What causes npd

Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD): Causes, Symptoms, Treatment

Personality Disorders

What is narcissistic personality disorder? What causes it? Who gets it and why? How do you deal with it? Find clear answers to these and other questions you may have about narcissism here.

Oct 28, 2022

Krista Soriano

Medical ReviewerJean Kim, MD

iStockPhoto.com/gremlin

What Exactly Is Narcissistic Personality Disorder?

A healthy (even sometimes inflated) sense of self can be a good thing. In fact, some researchers believe those who have somewhat grandiose views of themselves are mentally tougher, less stressed, and less at risk for depression.

However, narcissism exists on a spectrum: On one side, it’s craving the occasional compliment. On its darkest side, it can creep into pathological territory.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) is one of 10 personality disorders recognized in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). The hallmark signs of NPD read like laundry list of what NOT to look for in a significant other: An inflated sense of self-importance, a lack of empathy for others, and a deep need for constant attention or admiration.

While someone with NPD’s self-esteem can be off the charts, ironically, it can also be super fragile, dependent on external validation, or self-deception. They’ll believe grandiose fantasies about themselves (i.e. they’re smarter, more attractive, and more successful than everyone they know), easily put other people down, and generally hijack any conversation or situation to make themselves feel better or superior. Feeling “less than perfect” is very uncomfortable for a narcissist, and they’ll protect themselves from it at all costs.

A personality disorder like NPD is about disturbed relationships, says Modesto, California-based psychologist Robert Moody, PhD. “People with personality disorders, as a class, have a lifetime of struggles with intimate, interpersonal relationships with their family, friends, and co-workers—and that’s especially true for those with narcissistic personality disorder. ”

The disorder affects anywhere from 0.5 to 5% ¹of the general US population with a greater prevalence in men than women.² The percentage is low because, in order to be diagnosed, someone with NPD has to admit they have issues—which they often don’t. “The real problem with a narcissistic personality disorder is that the individual lacks good insight into what’s going on,” says Moody. “They think that the problem is all about everyone else, not them.”

And it can manifest differently in men versus women. According to research, compared to males, a narcissistic female personality is more likely to include deep insecurity, martyrdom, jealousy, and competitiveness with other women, often seeing them as a “threat” (think the overbearing mother-in-law).³ Men on the other hand are more likely than women to exploit others and feel entitled to certain privileges. They’re also more apt to exhibit qualities of assertiveness or power hunger.

However, this is not to say these traits are exclusive to either sex. When it comes to vanity and self-absorption, both sexes rate equally.

Narcissism Subtypes

When you think of a narcissist, certain people you know may come to mind: the guy at the gym in the too-tight tank who’s more concerned with how his muscles look in the mirror than actually working out; the co-worker who fills her Insta feed with her face—at every angle.

But narcissism isn’t just about looking pretty: There are, in fact, a few different types of narcissists.

#1. The Covert Narcissist (or vulnerable narcissist)

Basically the exact opposite of the stereotype, instead of craving the spotlight and constant admiration, covert narcissists tend to be shy, self-effacing, hypersensitive to how others perceive them, and chronically envious. They often think their pain or suffering is worse than everyone else’s—and may even believe they’re the ugliest person in the room.

#2. The Cerebral Narcissist

They derive their self-importance from their intellect, believing they’re smarter than everyone else.

#3. The Somatic Narcissist

Somatic narcissists get their self-worth from their bodies. They tend to obsess over physical appearance, including weight, and criticize others based on their appearance.

#4. The Spiritual Narcissist

They use religion or spirituality to intimidate or justify harmful behaviors to others that can creep in when an individual takes a "holier than thou" stance, overemphasizing their level of spirituality or closeness to God. Harmful behaviors can happen when, as an example, a church leader claims they had a vision from God about someone else, or that they're in a "higher" position to use Biblical passages to control, hurt, or shame someone.

Other types mentioned in NPD research include grandiose, or "overt"—that stereotypical over-the-top, attention-seeking type—and high-functioning, meaning those who may use traits such as competitiveness and exploitation to succeed in a profession or endeavor.

However, it should be noted that there is a broad spectrum of presentable traits with NPD, each with varying levels of severity, so subtypes should be used as guides rather than hard-and-fast rules.

What Are The Symptoms Of Narcissistic Personality Disorder?

Narcissism is a label that gets thrown around a lot, especially when someone seems conceited or acts out of self-interest, says psychologist Kristina Hallett, PhD, ABPP, associate professor of graduate psychology and the director of clinical training at Bay Path University in Connecticut. “But a narcissistic action every now and then isn’t the same as having a personality disorder.” With the latter, a narcissist’s self-absorbed and self-centered way of thinking and behaving surfaces in every area of their life, from work and friendships to family and love relationships.

The nine most common traits for NPD include:

Having an inflated sense of self-importance and entitlement. Deep down, you feel like you’re the best, most successful, competent, [insert praise here] in any situation.
Needing constant admiration. Your self-esteem is like a balloon without a knot, requiring a steady stream of attention, approval, and recognition to keep it inflated. No matter how much someone tells you that they love or look up to you, it feels like it's never enough.
Expecting special treatment. Whether it’s favors or apologies, whatever you want, you believe you deserve to have it—because you’re superior to everyone around you, and they know it and should comply.
Exaggerating achievements and talents. You have no problem embellishing the facts—or even outright lying—about your life, resume, and experiences.
Reacting negatively to criticism. Even though you crave control and take full credit when things are going well, you’re quick to blame others whenever a situation doesn’t go as planned. It’s extremely hard to accept criticism or admit to mistakes because, naturally, it’s always someone else’s fault, not yours.
Being preoccupied with fantasies about power, success, and beauty. You tend to create and believe exaggerated, unrealistic narratives around your success, relationships, even how good you look to help you feel special and in control. Anything that threatens the fantasy is rationalized away or simply ignored. You also want people to feel envious of you, and you feel pretty envious of people who have what you want.
Taking advantage of others. You often don’t think twice about using or exploiting other people to achieve your own ends—whether maliciously or obliviously. You care about your relationships and the people in your life on a superficial level—if they elevate your social status, or make you look or feel good, for instance—and you don’t really think about how your behavior might affect them.
Having an inability or unwillingness to recognize the needs and feelings of others. You’re super sensitive to how people treat you and react to your needs and feelings, but on the flip side, you can’t put yourself in other people’s shoes and empathize with their experiences. You might belittle others or even bully people to feel better about yourself. You never really “go deep” in any of your relationships, either—and, frankly, it doesn’t bother you all that much.
Behaving in an arrogant manner. With an inflated ego and sense of superiority and entitlement, you probably insist on having the best everything—the best car, office, designer clothes—monopolize conversations, look down on people you perceive as “inferior,” and only associate with those you think are equally special, successful, and talented.

How Is Narcissistic Personality Disorder Diagnosed?

NPD is not the kind of condition that can be diagnosed with a blood test, MRI, or exact scale, and according to the DSM-5, a person needs to exhibit only 55% of the above traits, symptoms, and behaviors to be considered narcissistic. Nailing down NPD can be a little more complicated since narcissists tend to think there's nothing wrong with them, they rarely enter treatment.

This in part may explain why we might feel we know and encounter many narcissists, but only an estimated 5% of people actually have NPD. (This is also why you can’t ask your therapist to diagnose your narcissistic husband with the disorder if he doesn’t think he has a problem. )

Narcissism hinges on personality traits alone—most of which are objectively negative (it’s pretty easy to label someone with these tendencies as, well, a jerk). But psychologists want to be extremely careful about pathologizing someone’s personality.

A clinical NPD diagnosis is given to someone who’s experiencing social and occupational impairment and subjective distress—which is a fancy way of saying that their narcissistic behavior is not only messing with their work and personal lives, but they’re actually aware that it’s destructive, and it’s making them uncomfortable.

In other words, if a self-entitled, grandiose, empathy-lacking person doesn’t see a problem with the way they live their life, they’re simply just a narcissist—full stop. A clinician usually won’t diagnose a narcissist with NPD until they’re struggling with their behavior and seek help to change it.

“These individuals most frequently come to therapy to either a) get support for their perspective or b) because a family member is insisting and it’s easier to comply,” says Hallett. Sometimes, it takes facing a serious ultimatum, failure, or loss for someone with this personality type to get help, and it’s not uncommon for them to seek treatment for another mental health problem altogether, like depression.

What Causes Narcissistic Personality Disorder?

There’s no single cause of NPD. But, researchers agree that both genetic and environmental causes are at play. Individuals with narcissistic personality disorder have been found to have less volume of gray matter in the left anterior insula, the part of the brain related to empathy, emotional regulation, compassion, and cognitive functioning.

When NPD Develops

“By definition, personality disorders are developed over time and through childhood experiences, genetics, and environment,” says Hallett, noting that as an adult, narcissistic traits on their own are not likely to develop into a personality disorder. Often, NPD will begin in the teenage years or early adulthood.

Personality disorders are typically diagnosed at 18 years or older, according to Hallett. The thing to keep in mind with kids is that some narcissistic traits are simply just typical of their age (teenagers by definition are self-absorbed), and it doesn't mean they'll go on to develop a full-blown disorder.

Scientists believe that the full onset of NPD may occur when interpersonal development is compromised, for example:

Being born with an oversensitive temperament
Learning manipulative behavior from parents or peers
Being excessively praised for good behaviors and excessively criticized for bad behaviors
Suffering from severe childhood abuse or neglect
Inconsistent or unpredictable parental caregiving
Growing up with unrealistic expectations from parents
Being excessively pampered or overindulged by parents, peers, or family members
Being excessively admired with no realistic feedback to ground you with reality
Receiving excessive praise from parents or others focused on your looks or abilities

[Click to Learn More: 9 Signs You are Married to a Narcissist and What to Do About It]

What Are the Treatments for Narcissistic Personality Disorder?

For those who do seek help, “psychotherapy, also called talk therapy, can help by working to increase empathy and compassion,” says Hallett. Meeting with a therapist, you’ll learn how to better relate to others, which can encourage more functional and improved interpersonal relationships, as well as gain a better understanding of your own emotions and why you feel the way you do. Along the way, your therapist might work with you on:

Accepting and maintaining relationships with co-workers and family
Tolerating criticisms and failures
Understanding and regulating your feelings
Minimizing your desire to attain unrealistic goals and ideal conditions

But don’t expect a personality adjustment overnight: Treatment for NPD can be a long, slow-going, uphill battle—and just as with other personality disorders, patients may need to be more motivated than a typical therapy client to make progress and resolve their issues.

While in treatment, those with this personality type tend to be mistrusting and reluctant, exhibit negative reactions, and often drop out early. Since the work deals primarily with personality traits, which are pretty steady over time, it could take many years of psychotherapy before a breakthrough happens.

The good news is, studies in intervention with those living with NPD have shown that some narcissists are in fact capable of learning and feeling empathy, which is the ultimate antidote.⁴

And while there are no psychotropic medications to treat the disorder specifically, keep in mind that the likelihood of a co-occurring psychiatric disorder along with NPD is a possibility. If you are living with this condition and also dealing with depression, anxiety, addiction problems or substance use disorder, bipolar disorder, eating disorder, or any other illness, you may be prescribed medications that are helpful in treating these conditions.

Living with Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Living with NPD can be challenging for the individual with the disorder, as well as their family members and the people around them. If you have the disorder, you may frequently experience emotional dysregulation (trouble keeping calm), particularly when other people threaten or contradict your thoughts and ideas about yourself. You may have difficulty maintaining personal and professional relationships as a result.

People with NPD are typically capable of completing the necessary activities of daily life. Consistent support from a trained therapist can also enhance your productivity and quality of life if you have NPD. With therapy, you can learn to recognize and own your actions, cultivate healthy relationships, empathize, and communicate effectively with others. This can be a slow process in some instances, but with openness and strong motivation, you are likely to see significant progress.

If you are living with someone who has NPD, you may find yourself feeling confused and frustrated much of the time. You will probably have to deal with their changing moods and behavior, their need to intimidate and exert control, a sense of entitlement, and gaslighting.

People with NPD lack empathy and may completely disregard your needs, concerns, and feelings. Once the love bombing phase is over, your relationship with them can leave you walking on eggshells around them, feeling constantly anxious, and always waiting for the other shoe to drop.

Living with someone who has NPD can take a serious toll on your mental health and well-being. It can damage your self-esteem. You may quickly begin to feel worthless and question your perception and sanity.

It can be hard to resist the confidence, assertiveness, and excitement that surrounds a person with narcissistic personality disorder. But those same traits that drew you to that person in the first place may eventually become a turnoff when you start to notice the impact of their unemotional response to relationships, the cruelty of their lack of empathy for others, and the grandiose belief they are greatly important and should be treated as such.

Healthy Ways to Communicate with Someone Who Has NPD

Conversations with people who have a NPD can be tricky. They are usually one-sided, manipulative, and superficial. However, healthy communication is possible in some cases

Here are some healthy ways to communicate with someone who has NPD:

Use a calm, respectful tone.
Don’t use statements beginning with “you never…” or “you always…” These may be triggering and make them feel defensive.
Use “I” statements to share how you feel and what you want.
Know your boundaries and stand up for them.
Try “gray rocking”: be as uninteresting as possible when the person with NPD tries to pick a fight, gaslight you, or otherwise trigger an emotional reaction.

Managing Emotional Distress

It’s easy to get overwhelmed if you live with someone with NPD. So, regularly carve out some “me time” to recharge. Self-care can include practicing relaxation techniques like meditation, taking a nature walk, running a warm bath, and eating healthy foods. Engaging in these activities can build resilience and foster self-esteem and confidence, making it easier to cope with someone with NPD.

Helpful Resources for Narcissistic Personality Disorder

There is no known way to prevent the condition, but if you suspect that you might be dealing with NPD, are in a relationship with a narcissist, or if a loved one is struggling with it, it’s important to get help as soon as possible.

Find a psychiatrist or psychologist who specializes in helping people with narcissism.
If you or a family member is dealing with narcissistic or psychological abuse, call the National Domestic Violence Hotline at 1-800-799-7233.
Read these tips on ending or leaving a relationship with a narcissist.
If you are physically threatened or abused, seek immediate help by calling 911.
Find more hotlines and organizations for support in our mental health resources directory.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder By The Numbers

0.5-5%: The estimated percentage of people with NPD in the US population-based on community samples.
50-75%: The percentage of people with NPD who are men.
40%: The percentage of people with NPD who also have an anxiety disorder.

[Read This Next: What is Empathy and Why We Need It]

FAQs About Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Q: Do narcissists have high or low self-esteem?

Narcissists have high self-esteem. The thing is, they lack a secure sense of self-esteem, having what researchers call “fragile high self-esteem.” This form of high self-esteem is extremely dependent on external validation and self-deception or having fantasies of success, power, and beauty.

Q: Can a narcissist fall in love?

Yes, but their personality will make it very difficult for a truly intimate relationship to come into full bloom, says Dr. Moody. Unfortunately, the other person in the relationship may even not notice the red flags until several months down the line, when they realize that their relationship should have naturally reached a deeper level.

Q: How do I deal with a narcissist in my life?

Setting strong boundaries is an important way to protect yourself in any type of relationship with a narcissist. For coupled partners, participating in therapy to learn healthy ways to communicate, cope, and manage emotional distress can help. The good news is that the relationship can get better if both people are willing to stick through treatment.

Q: What are the different types of narcissists?

There are 4 types of narcissists. The covert narcissist tends to be shy, self-effacing, hypersensitive to how others perceive them, and chronically envious. They often think their pain or suffering is worse than everyone else’s—and may even believe they’re the ugliest person in the room. The cerebral narcissist derives self-importance from their intellect, believing they’re smarter than everyone else. The somatic narcissist tends to obsess over physical appearance, including weight, and criticize others based on their appearance. The spiritual narcissist uses religion or spirituality to intimidate or justify harmful behaviors to others. They might look down on anyone who is “unevolved,” “unawakened,” or “asleep” and claiming that they can't possibly understand you because they're not at your level of consciousness or spiritual/religious maturity.

Stinson FS et al. Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV narcissistic personality disorder: results from the wave 2 national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008 Jul;69(7):1033-45. Available at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18557663. Accessed September 14, 2020.
Stinson FS, Dawson DA, Goldstein RB, et al. Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV narcissistic personality disorder: results from the wave 2 national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69(7):1033-1045. doi:10.4088/jcp.v69n0701 Accessed September 14, 2020
Grijalva E, Newman D A, Tay L, Donnellan M B, et al. (2015). Gender differences in narcissism: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 141(2), 261–310. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038231 Accessed September 14, 2020/
University of Surrey. Psychology research breakthrough suggests narcissists are capable of empathy. July 21, 2016. Available at: https://www.surrey.ac.uk/features/psychology-research-breakthrough-suggests-narcissists-are-capable-empathy Accessed September 14, 2020.

Sources Pincus AL, Lukowitsky MR. Pathological narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2010;6:421-446. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131215. Accessed September 14, 2020.

Papageorgiou K, Gianniou FM, Wilson P et al. The bright side of dark: Exploring the positive effect of narcissism on perceived stress through mental toughness. Personality and Individual Differences. Vol 139. March 1, 2019. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886918305877?via%3Dihub Accessed September 14, 2019.

Caligor E, Levy KN, Yeomans FE. Narcissistic personality disorder: diagnostic and clinical challenges. Am J Psychiatry. 2015 May;172(5):415-22. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14060723. Available at: https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14060723 Accessed October 13, 2021

Durvasula R. Speaking of psychology: Recognizing a narcissist. American Psychological Association. Available at https://www.apa.org/news/podcasts/speaking-of-psychology/narcissism. Published 2016. Accessed October 26, 2022

Cheek J, Kealy D, Joyce A, et al. Interpersonal problems associated with narcissism among psychiatric outpatients: A replication study. Arch Psychiatry Psychother. 2018;20(2):26- 33. doi:10.12740/app/90328.

Day NJS, Townsend ML, Grenyer BF. Living with pathological narcissism: Core conflictual relational themes within intimate relationships. BMC Psychiatry. 2022;22(1):30. doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03660-x. PMID: 35012497; PMCID: PMC8751322.

Notes: This article was originally published October 13, 2021 and most recently updated October 28, 2022.

Krista Soriano

Krista is a content creative who is dedicated to human-centered, purpose-driven work. She's spent 10 years editing and producing content at one of the world's largest media publishers as well as award-winning startups. She's focused on topics ranging from lifestyle, sustainability, science, health, and wellness space.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD): Causes, Symptoms, Treatment

Personality Disorders

What is narcissistic personality disorder? What causes it? Who gets it and why? How do you deal with it? Find clear answers to these and other questions you may have about narcissism here.

Oct 28, 2022

Krista Soriano

Medical ReviewerJean Kim, MD

iStockPhoto.com/gremlin

What Exactly Is Narcissistic Personality Disorder?

However, narcissism exists on a spectrum: On one side, it’s craving the occasional compliment. On its darkest side, it can creep into pathological territory.

However, this is not to say these traits are exclusive to either sex. When it comes to vanity and self-absorption, both sexes rate equally.

Narcissism Subtypes

But narcissism isn’t just about looking pretty: There are, in fact, a few different types of narcissists.

#1. The Covert Narcissist (or vulnerable narcissist)

#2. The Cerebral Narcissist

They derive their self-importance from their intellect, believing they’re smarter than everyone else.

#3. The Somatic Narcissist

Somatic narcissists get their self-worth from their bodies. They tend to obsess over physical appearance, including weight, and criticize others based on their appearance.

#4. The Spiritual Narcissist

However, it should be noted that there is a broad spectrum of presentable traits with NPD, each with varying levels of severity, so subtypes should be used as guides rather than hard-and-fast rules.

What Are The Symptoms Of Narcissistic Personality Disorder?

The nine most common traits for NPD include:

Having an inflated sense of self-importance and entitlement. Deep down, you feel like you’re the best, most successful, competent, [insert praise here] in any situation.
Needing constant admiration. Your self-esteem is like a balloon without a knot, requiring a steady stream of attention, approval, and recognition to keep it inflated. No matter how much someone tells you that they love or look up to you, it feels like it's never enough.
Expecting special treatment. Whether it’s favors or apologies, whatever you want, you believe you deserve to have it—because you’re superior to everyone around you, and they know it and should comply.
Exaggerating achievements and talents. You have no problem embellishing the facts—or even outright lying—about your life, resume, and experiences.
Reacting negatively to criticism. Even though you crave control and take full credit when things are going well, you’re quick to blame others whenever a situation doesn’t go as planned. It’s extremely hard to accept criticism or admit to mistakes because, naturally, it’s always someone else’s fault, not yours.
Being preoccupied with fantasies about power, success, and beauty. You tend to create and believe exaggerated, unrealistic narratives around your success, relationships, even how good you look to help you feel special and in control. Anything that threatens the fantasy is rationalized away or simply ignored. You also want people to feel envious of you, and you feel pretty envious of people who have what you want.
Taking advantage of others. You often don’t think twice about using or exploiting other people to achieve your own ends—whether maliciously or obliviously. You care about your relationships and the people in your life on a superficial level—if they elevate your social status, or make you look or feel good, for instance—and you don’t really think about how your behavior might affect them.
Having an inability or unwillingness to recognize the needs and feelings of others. You’re super sensitive to how people treat you and react to your needs and feelings, but on the flip side, you can’t put yourself in other people’s shoes and empathize with their experiences. You might belittle others or even bully people to feel better about yourself. You never really “go deep” in any of your relationships, either—and, frankly, it doesn’t bother you all that much.
Behaving in an arrogant manner. With an inflated ego and sense of superiority and entitlement, you probably insist on having the best everything—the best car, office, designer clothes—monopolize conversations, look down on people you perceive as “inferior,” and only associate with those you think are equally special, successful, and talented.

How Is Narcissistic Personality Disorder Diagnosed?

What Causes Narcissistic Personality Disorder?

When NPD Develops

Scientists believe that the full onset of NPD may occur when interpersonal development is compromised, for example:

Being born with an oversensitive temperament
Learning manipulative behavior from parents or peers
Being excessively praised for good behaviors and excessively criticized for bad behaviors
Suffering from severe childhood abuse or neglect
Inconsistent or unpredictable parental caregiving
Growing up with unrealistic expectations from parents
Being excessively pampered or overindulged by parents, peers, or family members
Being excessively admired with no realistic feedback to ground you with reality
Receiving excessive praise from parents or others focused on your looks or abilities

[Click to Learn More: 9 Signs You are Married to a Narcissist and What to Do About It]

What Are the Treatments for Narcissistic Personality Disorder?

Accepting and maintaining relationships with co-workers and family
Tolerating criticisms and failures
Understanding and regulating your feelings
Minimizing your desire to attain unrealistic goals and ideal conditions

The good news is, studies in intervention with those living with NPD have shown that some narcissists are in fact capable of learning and feeling empathy, which is the ultimate antidote.⁴

Living with Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Healthy Ways to Communicate with Someone Who Has NPD

Conversations with people who have a NPD can be tricky. They are usually one-sided, manipulative, and superficial. However, healthy communication is possible in some cases

Here are some healthy ways to communicate with someone who has NPD:

Use a calm, respectful tone.
Don’t use statements beginning with “you never…” or “you always…” These may be triggering and make them feel defensive.
Use “I” statements to share how you feel and what you want.
Know your boundaries and stand up for them.
Try “gray rocking”: be as uninteresting as possible when the person with NPD tries to pick a fight, gaslight you, or otherwise trigger an emotional reaction.

Managing Emotional Distress

Helpful Resources for Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Find a psychiatrist or psychologist who specializes in helping people with narcissism.
If you or a family member is dealing with narcissistic or psychological abuse, call the National Domestic Violence Hotline at 1-800-799-7233.
Read these tips on ending or leaving a relationship with a narcissist.
If you are physically threatened or abused, seek immediate help by calling 911.
Find more hotlines and organizations for support in our mental health resources directory.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder By The Numbers

0.5-5%: The estimated percentage of people with NPD in the US population-based on community samples.
50-75%: The percentage of people with NPD who are men.
40%: The percentage of people with NPD who also have an anxiety disorder.

[Read This Next: What is Empathy and Why We Need It]

FAQs About Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Q: Do narcissists have high or low self-esteem?

Q: Can a narcissist fall in love?

Q: How do I deal with a narcissist in my life?

Q: What are the different types of narcissists?

Stinson FS et al. Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV narcissistic personality disorder: results from the wave 2 national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008 Jul;69(7):1033-45. Available at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18557663. Accessed September 14, 2020.
Stinson FS, Dawson DA, Goldstein RB, et al. Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV narcissistic personality disorder: results from the wave 2 national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69(7):1033-1045. doi:10.4088/jcp.v69n0701 Accessed September 14, 2020
Grijalva E, Newman D A, Tay L, Donnellan M B, et al. (2015). Gender differences in narcissism: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 141(2), 261–310. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038231 Accessed September 14, 2020/
University of Surrey. Psychology research breakthrough suggests narcissists are capable of empathy. July 21, 2016. Available at: https://www.surrey.ac.uk/features/psychology-research-breakthrough-suggests-narcissists-are-capable-empathy Accessed September 14, 2020.

Notes: This article was originally published October 13, 2021 and most recently updated October 28, 2022.

Krista Soriano

Children with NPD - how to recognize the signs of NPD

Narcissistic Personality Disorder or NPD is an extremely common mental health problem in today's society

Like most mental disorders, the cause is unknown. It is most likely a combination of genetic experience, early life experience, and possibly psychological factors. Risk factors at an early age include: excessive exposure of children to abuse, abuse at an early age, living under high emotional stress, living with an unhappy partner, living in an unhealthy environment, depression and other emotional problems.

The definition of NPD is an inability to accept responsibility, a grandiose sense of self and egocentrism. This has been called a "love addiction" as it has been reported that some people with NPL have actually turned to drugs and/or alcohol to cope with feelings of shame and guilt. In fact, people with NPL may actually feel that they are not good enough, incompetent, or simply incapable of succeeding in any endeavor. They see themselves as having a special role or position and are convinced that others will view them that way.

As I said earlier, no definite cause of NPD has ever been found. However, people with this disease have a number of common symptoms. The main symptoms of NPD include a grandiose sense of self-esteem, a constant need for approval, unrealistic expectations of success, constant blaming, constant denial of one's own weaknesses, extreme egocentrism, a distorted idea of one's own worth and worth, and bad relationships. with family and friends, with a deep need for admiration and a willingness to sacrifice. These symptoms are quite common in people who have a bad relationship with their parents.

If you suspect your child has NPL, do not hesitate to seek professional advice. In fact, it could be a sign that your child is suffering from a more serious mental disorder such as bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. If your child is experiencing any of these or similar symptoms, you should make an appointment with the doctor as soon as possible.

If your child has one or more of the following symptoms of NPD, you should talk to a qualified psychologist or psychiatrist about the possibility of NPD. First, your child may be overly self-centered and overly interested in their appearance and lifestyle. Often your child may have unrealistic expectations about how they can improve their appearance or self-esteem. These are usually unrealistic claims based on their own perception of their appearance. This behavior can also become very problematic in a relationship.

Your child may also show signs of NPD due to inappropriate behaviour. They can be extremely rude, arrogant and domineering at times, display aggressive behavior, often argue and appear very selfish. Your child may also show an inability to take criticism or admit their own mistakes. Such behavior may include immaturity in relationships with children, friends, work colleagues, or superiors. Other warning signs include sullenness, envy of others, and criticism of others in the presence of others and/or in the family circle.

Children with NPL can be extremely impulsive and manipulative and will have unrealistic expectations of relationships with adults. They are often very difficult to get along with and can be manipulative with children and peers. They are also often fixated on one or two issues and have a hard time admitting their own mistakes.

A child with NPD may also be overly concerned with money. They may have unrealistic expectations about the amount of money they want from you and may constantly beg for money. Your child may also exaggerate their importance and believe that they are more important than others, which leads to arguments. It is also possible that they may feel that they do not deserve your attention and that their parents and other people do not care about them. The last thing you want to see is a self-centered, arrogant and manipulative child who seems to have little respect for others.

NPD: PlayStation 4 became the main platform in January in the US

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The next-generation PlayStation 4 console continues to lead the way in the US, according to 's NPD January 2016 report. Despite the fact that the set-top box gained its current user base much faster than its predecessor, its sales do not even think to slow down. Compared to January 2015, an increase in demand for the system was recorded.

Call of Duty: Black Ops III 9 remains the most requested gaming product0068 . It is followed by Grand Theft Auto V . There is not a single exclusive release in the top ten - exclusively multiplatform. Four games in January sold better on Xbox consoles , the remaining six for PlayStation .

Call of Duty: Black Ops III (Xbox One, PS4, 360, PS3, PC)

Grand Theft Auto V (PS4, Xbox One, 360, PS3, PC)

NBA 2K16 (PS4, Xbox One, 360, PS3)

Star Wars: Battlefront (Xbox One, PS4, PC)

Fallout 4 (PS4, Xbox One, PC)

Minecraft (360, Xbox One, PS4, PS3)

Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Siege (Xbox One, PS4, PC)

Madden NFL 16 (PS4, Xbox One, 360, PS3)

Lego Marvel Avengers (PS4, Xbox One, 360, Wii U, PS3, 3DS, Vita)

FIFA 16 (PS4, Xbox One, 360, PS3)

The exact information on sales of software and hardware is not disclosed.

Read also : Top 10: NPD released the lists of the best-selling games in the US for December 2015 and all of 2015.

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