Causes of ppd

Postpartum depression - Symptoms and causes

Overview

The birth of a baby can trigger a jumble of powerful emotions, from excitement and joy to fear and anxiety. But it can also result in something you might not expect — depression.

Most new moms experience postpartum "baby blues" after childbirth, which commonly include mood swings, crying spells, anxiety and difficulty sleeping. Baby blues typically begin within the first two to three days after delivery, and may last for up to two weeks.

But some new moms experience a more severe, long-lasting form of depression known as postpartum depression. Rarely, an extreme mood disorder called postpartum psychosis also may develop after childbirth.

Postpartum depression isn't a character flaw or a weakness. Sometimes it's simply a complication of giving birth. If you have postpartum depression, prompt treatment can help you manage your symptoms and help you bond with your baby.

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Symptoms

Signs and symptoms of depression after childbirth vary, and they can range from mild to severe.

Baby blues symptoms

Signs and symptoms of baby blues — which last only a few days to a week or two after your baby is born — may include:

Mood swings
Anxiety
Sadness
Irritability
Feeling overwhelmed
Crying
Reduced concentration
Appetite problems
Trouble sleeping

Postpartum depression symptoms

Postpartum depression may be mistaken for baby blues at first — but the signs and symptoms are more intense and last longer, and may eventually interfere with your ability to care for your baby and handle other daily tasks. Symptoms usually develop within the first few weeks after giving birth, but may begin earlier ― during pregnancy ― or later — up to a year after birth.

Postpartum depression signs and symptoms may include:

Depressed mood or severe mood swings
Excessive crying
Difficulty bonding with your baby
Withdrawing from family and friends
Loss of appetite or eating much more than usual
Inability to sleep (insomnia) or sleeping too much
Overwhelming fatigue or loss of energy
Reduced interest and pleasure in activities you used to enjoy
Intense irritability and anger
Fear that you're not a good mother
Hopelessness
Feelings of worthlessness, shame, guilt or inadequacy
Diminished ability to think clearly, concentrate or make decisions
Restlessness
Severe anxiety and panic attacks
Thoughts of harming yourself or your baby
Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide

Untreated, postpartum depression may last for many months or longer.

Postpartum psychosis

With postpartum psychosis — a rare condition that typically develops within the first week after delivery — the signs and symptoms are severe. Signs and symptoms may include:

Confusion and disorientation
Obsessive thoughts about your baby
Hallucinations and delusions
Sleep disturbances
Excessive energy and agitation
Paranoia
Attempts to harm yourself or your baby

Postpartum psychosis may lead to life-threatening thoughts or behaviors and requires immediate treatment.

Postpartum depression in new fathers

New fathers can experience postpartum depression, too. They may feel sad or fatigued, be overwhelmed, experience anxiety, or have changes in their usual eating and sleeping patterns ― the same symptoms mothers with postpartum depression experience.

Fathers who are young, have a history of depression, experience relationship problems or are struggling financially are most at risk of postpartum depression. Postpartum depression in fathers ― sometimes called paternal postpartum depression ― can have the same negative effect on partner relationships and child development as postpartum depression in mothers can.

If you're a new father and are experiencing symptoms of depression or anxiety during your partner's pregnancy or in the first year after your child's birth, talk to your health care professional. Similar treatments and supports provided to mothers with postpartum depression can be beneficial in treating postpartum depression in fathers.

When to see a doctor

If you're feeling depressed after your baby's birth, you may be reluctant or embarrassed to admit it. But if you experience any symptoms of postpartum baby blues or postpartum depression, call your doctor and schedule an appointment. If you have symptoms that suggest you may have postpartum psychosis, get help immediately.

It's important to call your doctor as soon as possible if the signs and symptoms of depression have any of these features:

Don't fade after two weeks
Are getting worse
Make it hard for you to care for your baby
Make it hard to complete everyday tasks
Include thoughts of harming yourself or your baby

If you have suicidal thoughts

If at any point you have thoughts of harming yourself or your baby, immediately seek help from your partner or loved ones in taking care of your baby and call 911 or your local emergency assistance number to get help.

Also consider these options if you're having suicidal thoughts:

Seek help from your primary care provider or other health care professional.
Call a mental health professional.
Call a suicide hotline. In the U.S., call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-TALK (1-800-273-8255) or use their webchat on suicidepreventionlifeline.org/chat.
Reach out to a close friend or loved one.
Contact a minister, spiritual leader or someone else in your faith community.

Helping a friend or loved one

People with depression may not recognize or acknowledge that they're depressed. They may not be aware of signs and symptoms of depression. If you suspect that a friend or loved one has postpartum depression or is developing postpartum psychosis, help them seek medical attention immediately. Don't wait and hope for improvement.

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Causes

There's no single cause of postpartum depression, but physical and emotional issues may play a role.

Physical changes. After childbirth, a dramatic drop in hormones (estrogen and progesterone) in your body may contribute to postpartum depression. Other hormones produced by your thyroid gland also may drop sharply — which can leave you feeling tired, sluggish and depressed.
Emotional issues. When you're sleep deprived and overwhelmed, you may have trouble handling even minor problems. You may be anxious about your ability to care for a newborn. You may feel less attractive, struggle with your sense of identity or feel that you've lost control over your life. Any of these issues can contribute to postpartum depression.

Risk factors

Any new mom can experience postpartum depression and it can develop after the birth of any child, not just the first. However, your risk increases if:

You have a history of depression, either during pregnancy or at other times
You have bipolar disorder
You had postpartum depression after a previous pregnancy
You have family members who've had depression or other mood disorders
You've experienced stressful events during the past year, such as pregnancy complications, illness or job loss
Your baby has health problems or other special needs
You have twins, triplets or other multiple births
You have difficulty breast-feeding
You're having problems in your relationship with your spouse or significant other
You have a weak support system
You have financial problems
The pregnancy was unplanned or unwanted

Complications

Left untreated, postpartum depression can interfere with mother-child bonding and cause family problems.

For mothers. Untreated postpartum depression can last for months or longer, sometimes becoming a chronic depressive disorder. Even when treated, postpartum depression increases a woman's risk of future episodes of major depression.
For fathers. Postpartum depression can have a ripple effect, causing emotional strain for everyone close to a new baby. When a new mother is depressed, the risk of depression in the baby's father may also increase. And new dads are already at increased risk of depression, whether or not their partner is affected.
For children. Children of mothers who have untreated postpartum depression are more likely to have emotional and behavioral problems, such as sleeping and eating difficulties, excessive crying, and delays in language development.

Prevention

If you have a history of depression — especially postpartum depression — tell your doctor if you're planning on becoming pregnant or as soon as you find out you're pregnant.

During pregnancy, your doctor can monitor you closely for signs and symptoms of depression. He or she may have you complete a depression-screening questionnaire during your pregnancy and after delivery. Sometimes mild depression can be managed with support groups, counseling or other therapies. In other cases, antidepressants may be recommended — even during pregnancy.
After your baby is born, your doctor may recommend an early postpartum checkup to screen for signs and symptoms of postpartum depression. The earlier it's detected, the earlier treatment can begin. If you have a history of postpartum depression, your doctor may recommend antidepressant treatment or psychotherapy immediately after delivery.

By Mayo Clinic Staff

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SAMHSA’s National Helpline is a free, confidential, 24/7, 365-day-a-year treatment referral and information service (in English and Spanish) for individuals and families facing mental and/or substance use disorders.
Also visit the online treatment locator.

SAMHSA’s National Helpline, 1-800-662-HELP (4357) (also known as the Treatment Referral Routing Service), or TTY: 1-800-487-4889 is a confidential, free, 24-hour-a-day, 365-day-a-year, information service, in English and Spanish, for individuals and family members facing mental and/or substance use disorders. This service provides referrals to local treatment facilities, support groups, and community-based organizations.

Also visit the online treatment locator, or send your zip code via text message: 435748 (HELP4U) to find help near you. Read more about the HELP4U text messaging service.

The service is open 24/7, 365 days a year.

English and Spanish are available if you select the option to speak with a national representative. Currently, the 435748 (HELP4U) text messaging service is only available in English.

In 2020, the Helpline received 833,598 calls. This is a 27 percent increase from 2019, when the Helpline received a total of 656,953 calls for the year.

The referral service is free of charge. If you have no insurance or are underinsured, we will refer you to your state office, which is responsible for state-funded treatment programs. In addition, we can often refer you to facilities that charge on a sliding fee scale or accept Medicare or Medicaid. If you have health insurance, you are encouraged to contact your insurer for a list of participating health care providers and facilities.

The service is confidential. We will not ask you for any personal information. We may ask for your zip code or other pertinent geographic information in order to track calls being routed to other offices or to accurately identify the local resources appropriate to your needs.

No, we do not provide counseling. Trained information specialists answer calls, transfer callers to state services or other appropriate intake centers in their states, and connect them with local assistance and support.

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It's Not Your Fault (NACoA) (PDF | 12 KB)
Assures teens with parents who abuse alcohol or drugs that, "It's not your fault!" and that they are not alone. Encourages teens to seek emotional support from other adults, school counselors, and youth support groups such as Alateen, and provides a resource list.
After an Attempt: A Guide for Taking Care of Your Family Member After Treatment in the Emergency Department
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Family Therapy Can Help: For People in Recovery From Mental Illness or Addiction
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Last Updated: 08/30/2022

Main causes of traffic accidents in Russia

Why do accidents happen? Most accidents occur through the fault of the drivers themselves: due to insufficient qualifications, ignorance of traffic rules or their gross violation. How not to become a participant in an accident? You need to know the most common causes of their occurrence. This article discusses the main factors causing accidents.

General
All causes of accidents in large and small cities can be divided into subjective and objective. The first category is violation of traffic rules and operation of a faulty vehicle. Objective reasons include:

incorrect layout of a carriageway or an entire street;
poor illumination of the road;
pits and potholes on the canvas.
If you have information about the most common circumstances that cause an accident, it is easier to avoid such a fate. It is important to remember that you should not leave the scene of the accident, because in this case the punishment will be more severe.

Alcohol
The main cause of traffic accidents in Russia is driving under the influence of alcohol. Drunk drivers often exceed the speed limit, do not keep the necessary distance between vehicles, violate the rules of overtaking, and drive into the oncoming lane. Most of the serious accidents are carried out by drunk motorists. They cease to adequately assess the situation and their abilities. There is excessive self-confidence, a thirst for extreme driving.

Drunk drivers press the gas pedal without thinking about the dire consequences for themselves and others. Alcohol seems to turn off the brain, and the person no longer controls his own actions. Every driver should know that the state of intoxication is not an excuse, but an aggravating circumstance. For drunk driving, even in the absence of traffic accidents, the deprivation of rights for a period of 1 to 3 years threatens.

Speed
The selection of the wrong pace of driving is in second place in the ranking of the causes of accidents. Not all drivers understand that even without exceeding the maximum allowable speed, it is quite possible to get into an accident. The pace of the ride must be selected individually, so as to fully control the situation. Speed depends on many conditions. Among them:

visibility;
the condition of the roadway;
technical characteristics of the vehicle;
driver skills and response.
To avoid a collision with another vehicle, it is important to keep a safe distance. It should be at least 1 m in urban conditions and 2 m when driving on the highway for every 2 km / h. These figures were calculated for a smooth road surface and good visibility. If you reduce the distance, you run the risk of not reacting to traffic changes in time and colliding with another vehicle or pedestrian.

Overtaking
Russian drivers are often in a hurry and do not want to "lag behind" slow "brothers". Overtaking is not a violation of traffic rules, but if it is not carried out correctly, the motorist runs the risk of colliding head-on with a car moving in the oncoming lane, especially if it is necessary to drive into it. Such accidents usually have disastrous consequences for the drivers and passengers of both cars. This is serious damage to cars, and bruises, injuries, and even death.

How to avoid accidents on the road while overtaking? It is necessary to quickly and correctly calculate the safe distance. Even if you do not need to go into the oncoming lane, overtaking should only be done if you can exceed the speed of the vehicle in front by at least 15 km / h. The higher this indicator is, the faster you will overcome the dangerous area.

The main cause of an accident when overtaking is that the driver did not have time to complete it before obstacles (crossroads, bridges, narrowing of the road) or before the approach of an oncoming car. Many motorists do not consider it necessary to turn on the “turn signal”, thereby not warning other road users of their intentions, which significantly increases the accident rate.

Qualification
Very often, accidents occur due to insufficiently careful observation of the road, neglect of other drivers, as well as pedestrians. This leads to the fact that the motorist does not have time to react in time and change the trajectory of movement. Many drivers allow themselves to talk on a mobile phone or carry on a conversation with passengers, losing their vigilance.

It is not uncommon for novice motorists, who have recently obtained their licenses, to get into road accidents. This is especially true for those who treat training courses as a formality. A driving school is necessary not only to obtain a driver's license, but also to prepare for driving in various conditions. Good instructors know the main causes of accidents in Russia and focus on this particular attention of students so that they can learn from others, not their own mistakes.

One of the best car lyceums in Moscow and the region - "Kalita". The center employs real professionals with extensive driving and teaching experience. Each driving school has its own fleet of vehicles and is equipped with modern equipment for the most comfortable and productive learning process. Instructors will help you easily learn the theoretical and practical material. During the ride, skills of behavior in non-standard situations are practiced.

Apprenticeship courses will help you become a real pro behind the wheel. Even drivers with experience with their help will be able to improve their own skills. One of the directions is extreme driving. It will help avoid accidents and minimize the risk of becoming a participant in an accident due to the fault of other motorists.

The traffic police named the main causes of accidents in the yards www.adv.rbc.ru

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Causes of ppd

Postpartum depression - Symptoms and causes

Overview

Products & Services

Symptoms

Baby blues symptoms

Postpartum depression symptoms

Postpartum psychosis

Postpartum depression in new fathers

When to see a doctor

If you have suicidal thoughts

Helping a friend or loved one

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Causes

Risk factors

Complications

Prevention

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Main causes of traffic accidents in Russia

The traffic police named the main causes of accidents in the yards www.adv.rbc.ru