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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) | Occupational Medicine

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Mike Drayton

Mike Drayton

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Occupational Medicine, Volume 59, Issue 2, March 2009, Pages 135–136, https://doi. org/10.1093/occmed/kqn182

Published:

01 March 2009

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    Mike Drayton, The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2), Occupational Medicine , Volume 59, Issue 2, March 2009, Pages 135–136, https://doi. org/10.1093/occmed/kqn182

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A brief history

The original Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was published in 1940 and the second revised version—the MMPI-2—was published in 1989. It is the most widely used psychometric test for measuring adult psychopathology in the world. The MMPI-2 is used in mental health, medical and employment settings.

Description

The test developers Hathaway and McKinley used an empirical test construction technique to develop the MMPI. This involved basing the test scales (for example the hypochondriasis scale) on the actual test items that differentiate people with hypochondriasis from ‘normals’. Often, the questions that do this most reliably are not concerned with health issues as such. This has two advantages. First, it makes it very difficult for subjects to ‘fake’ responses, deny problems or give a particular impression. Second, the MMPI-2 is based on empirical research and not on a clinician's assumptions about what answers indicate particular personality traits.

The data from MMPI-2 assessments are particularly useful in occupational health settings in complex presentations where doubt as to what is really wrong with the patient exists. For example, the MMPI-2 should normally be able to detect unconsciously somatizing or consciously malingering in patients [1]. The MMPI-2 can also be used to assess psychological stability in workers in ‘high-risk’ professions such as airline pilots, police or workers in the nuclear power industry [2–4].

One of the disadvantages of the MMPI-2 for the occupational health physician is that the MMPI-2 is a strictly licensed test and can only be purchased, administered and interpreted by a suitably experienced clinical psychologist or psychiatrist. As such, it should be regarded as a complex diagnostic investigation for relatively infrequent use.

It takes most people between 1 h and 90 min to complete the MMPI-2.

Items

The MMPI-2 is a 567 item, true/false self-report measure of a person's psychological state. It has nine validity scales (or ‘lie’ scales), assessing for lying, defensiveness, faking good and faking bad and among others [5]. These scales make it very difficult to fake the MMPI-2 results. The measure has many clinical scales assessing mental health problems (i.e. depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder), personality characteristics (i.e. psychopathy) and general personality traits such as anger, somatization, hypochondriasis, ‘type A behaviour’ addiction potential, poor ego strength and many others.

Validity

The MMPI-2 was validated using a normative sample of 2600 adults. There are ∼10 000 published papers using the MMPI-2 and this pool is added to by hundreds of papers every year. A symptom validity scale (FBS) has been added to the inventory in recent years to help exclude symptom exaggeration and has been reported as having very low false-positive rates.

Key research

Nordin et al. [6] applied the MMPI-2 to 307 female and 161 male patients with chronic pain. They found a strong relationship between reported pain disorder and conversion disorder (experiencing psychological and emotional problems as physical pain). This is an extremely useful finding for occupational health physicians because it shows the utility of the MMPI-2 for determining whether a patient complaining of chronic pain would best benefit from medical treatment or psychological therapy.

The MMPI-2 can be obtained from www.pearsonassessments.com/tests/mmpi_2.htm.

References

1.

Schretlen

DJ

The use of psychological tests to identify malingered symptoms of mental disorder

Clin Psychol Rev

1988

, vol. 

8

 (pg. 

451

-

476

)

2.

Beutler

LE

Parameters in the prediction of police officer performance

Prof Psychol Res Pr

1985

, vol.  

16

 (pg. 

324

-

335

)

3.

Butcher

JN

Psychological assessment of airline pilot applicants with the MMPI-2

J Pers Assess

1994

, vol. 

62

 (pg. 

31

-

44

)

4.

Sellbom

M

Fischler

GL

Ben-Porath

YS

Identifying MMPI-2 predictors of police officer integrity and misconduct

Crim Justice Behav

2007

, vol.  

34

 (pg. 

985

-

1004

)

5.

Butcher

JN

Dahlstrom

WG

Graham

JR

Tellegen

AM

Kreammer

B

. , 

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) Manual for Administration and Scoring

1989

Minneapolis, MN

University of Minneapolis Press

6.

Nordin

H

Eisemann

M

Richter

J

MMPI-2 subgroups in a sample of chronic pain patients

Scand J Psychol

2005

, vol.  

46

 (pg. 

209

-

216

)

© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Occupational Medicine. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: [email protected]

© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Occupational Medicine. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: [email protected]

Issue Section:

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2)

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Convert inches to millimeters and vice versa


Millimeters (mm)

inches

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0
1/64
1/32
3/64
1/16

-
0. 397
0.794
1.191
1.588

25,400
25.797
26.194
26.591
26.988

50,800
51.197
51.594
51.991
52.388

76.200
76.597
76.994
77.391
77.788

101.600
101.997
102.394
102.791
103.188

127,000
127.397
127.794
128.191
128.588

152.400
152.797
153.194
153.591
153.988

177.800
178. 197
178.594
178.991
179.388

203.200
203.597
203.994
204.391
204.788

228.600
228.997
229.394
229.791
230.188

5/64
3/32
7/64
1/8

1.984
2.381
2.778
3.175

27.384
27.781
28.178
28.575

52.784
53.181
53.578
53.975

78.184
78.581
78.978
79.375

103. 584
103.981
104.378
104.775

128.984
129.381
129.778
130.175

154.384
154.781
155.178
155.575

179.784
180.181
180.578
180.975

205.184
205.581
205.978
206.375

230.584
230.981
231.378
231.775

9/64
5/32
11/64
3/16

3.572
3.969
4.366
4.762

28.972
29. 369
29.766
30.162

54.372
54.769
55.166
55.552

79.772
80.169
80.566
80.962

105.172
105.569
105.966
106.362

130.572
130.969
131.366
131.762

155.972
156.369
156.766
157.162

181.372
181.769
182.166
182.562

206.772
207.169
207.566
207.962

232.172
232.569
232.966
233. 362

13/64
7/32
15/64
1/4

5.159
5.556
5.953
6.350

30.959
30.956
31.353
31.750

55.959
56.356
56.753
57.150

81.359
81.756
82.153
82.550

106.759
107.156
107.553
107.950

132.159
132.556
132.953
133.350

157.559
157.956
158.353
158.750

182. 959
183.356
183.753
184.150

208.359
208.756
209.153
209.550

233.759
234.156
234.553
234.950

17/64
9/32
19/64
5/16

6.747
7.144
7.541
7.938

32.147
32.544
32.941
33.338

57.547
57.944
58.341
58.738

82.947
83.344
83.741
84.138

108.347
108. 744
109.141
109.538

133.747
134.144
134.541
134.938

159.147
159.544
159.941
160.338

184.547
184.944
185.341
185.738

209.947
210.344
210.741
211.138

235.347
235.744
236.141
236.538

21/64
11/32
23/64
3/8

8.334
8.731
9.128
9.525

33.734
34.131
34. 528
34.925

59.134
59.531
59.928
60.325

84.534
84.931
85.328
85.725

109.934
110.331
110.728
111.125

135.334
135.731
136.128
136.525

160.734
161.131
161.528
161.925

186.134
186.531
186.928
187.325

211.534
211.931
212.328
212.725

236.934
237.331
237.728
238. 125

25/64
13/32
27/64
7/16

9.922
10.319
10.716
11.112

35.322
35.719
36.116
36.512

60.722
61.119
61.516
61.912

86.122
86.519
86.916
87.312

111.522
111.919
112.316
112.712

136.922
137.319
137.716
138.112

162.322
162.719
163.116
163.512

187. 722
188.119
188.516
188.912

213.122
213.519
213.916
214.312

238.522
238.919
239.316
239.712

29/64
15/32
31/64
1/2

11.509
11.906
12.303
12.700

36.909
37.306
37.703
38.100

62.309
62.706
63.103
63.500

87.709
88.106
88.503
88.900

113.109
113.506
113. 903
114.300

138.509
138.906
139.303
139.700

163.909
164.306
164.703
165.100

189.309
189.706
190.103
190.500

214.709
215.106
215.503
215.900

240.109
240.506
240.903
241.300

33/64
17/32
35/64
9/16

13.097
13.494
13.891
14.288

38.497
38.894
39.291
39. 688

63;897
64.294
64.691
65.088

89.297
89.694
90.091
90.488

114.697
115.094
115.491
115.888

140.097
140.494
140.891
141.288

165.497
165.894
166.291
166.688

190.897
191.294
191.691
192.088

216.297
216.694
217.091
217.488

241.697
242.094
242.491
242.888

37/64
19/32
39/64
5/8

14. 684
15.081
15.478
15.875

40.084
40.481
40.878
41.275

65.484
65.881
66.278
66.675

90.884
91.281
91.678
92.075

116.284
116.681
117.078
117.475

141.684
142.081
142.478
142.875

167.084
167.481
167.878
168.275

192.484
192.881
193.278
193.675

217.884
218.281
218. 678
219.075

243.284
243.681
244.078
244.475

41/64
21/32
43/64
11/16

16.272
16.669
17.066
17.462

41.672
42.069
42.466
42.862

67.072
67.469
67.866
68.262

92.472
92.869
93.266
93.662

117.872
118.269
118.666
119.062

143.272
143.669
144.066
144. 462

168.672
169.069
169.466
169.862

194.072
194.469
194.866
195.262

219.472
219.869
220.266
220.662

244.872
245.269
245.666
246.062

45/64
23/32
47/64
3/4

17.859
18.256
18.653
19.050

43.259
43.656
44.053
44.450

68.659
69.056
69.453
69.850

94. 059
94.456
94.853
95.250

119.459
119.856
120.253
120.650

144.859
145.256
145.653
146.050

170.259
170.656
171.053
171.450

195.659
196.056
196.453
196.850

221.059
221.456
221.853
222.250

246.459
246.856
247.253
247.650

49/64
25/32
51/64
13/16

19.447
19. 844
20.241
20.638

44.847
45.244
45.641
46.038

70.247
70.644
71.041
71.438

95.647
96.044
96.441
96.838

121.047
121.444
121.841
122.238

146.447
146.844
147.241
147.638

171.847
172.244
172.641
173.038

197.247
197.644
198.041
198.438

222.647
223.044
223.441
223. 838

248.047
248.444
248.841
249.238

53/64
27/23
55/64
7/8

21.034
21.431
21.828
22.225

46.434
46.831
47.228
47.625

71.834
72.231
72.628
73.025

97.234
97.631
98.028
98.425

122.634
123.031
123.428
123.825

148.034
148.431
148.828
149.225

173. 434
173.831
174.228
174.625

198.834
199.231
199.628
200.025

224.234
224.631
225.028
225.425

249.634
250.031
250.428
250.825

57/64
29/32
59/64
15/16

22.622
23.019
23.416
23.812

48.022
48.419
48.816
49.212

73.422
73.819
74.216
74.612

98.822
99. 219
99.616
100.012

124.222
124.619
125.016
125.412

149.622
150.019
150.416
150.812

175.022
175.419
175.816
176.212

200.422
200.819
201.216
201.612

225.822
226.219
226.616
227.012

251.222
251.619
252.016
252.412

61/64
31/32
63/64

24.209
24.606
25.003

49. 609
50.006
50.403

75.009
75.406
75.803

100.409
100.806
101.203

125.809
126.206
126.603

151.209
151.606
152.003

176.609
177.006
177.403

202.009
202.406
202.803

227.409
227.806
228.203

252.809
253.206
253.603

Conversion table inch to mm

Inch size is denoted by a fraction and means the number of fractions of an inch (1 inch (inch) \u003d 25. 4 mm), where at the top of the fraction (numerator) is a part of the quantity, and at the bottom of the fraction (denominator) is the number of fractions of an inch. For example, 1/2" is one second of an inch, 7/8" is seven eighths of an inch, and so on. The inch dimension is mainly used on fasteners for parts and assemblies of American-made car mechanisms.

inch = mm inch = mm inch = mm inch = mm inch = mm
1/32 = 0.7938 1-1/32 = 26.1938 2-1/32 = 51.5938 3-1/32 = 76.9938 4-1/32 = 102.3938
1/16 = 1.5875 1-1/16 = 26.9875 2-1/16 = 52.3875 3-1/16 = 77.7875 4-1/16 = 103.1875
3/32 = 2.3812 1-3/32 = 27.7812 2-3/32 = 53.1812 3-3/32 = 78.5812 4-3/32 = 103. 9812
1/8 = 3.1750 1-1/8 = 28.5750 2-1/8 = 53.9750 3-1/8 = 79.3750 4-1/8 = 104.7750
5/32 = 3.9688 1-5/32 = 29.3688 2-5/32 = 54.7688 3-5/32 = 80.1688 4-5/32 = 105.5688
3/16 = 4.7625 1-3/16 = 30.1625 2-3/16 = 55.5625 3-3/16 = 80.9625 4-3/16 = 106.3625
7/32 = 5.5562 1-7/32 = 30.9562 2-7/32 = 56.3562 3-7/32 = 81.7562 4-7/32 = 107.1562
1/4 = 6.3500 1-1/4 = 31.7500 2-1/4 = 57.1500 3-1/4 = 82.5500 4-1/4 = 107.9500
9/32 = 7.1438 1-9/32 = 32.5438 2-9/32 = 57.9438 3-9/32 = 83.3438 4-9/32 = 108.7438
5/16 = 7.9375 1-5/16 = 33. 3375 2-5/16 = 58.7375 3-5/16 = 84.1375 4-5/16 = 109.5375
11/32 = 8.7312 1-11/32 = 34.1312 2-11/32 = 59.5312 3-11/32 = 84.9312 4-11/32 = 110.3312
3/8 = 9.5250 1-3/8 = 34.9250 2-3/8 = 60.3250 3-3/8 = 85.7250 4-3/8 = 111.1250
13/32 = 10.3188 1-13/32 = 35.7188 2-13/32 = 61.1188 3-13/32 = 86.5188 4-13/32 = 111.9188
7/16 = 11.1125 1-7/16 = 36.5125 2-7/16 = 61.9125 3-7/16 = 87.3125 4-7/16 = 112.7125
15/32 = 11.9062 1-15/32 = 37.3062 2-15/32 = 62.7062 3-15/32 = 88.1062 4-15/32 = 113.5062
1/2 = 12.7000 1-1/2 = 38.1000 2-1/2 = 63.5000 3-1/2 = 88. 9000 4-1/2 = 114.3000
17/32 = 13.4938 1-17/32 = 38.8938 2-17/32 = 64.2938 3-17/32 = 89.6938 4-17/32 = 115.0938
9/16 = 14.2875 1-9/16 = 39.6875 2-9/16 = 65.0875 3-9/16 = 90.4875 4-9/16 = 115.8875
19/32 = 15.0812 1-19/32 = 40.4812 2-19/32 = 65.8812 3-19/32 = 91.2812 4-19/32 = 116.6812
5/8 = 15.8750 1-5/8 = 41.2750 2-5/8 = 66.6750 3-5/8 = 92.0750 4-5/8 = 117.4750
21/32 = 16.6688 1-21/32 = 42.0688 2-21/32 = 67.4688 3-21/32 = 92.8688 4-21/32 = 118.2688
11/16 = 17.4625 1-11/16 = 42.8625 2-11/16 = 68.2625 3-11/16 = 93.6625 4-11/16 = 119. 0625
23/32 = 18.2562 1-23/32 = 43.6562 2-23/32 = 69.0562 3-23/32 = 94.4562 4-23/32 = 119.8562
3/4 = 19.0500 1-3/4 = 44.4500 2-3/4 = 69.8500 3-3/4 = 95.2500 4-3/4 = 120.4500
25/32 = 19.8438 1-25/32 = 45.2438 2-25/32 = 70.6438 3-25/32 = 96.0438 4-25/32 = 121.4438
13/16 = 20.6375 1-13/16 = 46.0375 2-13/16 = 71.4375 3-13/16 = 96.8375 4-13/16 = 122.2375
27/32 = 21.4312 1-27/32 = 46.8312 2-27/32 = 72.2312 3-27/32 = 97.6312 4-27/32 = 123.0312
7/8 = 22.2250 1-7/8 = 47.6250 2-7/8 = 73.0250 3-7/8 = 98.4250 4-7/8 = 123.8250
29/32 = 23.
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