Jung briggs personality types

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Personality typology in psychology - according to Jung, Myers-Briggs

Personality typology is super popular, a field in demand today both in classical science and its applied areas, and even in everyday life, everyday psychology. Assigning oneself to a type seems to be an interesting exercise. However, in order for typing not to become entertainment, such attribution must always serve the purpose. Most often, this goal is to ensure that the person being typed, understanding his own individuality, develops as a person, resolves psychological problems, not just classifies himself as one type and fences himself off. nine0045

Different authors describing personality differences, the concept of personality typology and, in the key of differential psychology, the concepts of individuality, even temperament, character, were described as synonymous in their meaning, sometimes putting an equal sign between them. Individuality was considered by some in a broad sense as a personality, character merged with personality. Here, differential psychology reveals divergences from the general one, which separates, clearly delimiting these concepts.

Individuality is traditionally defined by the sum of properties that separate one personality from another. Properties can intersect and correlate with each other, forming stable characteristics. However, such a sum of properties is not yet a type. Considering the concept of personality typology, we now assume a set of not only interrelated traits, but those that together have an integral structure, a gestalt organization. Differing from classes of properties, simple associations, the type implies a strict allocation of the skeleton of characteristics, reliance on these characteristics, the main feature that centers all the others. nine0045

Psychological typologies of personality

Two ways of constructing typological classifications should be distinguished - the path from below and the path from above. The path from below is also called empirical or inductive, when we go from a particular property to a set of properties, their generalization. This is how such specific basic personality typologies are built, such as, for example, the classification of psychopathy in psychiatry. The second path, the path from above, can be called theoretical and deductive. The researcher here goes from a theoretical assumption, from some important, but perhaps not even always provable axiom, from the general to the particular, he first identifies the main features of the type, which he then tries to empirically substantiate and verify. Psychoanalyst Carl Jung built the typology in this way. nine0045

The main personality typologies for their construction have three tasks. The research task is to find a rationale, usually bodily, morphological, anatomical or anatomical-physiological for character types - as the ancients said, to connect the soul with the body. The empirical-descriptive task is to identify the maximum number of individual classes or specific types, for example, anomalies of character, in order to develop specific advice for each such group, specifically addressed to them, to control behavior. The more varied the classification, the more precise such individually directed advice and guidance can become. The third, actually therapeutic task, which is not always immediately noticeable, is connected with building a typology from above, more precisely, deductively. Any discussion of individuality is associated with psychotherapy, and the researcher here runs the risk of not knowing exactly the characteristics of each representative of the types, but this is justified by the fact that the selection of such general characteristics is a certain language and means that are offered to the typed for understanding his own individuality. nine0045

The presence of psycho-corporeal correspondences in the structure of the body and character allows us to substantiate the bodily essence of psychological properties. Hippocrates described the humoral, liquid theory of this relationship. Sechenov, Pavlov, Teplov, Nebylitsyn relied on the properties of the central nervous system. Temperament settled on the subject's bodily constitution, which is even worldly combined for us with his specific lifestyle, mode of behavior. This is well illustrated in the short story Thick and Thin. The fat one is good-natured, talkative, while the thin one is wary, sometimes vindictive, vindictive, observant. However, everyday observation is always superficial, intuitive, in it the particular is taken for the general. nine0045

Ernst Kretschmer, a German psychiatrist at the beginning of the last century, built his constitutional typology, which is described in his book Body Structure and Character, in three steps. At the first stage, he singled out the main types of constitution and correlated them with the presence of a mental illness. Kretschmer set himself the task of highlighting clear parameters in appearance for each personality type he discovered so that he had a specific face. As a result, after that he separated three types that were as different as possible from each other, although initially there were many more types, also mixed, not having qualitative specifics. nine0045

The first type, asthenic, is characterized by a weak development of the musculoskeletal system, seems to be taller than his actual height due to thinness, has an angular profile - a somewhat reduced chin and an elongated nose. The second type, called athletic, has a figure that corresponds to the stereotype of masculinity. The third type, called the picnic, has developed body cavities, its figure resembles a model of a snow woman. Even if the picnic takes care of himself, his face betrays him - it has a pentagonal profile, as well as a short neck. nine0045

Asthenic physique is characterized by psychological characteristics described as schizothymia, literally - a tendency to splitting. Schizothymic has abstract thinking, it can be found among mathematicians and philosophers, where there is a need to build a model of the world, to distance oneself from the world in order to systematize it. Shizotimik is a man of ideas, a consistent and ardent supporter of it. Picnic is characterized by cyclothymia associated with emotional fluctuations. Cyclothymics prefer those areas of knowledge in which there is a need to describe the object as it is, for example, geography, botany. He not only perceives the world, but feels it, gives it an emotional assessment. He is inclined to take into account the real situation, to change his positions if the reality has changed, he is inclined to compromise. nine0045

Kretschmer outlined a certain polarity, opposition between types, which will be developed in further typologies. He also approached the selection of properties according to the principle of correlation, and therefore today the Kretschmer approach to differentiation is manifested in an attempt to find a third party, for example, environmental influences that explain the formation of certain bodily and psychological parameters.

Following Kretschmer, his follower Sheldon continued to study personality types in connection with the body. Sheldon's analysis strategy has changed. If Kretschmer considered specific carriers of types, then Sheldon does not single out integral types and does not aim at a qualitative analysis, but describes each character with a list of parameters, quantitatively. Sheldon for each carrier highlights the signs of a certain physique, its indices. nine0045

Further, at the intersection of psychology and psychiatry, mental illnesses were identified, followed by accentuations, which are an exacerbation of features, but are not a violation, are within the normal range. The study of accentuations was carried out by Gannushkin, Lichko, their methods are still widely used in psychiatry and the differential field of psychology.

Jung's personality typology

Jung, following the philosopher Kant, builds his own typology in order to reveal the means for personality development. He deals with his patients, whom typology can help to survive psychological difficulties, but Jung considers both himself and healthy people to be typified. Unlike the diagnostic map of accentuations according to Gannushkin and Lichko, Jung does not hide his analysis from his patients. nine0045

Jung, looking through the history of art, music, poetry, philosophy, notices that people are usually singled out in pairs, for example, rational and emotional. In this pairing, he sees an important meaning, and makes his main discovery - like natural opposing forces, for example, stretching, compressing, exhaling, inhaling, two opposite directions can be distinguished in the psyche, attitudes towards extraversion and introversion.

Both directions are present in the psyche of every subject, but one of them always prevails. Jung explains this through that psychoanalytic construction, in which there is one attitude in the mind, and the opposite one in the unconscious. Jung's idea here, however, is to balance yourself. nine0045

Next, Jung highlights another dichotomy, opposed to each other thinking and emotions, then speaks of the dominant mental function. He finds another pair of characteristics, sensory-intuition. He considers all these functions to be non-equilibrium present in the structure of the psyche, one of them always dominates.

Sensory is a sensation, our perception of how the action of our act occurs. Emotion is associated with the acceptance of a perceived event on an emotional level. Thinking allows you to make sense of the situation. Intuition, which, according to Jung, means the ability to anticipate the consequences of an act, its future results, is associated with the ability to imagine. nine0045

Jung could be followed by another author, Lazursky, who, along with the identification of types, considers levels of development. This attempt is present, although far from being indisputable.

Myers-Briggs Typology

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is based on Young's typology. Both of its creators did not have a psychological education, however, after reading Jung's "Psychological Types", they began to actively type in practice, conducting observations of people's behavior, his research. Living in wartime, they had the opportunity to observe large masses of people in non-standard situations, and on the basis of this material they described in more detail the differences in types. nine0045

More MBTI has been effectively developed as a system that allows you to form work teams, select staff, and predict the behavior of employees in the company. Specialists using the MBTI aim to build the right management in connection with the types of personalities of both the leader and subordinates. MBTI allows you to separate not only the strengths, but also the weaknesses of the subject and, concentrating on the strengths, place the employee in the most suitable position for him in the organization. nine0045

According to the MBTI, the type of person is represented in four formats. The first is the source of energy, from where a person draws energy. An extrovert receives energy from outside, he needs to constantly act and communicate, this is his way of survival and comfort zone. It is in the process of interaction with the external world that he receives an impetus for development and material for it. An introvert, on the contrary, draws energy from within himself and therefore loves solitude.

The next one is the center of attention, a way of obtaining information about the world around us. Here we are dealing with sensorics as a support for the sense organs, intuition as a supraconscious process of analysis, forecasting and anticipation of events. The sensory type is based on the present and already received past experience, while the intuitive is able to see figuratively, the whole picture, as if from above. nine0045

This is followed by the decision-making center of the thinking or feeling way. The thinking type reasons on the basis of right and wrong, and the feeling type on the basis of personal values.

And the last pair of characteristics, judgment and perception, are related to the lifestyle of the individual. Judgment people live in an orderly, predictable world, while perception people live in a deep, elemental world with options open to all kinds of choices, which is why decisions they don't make until the last moment. nine0045

Socionics

Simultaneously with Briggs Myers, Aushra Augustinavichiute worked on her typology, called socionics, which is also a continuation of Jung's typology. It was also based on Kempinski's theory of the so-called informational metabolism. Socionics has become a field of knowledge that studies how a person receives, then processes, and then gives out information. Later, they began to talk not only about information, but already about energy-information exchange.

In addition to the division into dichotomies in terms of fidelity, as well as the division into sensorics, intuitives, thinkers, which are called logicians in socionics, and feelers, which are called ethics, rational people of judgment and the so-called irrationals, people of perception, socionics also has a model of the psyche , 8 ordered functions arranged in priority. Here mental, vital blocks, subtypes, accentuations of types are considered. nine0045

Special attention in socionics deserves the theory of duality - the ideal compatibility of types that complement each other and form a closed ring through their energy and information exchange. Such an exchange is associated with the return of each in a pair of content according to its strong functions and a request for acceptance according to its weak ones. It is believed that the so-called duals in socionics provide each other with information through the most comfortable channels, while mutually protecting the partner in painful matters for him. nine0045

In socionics, in addition to dual relations, relations between all types are considered, which makes this typology unique. It allows not only to describe the carrier of the type, but also to consciously and effectively influence him, as far as it is possible within the framework of his type, supplying information and energy through the channels he needs. Areas of creativity are described in which the person being typed will be most effective, will be able to act not only without exhaustion, but, on the contrary, getting satisfaction from self-realization. As well as areas of least resistance of the psyche, activities in which will not only be unreasonably costly for the carrier of the type, but even often traumatic. nine0045

Today socionics has been widely developed as a typology and even as a field of philosophy, and some experts seek to bring it into the status of a separate science. This typology has practical significance in business, personal relationships, self-identification, value self-determination, professional orientation, and the creation of optimally functioning teams.

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