaviors, to delaying required participation in research participant pool studies. Conversely, a future orientation relates to planning and healthful behaviors (e.g., breast cancer screenings). Time perspectives also relate to coping during stress, with more negative outcomes for Past-Negative and Present-Fatalistic time orientations; this has been extended to coping with homelessness. Although time perspective did not predict a return to stable housing, it did relate to time usage while in the shelter (e.g., looking for employment or watching TV). This body of work suggests that targeting the way someone is predisposed to think about time through reframing and other interventions could have powerful and widespread effects on behavior in multiple domains. [+] PMCID, PUBMED ID, or CITATION Text Citation: Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1271-1288. Text Citation: Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (2015). Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric. In Time perspective theory; review, research and application (pp. 17-55). Springer International Publishing.
Measured	Although developing the five factors on the ZPTI took many years, Zuckerman and Boyd (1999; 2015) reported only the final exploratory and confirmatory analyses. In a sample of 606 undergraduate students, exploratory factor analysis confirmed the five-factor solution uncovered in previous iterations of the survey. This structure was then tested in a new sample of 361 students using confirmatory factor analysis. All loadings but two exceeded the standardized cutoff of .30 (one was -.26, another .29), and fit indices were favorable (Χ2/df = 2.30). Test-retest was examined in a sample of 58 undergraduate students, and, over the course of four weeks, scores remained stable, rs > .70. Zuckerman and Boyd (1999; 2015) also reported on convergent and discriminant validity for the ZPTI. In a sample of 205 undergraduate students, scores on ZPTI subscales correlated in theoretically predictable ways across a wide variety of measures (e.g., Past-Negative and emotional stability, r = -.45; Past-Positive and friendliness, r = .22). The highest correlations (Past-Negative and depression, r = .59, and Future and conscientiousness, r = .57) were further examined in a factor analysis to examine the separability of these constructs. Analyses confirmed that these scales did indeed load onto different factors. [+] PMCID, PUBMED ID, or CITATION Text Citation: Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1271-1288. Text Citation: Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (2015). Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric. In Time perspective theory; review, research and application (pp. 17-55). Springer International Publishing. [+] Demographics Sex: 50.1/49.9% M/F Percentage with children: 24.5 Percentage ever divorced: 13.0 Percentage with current gambling problem: 1. 5 Percentage with at least one traffic ticket in last year: 8.0 Percentage arrested at least once: 21.5 Percentage arrested more than once: 10.3 Percentage with >$10,000 credit card debt: 7.9 30.65 percent subjects with BMI>30 (obese) 7.28 percent subjects with BMI>40 (extreme obesity)
Influenced	This measure has not been influenced yet.
Validated	This measure has not been validated yet.

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What Are the Optimal Levels of Time Perspectives? Deviation from the Balanced Time Perspective-Revisited (DBTP-r)

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F. Zimbardo's method of studying time perspective

Methodology for studying the time perspective of F. Zimbardo

Psychodiagnostics of a psychologist at school - Diagnostics of the emotional and personal sphere

Purpose: to study the assessment of the prevalence of different temporal orientations in the respondent.

The technique was developed by the famous American psychologist Philip Zimbardo. The questionnaire is designed to study the subjective picture of the time of the individual and consists of 56 statements. nine0014

Procedure:
When answering, the respondent expresses his agreement or disagreement with each statement in accordance with the proposed answer options:
1. Not at all
2. Rather incorrect
3. Neutral
4. Rather true
5. Very true

Questionnaire consists of five scales, each of which is aimed at assessing the prevalence of different time orientations of the respondent:
• Past Negative
• Present Hedonistic
•Future
•Past Positive
•Present Fatalistic

Past Negative:
This scale includes statements: 4, 5, 16, 22, 27, 33, 34, 36, 50, 54.
High scores on this scale indicate a generally negative, pessimistic view of the past. Due to the reconstructive nature of the past, such negative attitudes can be associated both with the actual experience of unpleasant or traumatic events in the past, and with the negative reconstruction of neutral events. High scores on this scale correlate with depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem. The researchers also found a correlation between high scores on this scale and the level of aggression. The interpersonal relationships of people with high scores on this scale are limited and often unsatisfactory. They are not motivated to work for a reward in the future, but also do not enjoy their life in the present. nine0014

Present Hedonistic:
High scores on this scale reflect a hedonistic, risk-taking, "reckless" attitude towards time and life. Reflects a focus on pleasure in the present and an inability to sacrifice something in the present in order to receive rewards in the future. High scores on this scale correlate with low ability to anticipate and weigh future consequences, inconsistency, poor ego control, impulsiveness, sensation seeking. According to research, representatives of this group are more likely to use psychoactive substances, have unclear goals for the future. At the same time, they are energetic, participate in a large number of different activities, and often go in for sports. nine0018 The following statements belong to this scale: 1, 8, 12, 17, 19, 23, 26, 28, 31,32,42,44,46,48,55.

Future:
High scores on this scale reflect the general orientation of the subject to the future. The behavior of people with high scores on this scale is determined by the motivation to achieve future goals and rewards. High scores also correlate with a developed ability to anticipate and weigh future consequences, conscientiousness, constancy. These respondents are highly organized, ambitious, focused on achieving their goals. They often feel a subjective lack of time, but are ready to sacrifice today's pleasures for the sake of future success. At the same time, they are distinguished by excellent organizational planning skills and high personal effectiveness, have clear goals for the future, and their daily life is streamlined and structured. Tend to experience moderate to high levels of stress, subjectively associated with lack of time. nine0018 The following statements belong to this scale: 6, 9, 10, 13, 18, 21, 24, 30, 40,43,45,51,56.

Past Positive:
High scores on this scale reflect a warm, sentimental attitude towards the past. High self-esteem and subjective feelings of joy in these subjects indicate a healthy, joyful attitude towards life. Despite the tendency to introversion and some shyness, they are capable of building close interpersonal relationships. In behavior they are reasonable and cautious, reluctant to take risks. The following statements belong to this scale: 2, 7, 11, 15, 20, 25, 29, 41, 49.

Present Fatalistic:
High scores on this scale demonstrate the subject's fatalistic, helpless and hopeless attitude towards the future and life in general. These people are convinced that the future is predetermined and does not depend on the actions of the person himself. From the point of view of these people, a person is a toy in the hands of fate. They are generally dissatisfied with their lives and do not think that this will change in the future. Research has shown that high scores on this scale correlate with depression and high levels of anxiety, low ability to anticipate and weigh future consequences, and aggression. Special studies indicate that high scores on this scale correlate with HIV risk behavior. People with such high scores have more sexual partners and practice unsafe sex. The following statements belong to this scale: 3, 14, 35, 37, 38, 39, 47, 52, 53.

According to the authors of the methodology, from the point of view of psychological well-being, the ideal option is a balanced picture of subjective time. “Future orientation gives people wings to soar to new achievements, past orientation (Positive) strengthens roots and nourishes a sense of identity, and present orientation (Hedonistic) fills our daily life with youth and sensual joys. A person needs a harmonious combination of these three orientations in order to realize his full potential. nine0014

Instructions: Please read each of the 56 statements below carefully. Indicate how accurately each of them describes you and circle the number in the appropriate box on the right. An answer must be given for each statement.

F. Zimbardo Time Perspective Methodology

		Completely incorrect nine0005	Rather false	Neutral	Rather true	Very true
	1. I think that partying with friends is one of the greatest pleasures in life.	1	2	3	4	5

nine0006

2. Places, sounds and smells familiar from childhood often evoke a flood of wonderful memories.	1	2	3	nine0065 4	5
3. Fate determines many things in my life.	1	2	3	4	5
4. I often think about what I should have done differently in life. nine0014	1	2	3	4	5
5. My decisions are most influenced by the people around me and the events that take place around me.	1	2	nine0065 3	4	5
6. I think that every day should be planned in the morning.	1	2	3	4	5
7. It gives me pleasure to think about my past.	1	2	3	4	5
8. I act impulsively.	1	2 nine0005	3	4	5
9. If something is not done on time, it doesn't bother me.	1	2	3	4	5
10. When I want to achieve something, I set myself clear goals and look for specific ways to achieve them.	1	2	3	4	5
11. To be honest, I can remember more about my past	1	2	3	4	5
12. By o When I listen to my favorite music, I lose track of time.	1	nine0065 2	3	4	5
13. In order to complete the necessary work by the deadline, you can sacrifice today's entertainment.	1	2	3	4	5
14. What will be will be, which means that my actions do not matter much.	1	2	3	4	5
15. I like stories about how things were "in the good old days." nine0014	1	2	3	4	5
16. Painful events of the past keep playing in my head.	1	2	nine0065 3	4	5


	17. I try to live life as fully as possible without thinking about tomorrow.	1	2	3	4	5

nine0006 nine0012

18. It upsets me when I am late for something.	1	2	nine0065 3	4	5
19. In an ideal world, I would live every day as if it were my last.	1	2	3	4	5
20. Happy memories of good times come easily to mind.	1	2	3	4	5
21. I fulfill my obligations to friends and colleagues on time.	nine0065 1	2	3	4	5
22. In the past, I was often offended and rejected.	1	2	3	4 nine0005	5
23. I make decisions without thinking.	1	2	3	4	5
24. I take each day as it is, rather than trying to plan it in advance. nine0014	1	2	3	4	5
25. The past brings so many unpleasant memories that I try not to think about it.	1	2	nine0065 3	4	5
26. It is important that my life is exciting.	1	2	3	4	5
27. I have made mistakes in the past that I would like to correct. nine0014	1	2	3	4	5
28. It seems to me that enjoying what you do is more important than getting the job done on time.	1 nine0005	2	3	4	5
29. I remember my childhood with nostalgia.	1	2	3	4	nine0065 5
30. Before making a decision, I weigh the pros and cons.	1	2	3	4	5

31. Taking risks keeps my life from getting boring.	1	2	3	4 nine0005	5
32. It's more important for me to just enjoy life than to think about what will happen in the end.	1	2	3	4	5
33. It rarely happens that everything works out the way I expected. nine0014	1	2	3	4	5
34. It is difficult for me to get rid of unpleasant memories of my childhood and youth.	1	2	nine0065 3	4	5
35. If I have to think about goals, tasks and results, the very process of work ceases to give me pleasure.	1	2	3	4	nine0065 5
36. Even when I enjoy the present, I am drawn to compare it with the past.	1	2	3	4	5
37. It is impossible to plan for the future because everything changes very quickly. nine0014	1	2	3	4	5
38. My life is controlled by forces that I cannot influence.	1	2	3 nine0005	4	5
39. There is no point in worrying about the future, since I can't influence it anyway.	1	2	3	4	5
40. I complete tasks on time, moving towards the goal step by step.	1	2	3	4	5
41. I switch off when my relatives start talking about the past.	1	2	3	4	5
42. I take risks to spice up my life.	1	2	3	4 nine0005	5
43. I make lists of things to do.	1	2	3	4	5
44. I often listen to my heart more than my head. nine0014	1	2	3	4	5

nine0012

45. I can resist temptations when I know there is work to be done.	nine0065 1	2	3	4	5
46. I often get caught up in a moment.	1	2	3	4
47. Nowadays, life is too complicated. I would rather live in the past when life was easier.	1	2		4	5
48. I prefer my friends to be people who behave spontaneously rather than predictably. nine0014	1	2	3	4	5
49. I like family traditions and rituals that are repeated from time to time.	1	2	nine0065 3	4	5
50. I think about bad things that happened to me in the past.	1	2	3	4	5
nine0013 51. I continue to do even difficult and uninteresting tasks if there is reason to believe that they will help me succeed in the future.	1	2	3	4	5
52. What I earn is better spent on pleasure today than saving money for the future. nine0014	1	2	3	4	5
53. Luck often means more than hard work.	1	2	3 nine0005	4	5
54. I think about the good things that I have been deprived of in my life.	1	2	3	4	5
55. I like to have passion in my personal relationships. nine0014	1	2	3	4	5
56. There will always be time to catch up on work.	1	2	3 nine0005	4	5

Past Negative: 04, 05, 16, 22, 27, 33, 34, 36, 50, 54
Present Hedonistic: 01,08,12,17, 19, 23, 26, 28, 31, 32, 42, 44, 46, 48, 55
Future: 06, 09, 10, 13, 18, 21, 24, 30, 40, 43, 45, 51, 56
Past Positive: 02, 07, 11, 15, 20 , 25, 29, 41, 49
Present Fatalistic: 03, 14, 35, 37, 38, 39, 47, 52, 53.

Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute for Education Development Strategy of the Russian Academy of Education"

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Zimbardo time perspective inventory