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Boyfriends that lie


If Your Partner Lies About These 9 Things, Your Relationship May Be In Trouble

Wellness

Plus, how to tell if the trust can be rebuilt.

by Kristine Fellizar

Updated: 

Originally Published: 

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When it comes to lying in a relationship, some falsehoods seem to be more acceptable than others. For instance, lying about who you hang out with every Friday night is obviously not OK. Lying about liking your partner’s taste in music, especially during the early days, can be considered harmless. But relationship experts say, even if your partner doesn't lie about big things, the smallest lies or lying by omission can still affect your relationship in a major way. If your partner can't be honest about a few key issues, your relationship may be in trouble.

As Nadine Smiley, relationship coach at The Relationship Couch, tells Bustle, "In order for a relationship to last, couples need to be honest about almost everything.” That means no lying by omission in a relationship or changing information in an effort to reduce conflict. Even lies meant to save your partner from hurt feelings can sometimes backfire and break the trust in your relationship.

While a big lie, like covering up an affair, is an obvious trust-killer, Kara Laricks, Three Day Rule's LGBTQ+ matchmaker and dating expert, tells Bustle that even the small lies can cause rifts, too. "Lies tend to multiply and cause a barrier between you and your partner," she says. "The beauty of an intimate relationship is that lack of barriers. And that lack of barriers is what sets your relationship apart from all the other relationships in your life. If long-term intimacy is your goal, leave the lies behind."

Below, experts share the lies that are red flags and what to do when someone lies to you in a relationship.

1

If They Lie About Their Interactions With Others

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Your partner may not be cheating. But minimizing the extent of their interactions with others, whether it be an ex or a co-worker, indicates that they're doing something you’d probably not approve of. After all, if they're not doing anything wrong, why would they need to hide it or be less than completely honest? "If you have interactions with others, share that information when you typically talk about your day," Dr. Catherine Jackson, board certified neurotherapist who specializes in relationship coaching, tells Bustle. "That way, nobody's hiding anything."

2

If They Lie About Money

For many couples, money can be a major source of problems. "It's best to discuss money openly and honestly," Dr. Jackson says. "Lying about money can lead to a sense of distrust, which will be detrimental to the relationship. " If your partner lies about purchases, the amount of debt they have, or changes in their employment status, you're going to have problems long-term.

3

If They Lie About Their Past

You don't need to know your partner's entire life story at the beginning of a relationship. But Dr. Jackson says you should learn a lot more about their past once you're in a long-term committed relationship. "If big things from the past aren't shared, you'll be left wondering what else your partner is lying about or withholding," she says. If you think your partner isn’t being honest about the past, you can try sharing something about your past and letting them know it’s a judge-free space if there’s anything they want to share with you.

4

If They Lie By Omission

What you don’t know can’t hurt you, right? In theory, yes. But at some point, you will probably find out. When that day finally comes, a lie by omission in a relationship can hurt even worse than one told straight to your face. According to licensed marriage and family therapist, Sharon Gilchrest O’Neill, Ed.S., small lies, lies by omission, or lies said to prevent hurt feelings all matter. “Lying leads to more lying, paving the way for serious deception,” Gilchrest says. “Small lies might pave the way for bigger ones, as it unfortunately is an easy habit to develop. In a relationship, we want to be able to have openness and sharing of information, of each other's lives, both the good and the bad.”

5

If They Lie About Being Over Their Ex

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If your partner lies about being over their ex when they're not, you’ll likely have trouble making your current relationship work. For one, cheating will be a concern, especially if their ex is still in their life. Secondly, this shows that your partner can't be honest about their feelings with you.

As Christine Scott-Hudson, licensed psychotherapist and owner of Create Your Life Studio, tells Bustle, "It's impossible to have a healthy relationship with someone who can't be honest, authentic, and real. ” If this is something that bothers you, talk it out with them to see if it's something you can move past together.

6

If They Lie To You About Their Boundaries

If your partner withholds information about their triggers or they can't seem to say no to you, that's going to create resentment in the relationship. "Every relationship is different and every individual has different needs that make them feel safe and secure in a relationship," Laricks says. It's going to be hard for you to make your partner feel safe if they can't be honest about their boundaries.

7

If They Lie To You About What They Want Out Of Life

If your partner is not being truthful about what they want, April Davis, dating and relationship expert, tells Bustle, you won't know if they're really a good long-term fit for you. If they're not being honest about where they want to live, having kids, or getting married, your relationship may not have lasting power.

According to Davis, "A partner that lies to you, does not respect you." So if your partner has a habit of lying, you may want to reassess whether they're really the right person for you.

8

If They Lie To You About Sex

If you can’t talk about important aspects of your relationship — like sex — then you and your partner won’t last, Katie Ziskind, licensed marriage and family therapist, tells Bustle. "You need to have open communication about difficult topics, such as pleasure in sex, sexuality, fetishes, and sexual urges." A healthy sex life can keep the spark alive and will help your relationship last a long time. But if your partner feels the need to lie about anything related to your sex life, they're going to be left unsatisfied.

9

If They Lie About What They’re Doing On Their Phone Or Computer

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Unless they’re planning a surprise for you, there’s really no reason for your partner to lie about what they’re doing on their computer. As Angelika Koch, a relationship coach with LGBTQ+ dating platform and app, TAIMI, tells Bustle, “You should never ignore any lies in a relationship, no matter how big or how small. Paying attention to the lies is essential in the relationship because it shows you the level of honesty and openness that person has.”

Even them not sharing what movie they’re watching could lead you to question why they’re not telling you. Do they not trust you? Do they think you’d just laugh at them? What else are they lying about?

What To Do When Someone Lies To You In A Relationship

To be fair, many people lie and have lied in relationships. In fact, licensed psychologist Rachel Needle, Psy.D., says white lies are very common in relationship. But that doesn’t mean that should be tolerated.

“Each person has to decide for themselves what the dealbreakers in their relationship are,” Needle says. “Chronic lying or lies for personal gain, are some that many consider too much to come back from in a relationship, especially when your partner is not open to or willing to do work on themselves. ”

When you find out that your partner has lied to you, consider the lie that was told, and then think about why your partner chose to lie in the first place. Did they lie to intentionally deceive, manipulate, or take advantage of you? Or, do they have low self-esteem and wanted to “sell” you on something that wasn’t true in order to look good?

If the answer to any of these questions is “Yes,” clinical psychologist, Dr. Carla Marie Manly suggests discussing the issue with your partner to see if trust can be rebuilt. “If your partner is consistently evasive, does not take responsibility, or continues to lie, exiting the relationship may be your only way to save your psychological health, self-esteem, and sanity,” she says.

But if your partner is willing to take responsibility, lies can present an opportunity to strengthen your relationship. As long as you and your partner are both determined to create a more open and honest relationship, this may be something you can overcome.

Experts

Nadine Smiley, relationship coach at The Relationship Couch

Dr. Catherine Jackson, board certified neurotherapist who specializes in relationship coaching

Christine Scott-Hudson, licensed psychotherapist and owner of Create Your Life Studio

Katie Ziskind, licensed marriage and family therapist

April Davis, matchmaker and relationship expert

Angelika Koch, a relationship coach with LGBTQ+ dating platform and app, TAIMI

Rachel Needle, Psy.D., licensed psychologist and Executive Director at the Whole Health Psychological Center

Sharon Gilchrest O’Neill, Ed.S., licensed marriage and family therapist

Dr. Carla Marie Manly, a clinical psychologist

This article was originally published on

How Lying In A Relationship Affects It, According To Experts

In a perfect world, you and your partner would be super honest with each other about everything. But in reality, you both probably fudge the truth a little here and there.

Here’s the thing—on some level, lying in a relationship is normal. Think: Trying to hide the fact that you let one rip in bed or subtracting $20 when you talk about how much you ~actually~ spent on that new outfit. It may even be necessary to lie sometimes to avoid hurting your partner’s feelings.

“Lying is quite common in relationships,” says Manhattan-based licensed clinical psychologist Joseph Cilona, PsyD. However, that doesn't mean some of those whoppers can't be damaging. It all depends on the lie and why you're telling it.

Before you get freaked out about the idea that lying is common in relationships, it’s important to know this: While white lies happen fairly often in relationships, the bigger (and badder) lies aren't as common, says licensed clinical psychologist Ramani Durvasula, PhD, author of Should I Stay or Should I Go?

But, of course, being able to trust your partner—and vice versa— is pretty important. “Trust is the primary connective tissue of a relationship,” Durvasula says. “More than anything, it fosters a sense of safety. Without trust, a relationship cannot grow in a healthy manner.”

Here’s what you need to know about lying in a relationship, how it can impact your bond, and what to do if lying is an issue in your love life.

Lies Can Ruin a Good Thing…

Telling a little fib here and there doesn’t make you a terrible person, but there’s a pretty broad spectrum when it comes lying. People lie in relationships to save face, avoid conflict, protect their egos, protect their image, and just to avoid hurting their partner’s feelings, Durvasula says.

A good way to tell whether your lie is small potatoes or harmful is to try to figure out if the lie is trying to protect your partner’s feelings or if you’re just looking out for yourself, Cilona says. “Lying for self gain or personal agenda, to manipulate or hide information, and lies that are hurtful or betray a trust are the lies that do damage,” he says.

On the flip side, Cilona says “healthy lies often involve holding back or tempering a truth to protect someone's feelings or help someone—the focus is on the issues of kindness, manners, tact, respect, and consideration.” A good example: Pretending you didn’t notice that massive zit that popped up on your partner’s face until they straight-up asked you about it.

But, of course, making a habit of lying isn’t good for your relationship, period. “It can destroy it,” Durvasula says. And, she adds, “even small ticket lies repeated day after day can harm a relationship.” Basically, if you keep telling your partner lies, whether you think they’re harmless or not, they can stop trusting you. “The more lies, the more you crack the foundation and the basis of a relationship,” Durvasula says. “It means that partners share less, are less intimate, and have less empathy and compassion.”

…But You Don’t Have To Be An Open Book

All of that said, you don’t have to tell your partner everything, all of the time. “You may not want to talk about an embarrassing moment you once had,” Durvasula says, and that’s totally fine. Ditto for other things you may prefer to keep private, like how often you like to use your vibe when your partner isn’t around. You don’t owe them that info, and keeping it to yourself or not wanting to talk about isn’t the same as lying.

But keep this in mind, per Cilona: “Lies of omission can be equally destructive.” So, “forgetting” to tell your partner that your ex recently slid into your DMs isn’t the same as rightfully to keep details of your convos with your friends to yourself. The former is just as bad as lying about it, Cilona says.

How And When To Admit To A Lie
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If you’re being totally honest with yourself, you might realize that “fib” you told was actually a full-blown lie that you really only told to protect yourself. While you can wait to be called out by your partner, you can also just put on your big girl pants and get real with them.“Taking responsibility for yourself is an important element of empathy and self-reflection,” Durvasula says. “Just cop to it.”

She recommends starting with an “I” statement, like “I was not honest with you about who I hung out with last night, and I’m sorry. My ex was there and we caught up. While nothing happened, I should have been upfront with you.” Don’t blame your partner in this, by adding something like, “I lied about it because you’re irrational about this stuff.” “That's gaslighting and doubles down on the lie in a way,” Durvasula says.

If you've kept a lie a secret and your S.O. straight-up asks you if you’ve lied, Durvasula says it’s best to apologize and tell the truth. Otherwise, you risk telling even more lies to try to cover up the other lie—and that won’t end well. Even if you never 'fess up, it’ll wreck your mental health, Durvasula says.

When you do admit the truth, it's important to talk to your S.O. about how your lie made them feel and what you can do to make things better. “When trust has been damaged, it’s important to talk to your partner to understand exactly how and why they lost trust, even if it seems obvious,” Cilona says. “There are often many elements to feeling betrayed, and your partner may not feel and think the same way you would in a given situation.” And, if your partner feels like they can’t trust you, it’s unlikely they’ll be open to your attempts to repair the trust if they don’t feel heard in the aftermath, Cilona says.

Keep in mind that you might have to talk about this more than once. “Serious damage to trust is not typically ‘fixed’ after one talk,” Cilona says.

Celebs did a ton of apologizing in 2019

And, after you own up to your lie, you might need to keep proving to your partner that you can be trusted, and not just whee the stuff you lied about is concerned. “Authentic trust only forms when someone’s words match their behaviors over time,” Cilona says. “Even small inconsistencies will undermine trust, and consistency must be evident in everything.”

Choosing To Forgive A Lie Is Up To You
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If your partner lies to you, you’re under zero obligation to forgive them right away, on their timeline, or even at all. “It is fine to ask for time to process it and take it in,” Durvasula says. In fact, she recommends that you take some time to think about it. “Perhaps you will have a more measured response to their admission of lying, and that will encourage your partner to come clean in the future or not lie in the first place,” she says.

If your partner doesn’t take responsibility for their lie, call them out on it. “The liar needs to take genuine responsibility and not the nonsensical approach of ‘I lied because of you’—that's not taking ownership,” Durvasula says.

It’s also fine to share your feelings in the moment with something like, "Thank you for the apology. I do feel hurt, and it will take me some time to build up that trust again,” Durvasula says. You’ll also want to double down on your need for honesty in the future.

And, of course, you might not be OK with the lie. “Not all lies are created equal,” Durvasula says. “Some lies may end up being unaddressable—but only you know that.”

Korin Miller

Korin Miller is a freelance writer specializing in general wellness, sexual health and relationships, and lifestyle trends, with work appearing in Men’s Health, Women’s Health, Self, Glamour, and more. She has a master’s degree from American University, lives by the beach, and hopes to own a teacup pig and taco truck one day.

Lillian Glass Everyone lies. How to detect deception by facial expressions and gestures

Lillian Glass Everyone lies. How to identify deception by facial expressions and gestures

Each of us at least once in our lives has been fooled. It doesn't matter how smart, rich or famous you are. Everyone, at one time or another in their life, in one way or another falls prey to a deceiver - someone who does not reveal the whole truth or gives incorrect information. If you, too, have been in situations where someone scammed you in business, extorted money from you, betrayed you, stole your love, scammed you on the Internet, or made you believe that you are someone who does not really exist You can take comfort in the fact that you are not alone. The world is full of dangerous people of this kind, whose name is liars.

When you discover that someone you trusted, loved, or respected has betrayed you, you experience a storm of intense emotion. You feel shock, pain, and/or anger—or sometimes both. You no longer know who you can trust and who you can’t, and whether you can even trust people again. You may even begin to doubt yourself, tormenting yourself with the question: “How did I not immediately guess that I was being lied to?”

But how could you spot the signs of a lie if you didn't know what to look for? How could you know that your husband is cheating on you, that the fan you met online is a fake, that your housekeeper is stealing things from you, and your nanny is leaving your child unattended (or worse, treating him cruelly)? How could you know that your boss is fooling you when he told you what a great employee you are in order to fire you the very next day? How could you guess that your colleague gossips about you behind your back or that your employee constantly steals small things? Could you assume that your girlfriend was being insincere when she said that you should definitely marry your boyfriend, despite all the problems you had with him? What did you miss when your son swore that he had never tried drugs and you believed him, but then you still found a bag of weed under his bed?

How can you tell if you can trust what the newspapers say about someone? Is it true that this star couple is happy, or is it just a clever commercial move? How do you know when politicians are telling you the truth and when they are lying?

One of the first to study the phenomenon of lying, Paul Ekman of the University of California at San Francisco studied 12,000 people. He found that only about half of them were able to tell when a person was lying. Thus, the likelihood that you will be able to understand when you are being deceived is not too great. However, it increases significantly if you know how to read certain signals that will tell you that a person is lying. I wrote this book to help you recognize deception. I will teach you to trust your instincts when you "know in your gut" that you are being lied to. I will explain to you what you need to look for in order to recognize the hidden signals of deception in the way a person holds himself, in his facial expression, in intonations, and finally in what exactly he says and writes.

My story

As a body language expert, I can talk about how public figures deceive us: politicians, athletes, world leaders, celebrities and even criminals who appear in the media. I have done this for many years. I have often appeared on television channels such as CNN, Discovery Channel ABC News, HLN, MSNBC, participated in the TV show 20/20, Dr. Phil, Entertainment Tonight, Good Morning America, The Today Show, The Insider, and more, the list is too long to list here in full. I was even the body language expert on Dancing With The Stars and Millionaire Matchmaker.

In addition, I regularly collaborated with newspapers, magazines, online publications, commenting on the speeches of this or that figure. I figured out if celebrity couples are telling the truth about their relationship or just inventing something that is beneficial for their career. I also tried to determine whether our politicians, including world leaders, are telling us the truth, or whether their speeches are nothing more than superficial rhetoric. Various media constantly ask me to speak about what can be determined by the body language of those involved in high-profile crimes, and whether the suspects are truthful in their testimony. In addition, I determined whether public people who got into ugly stories are frank with us, or they hang noodles on our ears.

I have also used my experience as an analyst in lectures given to law enforcement officers in the US and Canada on how to recognize deception during interrogations. Perhaps my greatest achievement was that I was invited to speak to the FBI, to whom I also told about the signals that testify to lies.

Most of my work in the field of lie detection was related to jurisprudence, when I helped to isolate the necessary information during the interrogation of witnesses, and also suggested in what direction the investigation should be taken. Analyzing videos of drug seizures, confessions, interrogations of people in cases of child abuse, sexual harassment and violence, examining the movements of the accused, victims and suspects, I could notice cases of manifestation of possible signs of a lie. On the pages of this book, I decided to share with you the methods that I use in my professional work. I do this to arm you with knowledge that will help you determine who is telling the truth and who is lying, just by observing body movements, facial expressions, the sound of voice, as well as the content of your interlocutor's speech.

Public liars

It is good to remember special signals - signs of a lie - viewing photos of various celebrities captured directly at the moment of deception will help. Analyzing their interviews or testimonies they gave in court will also help expose lies. You will begin to recognize special signals in facial expressions and body movements that were previously ignored. By noticing such signals at the very moment of lying, you will understand what they mean.

Now you will see these photos from a different angle. For example, notice the nuances in former President Bill Clinton's facial expressions and body movements, and note the hints of deceit in his voice when he angrily stated, "I didn't have sex with that woman, Ms. Lewinsky." You'll see signs of lies in the body language of other politicians and find out exactly what gave away former presidential candidate John Edwards when he lied about the paternity of Mrs. Reel Hunter's child during an interview with ABC Nightline.

You will see how various criminals have lied - everything from O.J. Simpson, Jerry Sandusky, Scott and Drew Peterson to Bernard Madoff, the king of financial scams. You will even learn how to track down the lies of the most dangerous liars - sociopaths. In this regard, we will consider the behavioral traits of such soulless criminals as Ted Bundy and Charles Manson. In addition, you will have a chance to see the nuances of the behavior of athletes who have tarnished their reputation, such as Lance Armstrong and Barry Bonds, as well as show business stars, such as actress and "bad girl" Lindsay Lohan. Looking at photos of celebrity couples, you will learn to notice the signals that indicate the presence of problems in a relationship.

Even if such a couple claims that everything is fine between them, you can easily guess from the body language of the partners and the expressions on their faces that in reality this is far from being the case. If you notice signs of lies in photos of couples like Tom Cruise and Katie Holmes, Ashton Kutcher and Demi Moore, Tiger Woods and Elin Nordegren, Katy Perry and Russell Brand, Kim Kardashian and Kris Humphreys, you will understand that things were going to break up long before as announced. You can guess what the body language of singer Chris Brown and his girlfriend Rihanna says after they are reunited, assuring everyone that they are happy together.

By observing people when they lie in public, you will learn to notice those characteristic signs - drops of sweat on the upper lip, narrowed eyes, clenched jaws, head tilt or gestures - that will allow you to easily recognize the deceiver among your loved ones, colleagues or business partners.

What you will find in this book

This book is divided into two parts. In the first part, you will learn what emotions we usually experience when we are being lied to. Then you will read about how lying occurs and you will realize that it is perhaps an important part of normal human development. You will learn why animals, children, teenagers and adults lie and what types of lies there are. Understand that innocent lies, and sometimes even serious deceit, can be useful. At the same time, you will learn how destructive lies can be, and gradually learn to recognize habitual liars, Internet scammers that get into your soul or wallet, and even sociopaths. And since you can't always see or hear someone talking to you over the Internet, you'll also know what warning signs in writing will alert you to potential scams.

The second part of the book will introduce you to the so-called "liar profile". You will learn the importance of the context in which red flags are viewed, as well as the need to trust your instincts. So, you will learn to listen to the signals of your own body, which it sends you at the moment of communication with a deceiver. You'll learn exactly what to focus on when it comes to the body language, facial expressions, voice, and speech of a liar. By learning to look carefully at the interlocutor, paying attention to the tilt of his head, eyes, mouth, lips, ears, hands, etc., you will become a true professional in recognizing deception.

Never again!

In today's world, vigilance is never superfluous, because it is always important for us to understand whether we have a friend or an enemy, an honest person or a liar. Whether you're buying a car, starting a new business, building a career, looking for a life partner, trying to save your marriage, or wanting to make sure your kids aren't doing anything illegal, you have to be constantly on the lookout, you just don't have any other choice. You often need to know if public figures are telling the truth, including the politicians you vote for. And since so much in your personal life and work today takes place online, you risk getting into a very unpleasant situation if you don’t know how to recognize a cyber fraudster.

After reading this book, you will no longer have to say, "I couldn't have imagined it," "I was caught off guard," "I was fooled," or "Someone just used me." Now you will be able to notice the signals of deception in time, so that you will never again become a victim of liars.

INTRODUCING LIARS: WHO LIES AND WHY?

In this part of the book, you will learn what is said about lying in different religions and cultures and under what circumstances it is permissible to lie. I will tell you about the origins of lies and how they can be part of normal human development. You will understand why babies, children, teenagers, adults and even animals lie, and you will see how many different lies there are. You will learn about the emotional consequences of lying and how someone else's lies affect your psyche. You will understand the potential positive effects of an innocent lie and see how a serious lie can ruin a life. Finally, you will learn how to recognize cyber scammers in both business and personal life.

Almost all religious doctrines condemn lies. The Old Testament is full of references to lies and deceit. The evil that comes from lying and deceit is emphasized in the ninth commandment: "You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor," and the seventh commandment teaches us: "Do not commit adultery," that is, do not deceive your spouse. We also read in the Bible about lies related to material things, such as money or other valuable things: “Do not steal, do not lie, and do not deceive one another” (Leviticus 19:11). There are also very specific statements about lies, for example in Psalm 63: “With their tongue they [liars] will strike themselves ...” - and in Psalm 119: "God! Deliver my soul from lying lips, from an evil tongue."

Lies - sometimes even a single one - became the cause of the ruin of entire countries and a pretext for inciting wars.

Not only the Jewish and Christian traditions exalt the virtue of honesty, warning against deceit. The fourth precept of Buddhism says: "I take the covenant to refrain from false speech ... from lying, [and] practice truthfulness." In the Dhammapada, a collection of sayings of the Buddha, one can read the following: "There is no such evil that cannot be committed by a deceiver who violates the law of truth and who does not care about the rest of the world." The sacred texts of the Tao emphasize the importance of honesty, warning: "Do not confirm with your mouth what your heart denies." Similarly, the Adi Granth, the Sikh scripture, says: "Dishonesty in dealings or speaking lies leads to suffering of the soul. "

Islam forbids lying, cheating, hypocrisy and perjury. Prophet Muhammad encourages Muslims to be honest and truthful. Here are two noteworthy verses from the Qur'an that speak of lies: "Do not clothe the truth with lies and do not hide the truth, while you know it" (2:42) and "Woe to every lying sinner!" (45:7). So, according to the Qur'an, Muslims believe that "truthfulness leads to piety, and piety leads to Paradise."

Although all religions oppose or at least warn against lies and betrayal, in some cases lies can be justified. So, for example, in Judaism and Christianity, it is sometimes allowed to lie for the sake of preserving peace or in order not to offend a person. According to Jewish law, you can lie under certain exceptional circumstances: for example, to calm someone down; if the truth can harm the person himself or someone else; for reasons of modesty, so as not to look arrogant; from nobility - for example, not telling the truth about something intimate; to protect someone's property. Indeed, there are at least two instances in the Old Testament in which lying led to positive results. In Exodus 1:15-21, a Jewish midwife lies to Pharaoh in order to save the lives of many Jewish babies. The second instance is found in Joshua 2:5 when Rahab lies to protect Israel spies. Islam also allows lying: in battle, for the sake of protecting someone's life; to reconcile warring peoples; to reconcile husband and wife. The same is true for Buddhism, however, to avoid actually telling lies, Buddhists are encouraged not to answer questions, change the subject, or simply not mention anything. No matter what various religious doctrines claim, there are times when humanitarian considerations come to the fore. Thus, it is almost always possible to allow a lie to save lives. During the Nazi invasion during World War II, even the most religious people, including priests, monks and other church officials, lied in order to protect others and save the lives of innocent people who were hidden in their temples, monasteries and homes.

To receive the full text of this book, send a request to the All-Ukrainian Association of Polygraph Examiners: [email protected]