What is the difference between unipolar and bipolar

Unipolar Depression Vs Bipolar Depression

Depression is a complex condition. There are various kinds of depression, the most common being situational, in which a person goes through a depression episode due to a specific life experience. In contrast, unipolar depression, and bipolar disorder (or depression) are considered genetic, medical conditions that don’t have specific causes and can happen to anyone at any time. Today we wanted to offer a guide on unipolar depression vs. bipolar depression to break down common misconceptions and help those showing signs of these conditions find the appropriate care.

What Are Bipolar Disorder and Unipolar Depression?

Bipolar Disorder (Depression)

Previously known as manic depression, bipolar disorder is a mental health disorder marked by extreme fluctuations in mood ranging from manic highs to depressive lows. In people with bipolar disorder or depression, emotional highs are known as mania or hypomania, while emotional lows are referred to as depression. The cause of bipolar disorder is believed to be a combination of genetics, environment, and altered chemical structure in the brain.

Bipolar disorder symptoms fluctuate depending on the emotional episode the person is experiencing. For instance, common symptoms of mania in bipolar disorder include:

Being abnormally upbeat
Increased activity or energy
Easily agitated or annoyed
An exaggerated sense of well-being and self-confidence
Unusual talkativeness
Racing thoughts
Decreased need for sleep
Easily distracted
Poor decision-making, such as going on shopping sprees or gambling large amounts of money

As you can see, manic episodes are marked by an increase in energy levels, while symptoms of depressive episodes in bipolar disorder include:

Feelings of sadness, emptiness, hopelessness, or frequent crying
Marked loss of interest or feeling no pleasure in almost all or all activities
Significant, unintentional weight loss
Either trouble sleeping or sleeping too much
Either restlessness or slowed behavior
Fatigue or loss of energy
Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt
Impaired concentration and decision making
Suicidal thoughts, ideation, or attempts

There are various types of bipolar disorder, each of which varies in symptom occurrence and duration. The timing of symptoms may include mixed or rapid cycling, as well. While bipolar depression doesn’t have a cure, it can be treated and managed with the right help. Our mental health facility provides bipolar disorder treatment that could help you or a loved one recover and find your footing in recovery.

Unipolar Depression

Unipolar depression is another name for major depressive disorder. People with major depressive disorder may experience periods of remission between episodes of depression. Unipolar depression is one of the most common mental health disorders and is marked by symptoms like:

Feelings of sadness, emptiness, or hopelessness
Loss of pleasure or joy in activities
Weight or appetite changes
Fatigue or lack of energy
Difficulties sleeping or sleeping too much
Thoughts of death or suicide
Difficulties concentrating and decision making

Major depression is known for severely impairing a person’s ability to work, go to school, socialize, and keep up with responsibilities at home. For these reasons, other symptoms of depression may include trouble getting or keeping a job, relationship problems, difficulties studying or performing at school, and difficulties with hygiene and self-care.

Fortunately, as with bipolar disorder, Banyan’s mental health program in Boca Raton also provides depression treatment. We incorporate evidence-based therapy methods like cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to help clients understand the source of their conditions and develop healthy coping strategies for their symptoms.

Bipolar Depression vs. Unipolar: How Are They Different?

Distinguishing bipolar from unipolar depression is important not only to break down misconceptions regarding both conditions but also to potentially help people experience symptoms of either better understand what they’re going through. A misdiagnosed mental disorder can lead to dangerous consequences, so it’s important to not only do your research but to seek out the help of a healthcare professional the moment you realize any symptoms.

With that said, comparisons of unipolar depression vs. bipolar depression have been studied for years. In the end, the main difference between unipolar depression and bipolar depression (disorder) is that unipolar depression does not include periods of abnormally elevated mood, while bipolar disorder/depression includes both depressive and manic moods.

Is Bipolar Depression Worse Than Unipolar Depression?

There’s no way to say which is worse than the other. Both major and bipolar depression is challenging to manage for various reasons. However, bipolar depression is more episodic than unipolar, which can be stressful on both the individual and the people around them.

Agitation and impulsivity, which are common behaviors in people with bipolar disorder, can add a level of stress that a person with depression may not experience. People with bipolar disorder may go on excessive shopping or gambling sprees during manic episodes or feel the need to take out a huge loan for a sudden business idea.

Help for Bipolar and Unipolar Depression

In the end, neither bipolar disorder nor unipolar depression is worse than the other. Both can be challenging conditions to manage without professional mental health treatment.

If you or someone you care about is showing signs of either condition, we offer a residential mental health program in Boca Raton, FL, that offers a safe and comfortable environment where patients can recover from their symptoms and learn how to properly manage them. By housing clients in this program, we remove them from the distractions of their everyday lives to get down to the source of their disorders and help them find peace and healing.

Lasting recovery is possible. Call Banyan Treatment Center today at 888-280-4763 to find out how we can get you there.

Related Reading:
What is the Difference Between Bipolar 1 and Bipolar 2?
Dating Someone with Bipolar Disorder
Famous People with Bipolar Disorder

The Difference Between Unipolar and Bipolar Depression

Bipolar disorder and major depression share some similarities. They are sometimes confused because both can include depressive episodes, but there are some key differences.

The main difference between the two is that depression is unipolar, meaning that there are no periods of abnormally elevated mood, while bipolar disorder includes symptoms of mania.

In a recent article for PsychCentral, Sonya Matejko explored the distinction between the two conditions. “To put it simply, unipolar depression is another name for major depressive disorder (MDD), also known as clinical depression,” she wrote. “This mood disorder is characterized by a persistent feeling of sadness or a lack of interest in things that you used to enjoy.”

According to the current edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) used by psychiatrists to diagnose mental health conditions patients must experience the following to receive an MDD (unipolar depression) diagnosis:

symptoms for two weeks or longer
episodes of depression or significant loss of interest, or both
a change in the way you previously functioned

Diagnostic criteria include experiencing five or more of the following symptoms in a two-week period:

feeling sad or irritable
trouble falling asleep
feeling worthless or guilty
intense feelings of restlessness
change in appetite or sudden weight loss
lack of energy or unusual sense of tiredness
loss of interest in activities you once enjoyed
difficulty with decision making or concentrating
having thoughts about self-harming

In unipolar depression, there is one prolonged mood episode—a major depressive episode, i. e. a period characterized by symptoms of major depressive disorder. “This is in comparison with other mental health conditions, like bipolar disorder, which may lead you to experience changes in your mood, from depression to mania, an elevated mood state,” wrote Matejko.

Bipolar depression, on the other hand, is a term used to describe depression within bipolar disorder. It’s not so much a condition by itself but rather a symptom of depression for someone living with bipolar disorder.

According to the American Psychiatric Association, “people with bipolar disorder experience intense emotional states that typically occur during distinct periods of days to weeks, called mood episodes. These mood episodes are categorized as manic/hypomanic (abnormally happy or irritable mood) or depressive (sad mood). People with bipolar disorder generally have periods of neutral mood as well.”

The National Institute of Mental Health lists three types of bipolar disorder:

Bipolar I disorder is defined by manic episodes that last at least seven days, or by manic symptoms that are so severe that the person needs immediate hospitalization. Usually, depressive episodes occur as well, typically lasting at least two weeks. Episodes of depression with mixed features (having depressive symptoms and manic symptoms at the same time) are also possible.

Bipolar II disorder is defined by a pattern of depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes, but not the full-blown manic episodes that are typical of bipolar I disorder.

Cyclothymic disorder (also called cyclothymia) is defined by periods of hypomanic symptoms as well as periods of depressive symptoms lasting for at least two years in adults. However, the symptoms do not meet the diagnostic requirements for a hypomanic episode and a depressive episode.

All three types involve clear changes in mood, energy, and activity levels. These moods range from periods of extremely “up,” elated, irritable, or energized behavior (known as manic episodes) to very “down,” sad, indifferent, or hopeless periods (known as depressive episodes). Less severe manic periods are known as hypomanic episodes.

It is primarily the alternation between mood episodes that differentiates bipolar depression from unipolar or clinical depression. The most significant difference is that the latter does not include episodes of mania as a major symptom.

Colorado Recovery provides the services needed to address schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and other serious mental illnesses which are specific to each individual. Call us at 720-218-4068 to discuss treatment options for you or the person you would like to help.

Bipolar and unipolar stepper motors

6 output stepper motors
8 output stepper motors

Modern stepper motors, hybrid or stepper motors with permanent magnets, are usually produced with two windings (4 pins), with two windings and center taps (6 or 5 pins) and with four windings (8-pin stepper motors). Bipolar motors have two windings and, accordingly, four outputs. Unipolar motors also have two windings, but each of them has a central tap, which allows you to use a simple unipolar driver to control the motor (i. e., switch the direction of the magnetic field created by the motor windings by reversing the motor winding halves). Sometimes the middle taps can be combined inside the motor, such a motor may have 6 or 5 taps. Due to the simplicity of the unipolar control scheme, these motors are widely used in a wide variety of industries.

However, most drivers are designed to control bipolar motors. With the same dimensions, a bipolar stepper motor provides more torque than a unipolar one.

How can a 6- or 8-pin motor be connected to a bipolar control system and how does the electrical characteristics of the motor change?

6-pin stepper motors

To connect a 6-pin stepper motor to a classic bipolar driver, one of two methods can be selected - unipolar or bipolar connection of the motor windings.

Unipolar connection

If it is required to rotate the motor at medium to high speeds (out of the operating speed range), the best type of connection is to use a center tap.

The electrical characteristics of the motor - winding current, winding resistance, static torque, winding inductance, etc. - in this case are equal to the data given in the catalog.

Bipolar connection

If it is required to rotate the motor at low speeds (out of the operating speed range), the best type of connection is bipolar.

With this type of connection, it is necessary to reduce the current supplied to the motor windings by √2 times. For example, if the rated operating current of the motor is 2 A, then when the windings are connected in series, the required current is 1.4 A, that is, 1.4 times less.

This can be easily understood from the following reasoning.

The rated operating current specified in the catalog is calculated for the resistance of one winding (R - it is precisely it that is given in the catalog). When the windings are connected in series, the resistance of the combined winding doubles (2R).

Power consumption at unipolar inclusion - I _unipolar. ² * R

When the windings are connected in series, the power consumption becomes I _bipolar. ² * 2 * R

The power consumption does not depend on the type of connection, so I _unipolar. ² * R = I _bipolar. ² * 2* R, from where

I _bipolar. = I _unipolar. / √2, i.e.

I _bipolar. = 0.707 * I _unipolar.

Since the motor torque is directly proportional to the magnitude of the magnetic field created by the stator windings, it increases with an increase in the number of turns of the winding and decreases with a decrease in the current passed through the windings. But since the current has decreased by √2 times, and the number of winding turns has increased by 2 times, the torque will increase by √2 times.

T _bipolar. = 1.4 * T_unipolar.

So, the characteristics of the stepper motor will be as follows:

Parameter	Value
Winding current, A	I _bipolar. = 0.707 * I _unipolar.
Winding resistance, Ohm	R _bipolar. = 2 * R _unipolar
Winding inductance, mH	L _bipolar. = L _unipolar
Torque, kg × cm	T _bipolar. = 1.4 * T _unipolar

8-pin stepper motors

To connect an 8-pin stepper motor (that is, a motor with four windings) to a classic bipolar driver, one of three ways can be selected - unipolar, series or parallel connection of the motor windings.

Unipolar connection

If it is required to rotate the motor at medium speeds (out of the operating speed range), the best type of connection is to use only two of the four windings.

The electrical characteristics of the motor - winding current, winding resistance, static torque, winding inductance, etc. - in this case are equal to the data given in the catalog.

Bipolar serial connection

Most effective for the low speed range of engine operating speeds.

This can be easily understood from the following reasoning.

Power consumption at unipolar inclusion - I _unipolar. ² * R

When the windings are connected in series, the power consumption becomes I _after. ² * 2 * R

The power consumption does not depend on the type of connection, so I _unipolar. ² * R = I _seq. ² * 2* R, from where

I _last. = I _unipolar./ √2, i.e.

I _last. = 0.707 * I _unipolar.

T _last = 1.4 * T_unipolar.

So, the characteristics of the stepper motor will be as follows:

Parameter	Value
Winding current, A	I _bipolar. = 0.707 * I _unipolar.
Winding resistance, Ohm	R _bipolar. = 2 * R _unipolar
Winding inductance, mH	L _bipolar. = L _unipolar
Torque, kg × cm	T _bipolar. = 1.4 * T _unipolar

Bipolar parallel connection

The most efficient use of parallel windings for high speeds.

With this type of connection, it is necessary to increase the current supplied to the motor windings by √2 times. For example, if the rated operating current of the motor is 2 A, then when the windings are connected in parallel, the required current is 2.8 A, that is, 1.4 times more.

This can be easily understood from the following reasoning.

The rated operating current specified in the catalog is calculated for the resistance of one winding (R - it is precisely it that is given in the catalog). When the windings are connected in parallel, the resistance of the combined winding is reduced by half (0. 5 R).

Power consumption at unipolar inclusion - I _unipolar. ² * R

When the windings are connected in parallel, the power consumption becomes 0.5 * I _bipolar. ² * R

The power consumption does not depend on the type of connection, so I _unipolar. ² * R = 0.5 * I _bipolar. ² * R, whence I _bipolar. = I _unipolar. /√2, i.e.

I _bipolar. = 1.4 * I _unipolar.

Since the motor torque is directly proportional to the magnitude of the magnetic field created by the stator windings, it increases with an increase in the number of turns of the winding and decreases with a decrease in the amount of current passed through the windings. But since the current has increased by √2 times, and the number of turns of the winding has increased by 2 times, the torque will increase by √2 times.

T _bipolar. = 1.4 * T _unipolar

So, the characteristics of the stepper motor will be as follows:

Parameter	Value
Winding current, A	I _bipolar. = 1.4 * I _unipolar.
Winding resistance, Ohm	R _bipolar.. = 0.5 * R _unipolar
Winding inductance, mH	L _bipolar. = 4 * L _unipolar.
Torque, kg × cm	T _bipolar. = 1.4 * T _unipolar

Example: parameters of step motor FL60STH86-2008AF for various connections

Parameter	unipolar	parallel	serial
Current / phase, A	2	2. 8	1.4
Winding resistance, Ohm	1.5	0.75	3
Winding inductance, mH	3	1.5	6
Torque, kg × cm	22 kg x cm	31 kg x cm	31 kg x cm
Advantages / disadvantages of	Average torque at average power consumption	High torque at high current consumption	High torque at low speeds with low power consumption
Maximum efficiency	medium speed range	high speed range	low speed range

The general nature of the change in the dynamic characteristics of stepper motors depending on the type of connection

Bipolar and unipolar stepper motors

The bipolar motor has one winding in each phase, which must be reversed by the driver in order to change the direction of the magnetic field. This type of motor requires a bridge driver, or a half-bridge driver with dual supply. In total, the bipolar motor has two windings and, accordingly, four outputs (Fig. a).

View specifications and buy stepper motors.

Bipolar motor (a), unipolar (b) and four-winding (c).

The unipolar motor also has one winding in each phase, but a tap is made from the middle of the winding. This makes it possible to change the direction of the magnetic field created by the winding by simply switching the halves of the winding. This greatly simplifies the driver circuit. The driver should only have 4 simple keys. Thus, in a unipolar motor, a different way of changing the direction of the magnetic field is used. The middle terminals of the windings can be combined inside the motor, so such a motor can have 5 or 6 terminals (fig. b). Sometimes unipolar motors have separate 4 windings, for this reason they are mistakenly called 4-phase motors. Each winding has separate leads, so there are 8 leads in total (Fig. c). With an appropriate connection of the windings, such a motor can be used as a unipolar or bipolar. A unipolar motor with two windings and taps can also be used in bipolar mode if the taps are left unconnected. In any case, the winding current should be chosen so as not to exceed the maximum power dissipation.

When comparing bipolar and unipolar motors, the bipolar motor has a higher power density. For the same size, bipolar motors provide more torque.

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The torque generated by the stepper motor is proportional to the magnitude of the magnetic field generated by the stator windings. The way to increase the magnetic field is to increase the current or the number of turns of the windings. A natural limitation when increasing the current of the windings is the danger of saturation of the iron core. However, in practice this limitation is rarely enforced.

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