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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) | Occupational Medicine
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Mike Drayton
Mike Drayton
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Occupational Medicine, Volume 59, Issue 2, March 2009, Pages 135–136, https://doi.
org/10.1093/occmed/kqn182
Published:
01 March 2009
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Mike Drayton, The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2), Occupational Medicine , Volume 59, Issue 2, March 2009, Pages 135–136, https://doi.
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A brief history
The original Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was published in 1940 and the second revised version—the MMPI-2—was published in 1989.
It is the most widely used psychometric test for measuring adult psychopathology in the world. The MMPI-2 is used in mental health, medical and employment settings.
Description
The test developers Hathaway and McKinley used an empirical test construction technique to develop the MMPI. This involved basing the test scales (for example the hypochondriasis scale) on the actual test items that differentiate people with hypochondriasis from ‘normals’. Often, the questions that do this most reliably are not concerned with health issues as such. This has two advantages. First, it makes it very difficult for subjects to ‘fake’ responses, deny problems or give a particular impression. Second, the MMPI-2 is based on empirical research and not on a clinician's assumptions about what answers indicate particular personality traits.
The data from MMPI-2 assessments are particularly useful in occupational health settings in complex presentations where doubt as to what is really wrong with the patient exists.
For example, the MMPI-2 should normally be able to detect unconsciously somatizing or consciously malingering in patients [1]. The MMPI-2 can also be used to assess psychological stability in workers in ‘high-risk’ professions such as airline pilots, police or workers in the nuclear power industry [2–4].
One of the disadvantages of the MMPI-2 for the occupational health physician is that the MMPI-2 is a strictly licensed test and can only be purchased, administered and interpreted by a suitably experienced clinical psychologist or psychiatrist. As such, it should be regarded as a complex diagnostic investigation for relatively infrequent use.
It takes most people between 1 h and 90 min to complete the MMPI-2.
Items
The MMPI-2 is a 567 item, true/false self-report measure of a person's psychological state. It has nine validity scales (or ‘lie’ scales), assessing for lying, defensiveness, faking good and faking bad and among others [5].
These scales make it very difficult to fake the MMPI-2 results. The measure has many clinical scales assessing mental health problems (i.e. depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder), personality characteristics (i.e. psychopathy) and general personality traits such as anger, somatization, hypochondriasis, ‘type A behaviour’ addiction potential, poor ego strength and many others.
Validity
The MMPI-2 was validated using a normative sample of 2600 adults. There are ∼10 000 published papers using the MMPI-2 and this pool is added to by hundreds of papers every year. A symptom validity scale (FBS) has been added to the inventory in recent years to help exclude symptom exaggeration and has been reported as having very low false-positive rates.
Key research
Nordin et al. [6] applied the MMPI-2 to 307 female and 161 male patients with chronic pain. They found a strong relationship between reported pain disorder and conversion disorder (experiencing psychological and emotional problems as physical pain).
This is an extremely useful finding for occupational health physicians because it shows the utility of the MMPI-2 for determining whether a patient complaining of chronic pain would best benefit from medical treatment or psychological therapy.
The MMPI-2 can be obtained from www.pearsonassessments.com/tests/mmpi_2.htm.
References
1.
Schretlen
DJ
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The use of psychological tests to identify malingered symptoms of mental disorder
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Clin Psychol Rev
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1988
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8
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451
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476
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2.
Beutler
LE
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Parameters in the prediction of police officer performance
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Prof Psychol Res Pr
,
1985
, vol.
16
(pg.
324
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335
)
3.
Butcher
JN
.
Psychological assessment of airline pilot applicants with the MMPI-2
,
J Pers Assess
,
1994
, vol.
62
(pg.
31
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44
)
4.
Sellbom
M
,
Fischler
GL
,
Ben-Porath
YS
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Identifying MMPI-2 predictors of police officer integrity and misconduct
,
Crim Justice Behav
,
2007
, vol.
34
(pg.
985
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1004
)
5.
Butcher
JN
,
Dahlstrom
WG
,
Graham
JR
,
Tellegen
AM
,
Kreammer
B
. ,
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) Manual for Administration and Scoring
,
1989
Minneapolis, MN
University of Minneapolis Press
6.
Nordin
H
,
Eisemann
M
,
Richter
J
.
MMPI-2 subgroups in a sample of chronic pain patients
,
Scand J Psychol
,
2005
, vol.
46
(pg.
209
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216
)
© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Occupational Medicine. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: [email protected]
© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Occupational Medicine. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: [email protected]
Issue Section:
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2)
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| | ||||||||||
| inches | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
| 0 | - | 25,400 | 50,800 | 76.200 | 101.600 | 127,000 | 152.400 | 177.800 | 203.200 | 228.600 |
| 5/64 | 1.984 | 27.384 | 52.784 | 78.184 | 103. | 128.984 | 154.384 | 179.784 | 205.184 | 230.584 |
| 9/64 | 3.572 | 28.972 | 54.372 | 79.772 | 105.172 | 130.572 | 155.972 | 181.372 | 206.772 | 232.172 |
| 13/64 | 5.159 | 30.959 | 55.959 | 81.359 | 106.759 | 132.159 | 157.559 | 182. | 208.359 | 233.759 |
| 17/64 | 6.747 | 32.147 | 57.547 | 82.947 | 108.347 | 133.747 | 159.147 | 184.547 | 209.947 | 235.347 |
| 21/64 | 8.334 | 33.734 | 59.134 | 84.534 | 109.934 | 135.334 | 160.734 | 186.134 | 211.534 | 236.934 |
| 25/64 | 9.922 | 35.322 | 60.722 | 86.122 | 111.522 | 136.922 | 162.322 | 187. | 213.122 | 238.522 |
| 29/64 | 11.509 | 36.909 | 62.309 | 87.709 | 113.109 | 138.509 | 163.909 | 189.309 | 214.709 | 240.109 |
| 33/64 | 13.097 | 38.497 | 63;897 | 89.297 | 114.697 | 140.097 | 165.497 | 190.897 | 216.297 | 241.697 |
| 37/64 | 14. | 40.084 | 65.484 | 90.884 | 116.284 | 141.684 | 167.084 | 192.484 | 217.884 | 243.284 |
| 41/64 | 16.272 | 41.672 | 67.072 | 92.472 | 117.872 | 143.272 | 168.672 | 194.072 | 219.472 | 244.872 |
| 45/64 | 17.859 | 43.259 | 68.659 | 94. | 119.459 | 144.859 | 170.259 | 195.659 | 221.059 | 246.459 |
| 49/64 | 19.447 | 44.847 | 70.247 | 95.647 | 121.047 | 146.447 | 171.847 | 197.247 | 222.647 | 248.047 |
| 53/64 | 21.034 | 46.434 | 71.834 | 97.234 | 122.634 | 148.034 | 173. | 198.834 | 224.234 | 249.634 |
| 57/64 | 22.622 | 48.022 | 73.422 | 98.822 | 124.222 | 149.622 | 175.022 | 200.422 | 225.822 | 251.222 |
| 61/64 | 24.209 | 49. | 75.009 | 100.409 | 125.809 | 151.209 | 176.609 | 202.009 | 227.409 | 252.809 |
397 
197 
584 
369 
362 
959 
744 
528 
125 
722 
903 
688 
684 
678 
462 
059 
844 
838 
434 
219 
609 Conversion table inch to mm
Inch size is denoted by a fraction and means the number of fractions of an inch (1 inch (inch) \u003d 25.
4 mm), where at the top of the fraction (numerator) is a part of the quantity, and at the bottom of the fraction (denominator) is the number of fractions of an inch. For example, 1/2" is one second of an inch, 7/8" is seven eighths of an inch, and so on. The inch dimension is mainly used on fasteners for parts and assemblies of American-made car mechanisms.
| inch = mm | inch = mm | inch = mm | inch = mm | inch = mm |
| 1/32 = 0.7938 | 1-1/32 = 26.1938 | 2-1/32 = 51.5938 | 3-1/32 = 76.9938 | 4-1/32 = 102.3938 |
| 1/16 = 1.5875 | 1-1/16 = 26.9875 | 2-1/16 = 52.3875 | 3-1/16 = 77.7875 | 4-1/16 = 103.1875 |
| 3/32 = 2.3812 | 1-3/32 = 27.7812 | 2-3/32 = 53.1812 | 3-3/32 = 78.5812 | 4-3/32 = 103. 9812 |
| 1/8 = 3.1750 | 1-1/8 = 28.5750 | 2-1/8 = 53.9750 | 3-1/8 = 79.3750 | 4-1/8 = 104.7750 |
| 5/32 = 3.9688 | 1-5/32 = 29.3688 | 2-5/32 = 54.7688 | 3-5/32 = 80.1688 | 4-5/32 = 105.5688 |
| 3/16 = 4.7625 | 1-3/16 = 30.1625 | 2-3/16 = 55.5625 | 3-3/16 = 80.9625 | 4-3/16 = 106.3625 |
| 7/32 = 5.5562 | 1-7/32 = 30.9562 | 2-7/32 = 56.3562 | 3-7/32 = 81.7562 | 4-7/32 = 107.1562 |
| 1/4 = 6.3500 | 1-1/4 = 31.7500 | 2-1/4 = 57.1500 | 3-1/4 = 82.5500 | 4-1/4 = 107.9500 |
| 9/32 = 7.1438 | 1-9/32 = 32.5438 | 2-9/32 = 57.9438 | 3-9/32 = 83.3438 | 4-9/32 = 108.7438 |
| 5/16 = 7.9375 | 1-5/16 = 33. 3375 | 2-5/16 = 58.7375 | 3-5/16 = 84.1375 | 4-5/16 = 109.5375 |
| 11/32 = 8.7312 | 1-11/32 = 34.1312 | 2-11/32 = 59.5312 | 3-11/32 = 84.9312 | 4-11/32 = 110.3312 |
| 3/8 = 9.5250 | 1-3/8 = 34.9250 | 2-3/8 = 60.3250 | 3-3/8 = 85.7250 | 4-3/8 = 111.1250 |
| 13/32 = 10.3188 | 1-13/32 = 35.7188 | 2-13/32 = 61.1188 | 3-13/32 = 86.5188 | 4-13/32 = 111.9188 |
| 7/16 = 11.1125 | 1-7/16 = 36.5125 | 2-7/16 = 61.9125 | 3-7/16 = 87.3125 | 4-7/16 = 112.7125 |
| 15/32 = 11.9062 | 1-15/32 = 37.3062 | 2-15/32 = 62.7062 | 3-15/32 = 88.1062 | 4-15/32 = 113.5062 |
| 1/2 = 12.7000 | 1-1/2 = 38.1000 | 2-1/2 = 63.5000 | 3-1/2 = 88. 9000 | 4-1/2 = 114.3000 |
| 17/32 = 13.4938 | 1-17/32 = 38.8938 | 2-17/32 = 64.2938 | 3-17/32 = 89.6938 | 4-17/32 = 115.0938 |
| 9/16 = 14.2875 | 1-9/16 = 39.6875 | 2-9/16 = 65.0875 | 3-9/16 = 90.4875 | 4-9/16 = 115.8875 |
| 19/32 = 15.0812 | 1-19/32 = 40.4812 | 2-19/32 = 65.8812 | 3-19/32 = 91.2812 | 4-19/32 = 116.6812 |
| 5/8 = 15.8750 | 1-5/8 = 41.2750 | 2-5/8 = 66.6750 | 3-5/8 = 92.0750 | 4-5/8 = 117.4750 |
| 21/32 = 16.6688 | 1-21/32 = 42.0688 | 2-21/32 = 67.4688 | 3-21/32 = 92.8688 | 4-21/32 = 118.2688 |
| 11/16 = 17.4625 | 1-11/16 = 42.8625 | 2-11/16 = 68.2625 | 3-11/16 = 93.6625 | 4-11/16 = 119. 0625 |
| 23/32 = 18.2562 | 1-23/32 = 43.6562 | 2-23/32 = 69.0562 | 3-23/32 = 94.4562 | 4-23/32 = 119.8562 |
| 3/4 = 19.0500 | 1-3/4 = 44.4500 | 2-3/4 = 69.8500 | 3-3/4 = 95.2500 | 4-3/4 = 120.4500 |
| 25/32 = 19.8438 | 1-25/32 = 45.2438 | 2-25/32 = 70.6438 | 3-25/32 = 96.0438 | 4-25/32 = 121.4438 |
| 13/16 = 20.6375 | 1-13/16 = 46.0375 | 2-13/16 = 71.4375 | 3-13/16 = 96.8375 | 4-13/16 = 122.2375 |
| 27/32 = 21.4312 | 1-27/32 = 46.8312 | 2-27/32 = 72.2312 | 3-27/32 = 97.6312 | 4-27/32 = 123.0312 |
| 7/8 = 22.2250 | 1-7/8 = 47.6250 | 2-7/8 = 73.0250 | 3-7/8 = 98.4250 | 4-7/8 = 123.8250 |
29/32 = 23.    Copyright © · The Wright Initiative · Articles · Site Map 
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