Who wrote psychotherapy

History of Psychotherapy | Psych Central

Human beings have been talking about their inner lives and challenges with one another therapeutically for centuries.

Pinpointing the exact moment psychotherapy emerged as a discipline can be difficult. Did it begin the first time two friends met regularly to talk about life or was it when the first professional paper on the subject was written and published?

While we may never know where or when those first therapeutic conversations took place, we do have glimpses into history that can help us understand how psychotherapy has progressed through the years.

Psychotherapy is also known as talk therapy. It can be any method used to help people living with emotional, psychological, or behavioral challenges.

The prefix “psycho” comes from the Greek language and means “soul” or “mind,” and it’s part of many words related to mental health, including psychotherapy.

People might seek psychotherapy for many reasons, including:

relationship conflict
professional challenges
personal doubts and fears
changes in behavior or mood
difficulty coping with stress
traumatic experiences
childhood events
mental health disorders

You might also seek psychotherapy as a form of relationship maintenance to keep up open lines of communication.

Many people attend regular therapy sessions, not because they have ongoing issues, but because they value guided communication.

Types of psychotherapy

Psychotherapy is a varied discipline, and there’s no “one size fits all” for mental health treatment. You may benefit from singular therapy or a multifaceted approach.

Most people often have to try multiple modalities before finding what works best for them.

Psychotherapy can take many different forms, including:

cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)
interpersonal therapy (IPT)
dialectical behavior therapy
psychodynamic therapy
psychoanalysis
supportive therapy
animal assisted therapy
creative arts therapy
play therapy (for children)

Many ancient cultures viewed changes in mental health as omens, curses, or signs from the gods. Ancient Greeks, however, are often cited as the first to treat mental disorders as medical conditions.

In Ancient Greece, philosophers were the first to explore the connection between mental health and medicine. Plato, Xenophon, and Aristotle all expressed curiosity into the realm of what would eventually become psychotherapy.

As time went on, physicians of the age, like Galen and Hippocrates, further explored the link between mental state and medicine, rejecting beliefs that medical conditions stemmed from otherworldly influences.

But the insights gained by the Greeks took a step back when the Roman Empire fell and the Dark Ages began.

The Middle Ages swung back toward a common belief in the supernatural, and the teachings of the ancient world connecting mental health and medicine were temporarily lost.

Those with mental health conditions often suffered due to a lack of understanding. It may have been more common to view someone struggling with mental health as “touched by witchcraft” rather than a person living with a disorder.

Paracelsus (1493-1541), known as one of the great ancient contributors of medical chemistry, was one of the few physicians during his time who first advocated for the use of psychotherapy.

While the term “psychotherapy” hadn’t yet been developed, Paracelsus believed the most common cause of poor mental wellness was an emotional disconnect between a person and the world.

The mindset of the Middle Ages persisted until the Victorian Era, where traditional beliefs about family, home, and self shifted to a more modern ideal known as the Bourgeois family.

The Bourgeois family model supported social psychology and helped normalize many vital elements of mental health recognized today, such as equality.

As the concepts around mental health started to evolve, physicians sought words to describe what they were witnessing in practice, particularly during the 18^th and 19^th centuries.

Austrian physician Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815) received some of the earliest recognition as a founder of psychotherapy.

Known for his process of “mesmerism,” he focused on treating patients by using hypnosis.

Around the same time Mesmer was exploring hypnosis, French physician Philippe Pinel (1745–1826) was credited with founding the field of psychiatry as he sought humane treatment for those living with mental health conditions.

Pinel disagreed with mainstream assumptions that mental disorders were caused by supernatural forces.

Walter Cooper Dendy (1794-1871) introduced the term “psycho-therapeia” during the 19^th century as he gained insight during his studies of the psyche and dreams.

However, it wasn’t until Josef Breuer (1842-1925) and Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) joined forces to investigate Breuer’s “talking cure” for nervous disorders that modern psychotherapy was truly born.

Freud and Breuer co-authored “Studies on Hysteria” in 1895 and are credited with formally founding psychoanalysis.

While both psychologists continued on their own paths developing psychotherapy methods and theory, Freud’s work laid the foundation for what was to come over the next 50 years.

Many of Freud’s apprentices went on to impact the history of psychotherapy in their own ways, contributing to the development of psychodynamic therapy:

Carl Jung
Alfred Adler
Otto Rank
Melanie Klein

In the 1950s, Carl Rogers continued the work of Freud’s successors and created the person-centered therapy approach.

By the 1960s, Aaron T. Beck had further expanded psychotherapy modalities by developing cognitive therapy, which led to what we know today as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).

Psychotherapy today is ever-evolving, much like it was centuries ago.

Many concepts and treatments are now backed by research, but the processes involved with treating mental health continues to expand.

Today, mental health professionals have access to volumes of empirical data and research backed by practice laws and diagnostic standards that were unavailable to scientists and therapists in the past.

As of the mid-1920s, psychoanalysis in the United States had to be medically qualified. By the late 1960s, psychoanalysts and clinicians benefitted from revolutionary diagnostic tools like the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).

A version of the DSM has been available since 1968 and offers criteria for diagnosing hundreds of mental health conditions.

In addition to gaining knowledge and evidence through time, modern psychotherapy can now reach more people through online formats. Thanks to the internet, you can:

find information on mental health diagnoses
seek support groups
search for psychotherapists and mental health support
participate in virtual psychotherapy sessions

The formal beginnings of psychotherapy are difficult to pinpoint, though it’s safe to say that human beings have been seeking support by talking with one another for millennia.

Our ancestors often viewed mental health conditions as the result of supernatural forces. Philosophers in Ancient Greece are often credited as the forebears of treating mental disorders as medical conditions, establishing the precursor to psychotherapy.

By recognizing mental health disorders as medical conditions, pioneers of the ancient world set the stage for contributions by visionaries like Pinel, Dendy, and Freud.

While modern psychotherapy is more widely available, understood, and supported now, stigma persists in some cultures and communities.

If you’re living with a mental health condition, it may help to understand that you’re not alone. Millions of people spanning human history have looked for ways to improve mental wellness.

From the lessons of the past, today’s professionals have many tools to help support you with psychotherapy modalities that may make a difference in your daily life.

If you need support, the American Psychologist Association’s psychotherapist locator can help connect you with a therapist, wherever you’re at in your mental health journey.

History of Psychotherapy | Psych Central

Human beings have been talking about their inner lives and challenges with one another therapeutically for centuries.

Psychotherapy is also known as talk therapy. It can be any method used to help people living with emotional, psychological, or behavioral challenges.

The prefix “psycho” comes from the Greek language and means “soul” or “mind,” and it’s part of many words related to mental health, including psychotherapy.

People might seek psychotherapy for many reasons, including:

relationship conflict
professional challenges
personal doubts and fears
changes in behavior or mood
difficulty coping with stress
traumatic experiences
childhood events
mental health disorders

You might also seek psychotherapy as a form of relationship maintenance to keep up open lines of communication.

Many people attend regular therapy sessions, not because they have ongoing issues, but because they value guided communication.

Types of psychotherapy

Psychotherapy is a varied discipline, and there’s no “one size fits all” for mental health treatment. You may benefit from singular therapy or a multifaceted approach.

Most people often have to try multiple modalities before finding what works best for them.

Psychotherapy can take many different forms, including:

cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)
interpersonal therapy (IPT)
dialectical behavior therapy
psychodynamic therapy
psychoanalysis
supportive therapy
animal assisted therapy
creative arts therapy
play therapy (for children)

Many ancient cultures viewed changes in mental health as omens, curses, or signs from the gods. Ancient Greeks, however, are often cited as the first to treat mental disorders as medical conditions.

But the insights gained by the Greeks took a step back when the Roman Empire fell and the Dark Ages began.

The Middle Ages swung back toward a common belief in the supernatural, and the teachings of the ancient world connecting mental health and medicine were temporarily lost.

Paracelsus (1493-1541), known as one of the great ancient contributors of medical chemistry, was one of the few physicians during his time who first advocated for the use of psychotherapy.

While the term “psychotherapy” hadn’t yet been developed, Paracelsus believed the most common cause of poor mental wellness was an emotional disconnect between a person and the world.

The mindset of the Middle Ages persisted until the Victorian Era, where traditional beliefs about family, home, and self shifted to a more modern ideal known as the Bourgeois family.

The Bourgeois family model supported social psychology and helped normalize many vital elements of mental health recognized today, such as equality.

As the concepts around mental health started to evolve, physicians sought words to describe what they were witnessing in practice, particularly during the 18^th and 19^th centuries.

Austrian physician Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815) received some of the earliest recognition as a founder of psychotherapy.

Known for his process of “mesmerism,” he focused on treating patients by using hypnosis.

Pinel disagreed with mainstream assumptions that mental disorders were caused by supernatural forces.

Walter Cooper Dendy (1794-1871) introduced the term “psycho-therapeia” during the 19^th century as he gained insight during his studies of the psyche and dreams.

Freud and Breuer co-authored “Studies on Hysteria” in 1895 and are credited with formally founding psychoanalysis.

While both psychologists continued on their own paths developing psychotherapy methods and theory, Freud’s work laid the foundation for what was to come over the next 50 years.

Many of Freud’s apprentices went on to impact the history of psychotherapy in their own ways, contributing to the development of psychodynamic therapy:

Carl Jung
Alfred Adler
Otto Rank
Melanie Klein

In the 1950s, Carl Rogers continued the work of Freud’s successors and created the person-centered therapy approach.

By the 1960s, Aaron T. Beck had further expanded psychotherapy modalities by developing cognitive therapy, which led to what we know today as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).

Psychotherapy today is ever-evolving, much like it was centuries ago.

Many concepts and treatments are now backed by research, but the processes involved with treating mental health continues to expand.

A version of the DSM has been available since 1968 and offers criteria for diagnosing hundreds of mental health conditions.

In addition to gaining knowledge and evidence through time, modern psychotherapy can now reach more people through online formats. Thanks to the internet, you can:

find information on mental health diagnoses
seek support groups
search for psychotherapists and mental health support
participate in virtual psychotherapy sessions

The formal beginnings of psychotherapy are difficult to pinpoint, though it’s safe to say that human beings have been seeking support by talking with one another for millennia.

By recognizing mental health disorders as medical conditions, pioneers of the ancient world set the stage for contributions by visionaries like Pinel, Dendy, and Freud.

While modern psychotherapy is more widely available, understood, and supported now, stigma persists in some cultures and communities.

If you’re living with a mental health condition, it may help to understand that you’re not alone. Millions of people spanning human history have looked for ways to improve mental wellness.

From the lessons of the past, today’s professionals have many tools to help support you with psychotherapy modalities that may make a difference in your daily life.

If you need support, the American Psychologist Association’s psychotherapist locator can help connect you with a therapist, wherever you’re at in your mental health journey.

"This book is like a session of a psychotherapist." Psychologist, blogger and creator of KaliLaska recommend books that you can't put down

Together with the MTS Mobile Library, every month we find out from interesting Minskers which books have impressed them lately. Today there is a lot of psychology, a little bit of history and photography.

PAVEL ZYGMANTOVICH
Psychologist, popularizer of evidence-based psychology, creator of the website zygmantovich.com

- In my childhood and youth I read a lot - and strictly fiction. And everyone: from Korotkevich and Vasil Bykov to social realism like the novel "Slaves" Sadriddin Aini , from fantasy Andrzej Sapkowski to "Moby Dick". My grandfather had a "Library of World Literature", and I loved to take books from there. Although, of course, not everyone was in my teeth. From about the age of 28, I stopped reading fiction completely - as it was cut off. I switched to professional - textbooks, monographs, collections of articles - and near-professional, scientific pop. A few years ago I tried to return to the "artist", took a new novel by Sapkowski - and stopped at page ninety. Apparently, the secrets of the human psyche and the secrets that science studies have become much more interesting for me.

Robert Cialdini, Douglas Kenrick, Steven Neuberg, Social Psychology

A big plus of the book is that it helps to understand how the science of psychology is actually done. Many people still think that these are worldly observations of wise people. This, of course, is not so: wise people are a good thing, but science is created in a different way. In the book, the first few chapters are devoted to exactly how research is conducted.

For the common reader, there is also a lot of useful information - approximately from the third chapter. The authors carefully analyze various aspects of our social life from aggression to love, and very ingeniously. At the beginning of the chapter, they put a story and ask: how did it happen? For example, how sworn enemies could become bosom friends? How did a person who did not commit murder believe in his guilt? The answers will be very unexpected and far from everyday psychology.

Read "Social Psychology" in the MTS Mobile Library. The cost is 25 kopecks per day.

Irina Yakutenko, “Will and self-control: How genes and the brain prevent us from fighting temptations”

influence our behaviour. No straightforward theses like "everything comes from the SorCS1 gene." Yakutenko scrupulously paints a complex picture of problems with staying on the chosen course, and to refuse temptations, moving towards the chosen goal, is, in general, self-control.

It is very pleasing that the book maintains scientific integrity and shows different positions, even if they contradict each other. But most importantly, it is emphasized here that one cannot speak of any predestination. It doesn't really matter what hormones you have. A person is so complex that it plays into our hands: the weakness of one link can unexpectedly be compensated by the strength of the other links.

Read "Will and Self-Control" in the MTS Mobile Library. The cost is 2.5 rubles if you read it in 10 days.

Carol Tevris, Elliot Aronson, Mistakes that were made (but not by me). Why We Justify Foolish Beliefs, Bad Decisions, and Harmful Actions”

The essence of this book is reflected in the title – it is about how and why we justify ourselves. In short, because we are affected by the mechanism of cognitive dissonance. The real one, not the one you read about in public. And it affects us because we want to consider ourselves good people and for some reason we think that a good person does not make mistakes. I highly recommend the book: there is a lot of research here that can be truly shocking for many. For example, repressed memories do not exist, people do not forget the difficult events of their lives, they do not hide them under the carpet. And children who grew up in an unfavorable environment do not always acquire psychological trauma - on the contrary, it is rather a rarity and an exception. Our memories are surprisingly unreliable, and relying on them is extremely dangerous. In general, when reading, you need to stock up on electrical tape - you will have to glue the broken templates.

Read "Mistakes that were made (but not by me)" in the MTS Mobile Library. The cost is 1.5 rubles if you read it in 6 days.

LESIA PCHELKA
Artist, art manager, creator of the KaliLaska charity project, Art director of the VEHA cultural initiative.

- I perceive reading as a time for myself, an opportunity to stop, disconnect from topical issues and immerse myself in the thoughts of another person. Logically built sentences and slow, versatile disclosure of the topic streamline my streams of consciousness, and I seem to be repairing my brain. If it doesn’t work, then I just put the book aside until a more appropriate moment. I practically do not read fiction - more often books come to me that someone personally recommends. They are usually work related. I prefer paper format: the feeling of a real book is important for me. The font, design, layout, even the color of the pages and the smell are important. It's good that in modern literature this is mostly in order.

Maria Stepanova, Memory of Memory

This book is about how to keep the memory of the past. The author talks about immersion in her family archive, analyzes the emotions that arise, talks about approaches to systematization and, in general, about the attitude of modern society to the topic of memory. About what trace each person leaves and how the history of the main events of the 20th century is reflected in our family archives.

Each of us has these tangled threads from the past, and Memory of Memory can inspire you to sort out your history. Reading this book, you will constantly find analogies with yourself, go beyond, argue, agree. And you will definitely regret that you did not think about it earlier, while those who could personally tell you about the past were alive.

Read "Memory of Memory" in the MTS Mobile Library. The cost is 2.5 rubles if you read it in 10 days.

Yuval Noah Harari, Sapiens: A Brief History of Humanity

Reading this book is a real thrill - it is written so easily that you just fall into it without noticing the time. Everything is mixed here: religion, capitalism, human rights and other myths that allow somehow to maintain balance in the catastrophically growing scale of humanity. It is full of beautiful metaphors as attempts to objectively assess humanity - for example, the Pope is presented as an alpha male, who, contrary to all the laws of nature, voluntarily refused to reproduce. The author constantly plays with you, anticipating emotions, and later explains in a chapter - "the fool himself."

Read Sapiens: A Brief History of Mankind in the MTS Mobile Library. The cost is 2.5 rubles if you read it in 10 days.

Susan Sontag, On Photography

If there are people who haven't read this book, do it, it's great. And it doesn't matter whether you take pictures or not: today photography surrounds each of us every day. The feelings I have for this work of Sontag are too rare for me in relation to literature. This book was like a therapy session for me that finally brought balance to my relationship with photography. And this is the literature to which I return. I will not talk about the content - everything is important here, and you can’t talk about it briefly.

Read "About photography" in the MTS Mobile Library. The cost is 1 ruble if you read it in 4 days.

VIKTOR MALISHEVSKY
Blogger, editor, creator of the site antijournalist.by

– I am not the kind of person who always looks for something to read in any free minute or, say, traditionally on weekends. But in general, I have some kind of book constantly in the process. To relax, I choose detective stories, I really like historical literature. By the way, I do not finish reading quite a lot of books - it happens that the process tires me, and the ending becomes obvious.

Pierre Lemaitre, "Dark Frames"

My acquaintance with this author began with the book Goodbye Up There. It's about the First World War, and I really like books about wars. It's very well written and I highly recommend it to everyone. I will definitely watch the movie based on the book and compare.

But “Dark Frames” is one of the last books I read. And, by the way, one of those that I stopped reading, thinking that I knew how it would all end. He quit, but after a couple of days he returned and did not regret it: the plot is really interesting. The main character is a man of pre-retirement age who began to lag behind life, lose his career and afford less. He decides to find a way out of this situation, participates in a scam, goes to jail - and then gets out, and everything is decided. I have always liked twists and turns, when in a seemingly hopeless situation there is still an interesting way out. This is from the “never lose heart and always look for a solution” series.

Read "Dark Frames" in the MTS Mobile Library. The cost is 2 rubles if you read it in 8 days.

Ben Elton, "Time and Time Again"

Ben Elton is a comedian who suddenly started writing, and quite serious things at that. I have read several of his books and they are also about wars. "First Victim", for example, a historical detective about the First World War, where a war hero dies on the front line. There are suspicions that all this is not just so, and an investigation begins. Another famous book by Elton is Two Brothers, which seems to have been read by almost everyone. This is about World War II and how a Jewish family survives in Nazi Germany.

And Time and Again Time is fantastic. Long after the war, they decide to send a man to the past who will stop the assassination attempt on Duke Ferdinand and prevent the outbreak of the First World War, which changed the history of all of Europe. He is sent, but events turn upside down so much that things only get worse. And each generation begins to send its hired killer into the past to stop the killer of another - a very interesting tangle is tied up.

Read "Time and time again" in the MTS Mobile Library. The cost is 1.5 rubles if you read it in 6 days.

Alessandro Baricco, Homer. Iliad»

It is interesting for me to delve into all sorts of myths, but not through the eyes of those who wrote them, but rather those who interpreted them. For example, hardly anyone willingly read the Iliad. But in the interpretation of Barikko, it was very interesting to get acquainted with this work. This is a rather thin book, but very curious - all events are told from the perspective of different characters, and we get a look from different angles.

Dmitry Bykov, Lectures on Literature and Not Only

Bykov has a very interesting critique that makes you re-read something familiar and look at it under different authorial motives, with a different context into which you are introduced. It's like getting ready to try a good wine, and before that you read exactly what tones, notes and tastes are there - and then try to feel it all. For example, everyone has read The Master and Margarita. But it is one thing to read it just like that, and another thing knowing that Bulgakov wrote all this for Stalin, who called all people of art masters. This also applies to many other works, which, after Bykov's lectures, are read in a completely different way.

CityDog.by materials may only be reprinted with the written permission of the editors. Details here.

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Still on this topic:

90,000 books on psychology: the best psychologist

Books were selected and commented on by Anna Alymova, Psychologist, editor of the psychotherapy blog editor , specialist in the service for the selection of psychologists Alter

Self-development and efficiency

How does our brain work? Why is it important to understand and express your emotions correctly? How to make better decisions: rationally or following intuition? The answers are in these books.

Advertising on RBC www.adv.rbc.ru

Daniel Goleman, "Emotional Intelligence"

IQ - formal intelligence - is the ability to perceive, remember and process information. It can be assumed that success in different areas depends only on this parameter. But in his search for the "ingredient of success," the author of this book, Daniel Goleman, came to a different conclusion. An equally important role is played by how a person communicates: whether he knows how to listen and understand others, correctly express his emotions, resolve conflicts and build relationships. And this is connected with the emotional intelligence.

The author will introduce you to the most important discoveries in the field of emotional regulation, talk about the functions of emotions and give proven techniques for developing emotional intelligence. Yes, it can be developed.

Robert Sapolsky, Psychology of Stress

Robert Sapolsky is professor of biology and neuropsychologist. In this book, he talks about what stress is, how we behave in stressful situations and why. To explain this, he turns to the evolutionary mechanisms and behavior of animals.

Many studies show that chronic stress affects a person very negatively. Therefore, controlling our stress reactions can save us from many diseases - both physical and mental. There are several techniques at the end of the book that, combined with understanding your own body, will help you catch Zen.

Daniel Kahneman, "Think Slowly, Decide Fast"

Daniel Kahneman - Nobel Laureate in Economics "for his application of psychological techniques to economics, especially in the study of judgment formation and decision-making under uncertainty" . And the conditions of uncertainty are now with us in life, do you agree?

We often make irrational decisions, either on the spur of the moment or because of cognitive errors. Kahneman believes that relying on intuition when there are no obvious and stable patterns around is extremely short-sighted, therefore he teaches you to track your own mistakes in thinking, reason and make decisions correctly.

Me and Others

The topic of human relations is a real warehouse of delusions and disappointments. But you can understand it and learn how to build such relationships that will provide a resource and support.

Why We Love by Helen Fisher

Classical literature and rom-coms have done their job: it seems to us that love is an unearthly, inexplicable feeling that cannot be understood and somehow controlled. Helen Fisher approached this topic with all scientific rigor: she conducted research, analyzed a lot of experiments, as well as literature and history - and created a "treatise on romantic love."

Fischer writes about falling in love, not about building relationships and deep affection. But at the stage of falling in love, it is useful to understand what exactly is happening to you, so that if you “throw yourself into the pool with your head”, then do it consciously.

Eric Berne, Games People Play

Eric Berne is the founder of transactional analysis. This direction of therapy is based on transactions - units of communication that people exchange with each other. It is believed that the exchange occurs from three ego states: parent, child and adult.

Child - a state in which a person feels the same as in childhood. Parent - a state in which a person feels and behaves as his parent or guardian behaved with him. An adult is a state in which a person is most rational and does not rely on childhood experience.

Eric Berne writes that we can find freedom and stop being guided by our childhood decisions, we can achieve sincerity and authenticity in relationships by abandoning dysfunctional scenarios.

Lyudmila Petranovskaya, "Secret support"

The name of Lyudmila Petranovskaya is familiar to almost all parents. She is a systemic family psychologist and parenting specialist.

"Secret Support" is built on the theory of attachment. According to this theory, parent-child bonds influence how a person will build relationships in adulthood. Petranovskaya writes about how support and care form a secret support in a child - one that will help him overcome difficulties and be happy in the future. Especially the book will help those parents who consider their children "difficult", often break down on them and have a hard time parenting.

Pocket Psychotherapy

Not everyone has the time and money to go to a psychologist. You can try to cope with some problems on your own with the help of books written by practitioners.

Harris Russ, The Happiness Trap

What is happiness and why is it so difficult for a modern person to be happy? It seems that we have everything for this: the standard of living is growing over the years, medicine is developing, scientific discoveries give access to new knowledge about the world and about ourselves. And in parallel with this, the percentage of people who fall ill with serious mental disorders and even think about suicide is growing.

Harris Russ is convinced that in the pursuit of happiness we fall into the traps set by our own mind. Bypassing these traps or getting out of them can be done with the help of simple psychological techniques. The book has checklists, tests and a lot of practical advice.

John Kabat-Zinn, “Wherever you go, you are already there”

Meditation and mindfulness practices have long been considered not esoteric, but useful psychological techniques. A recent meta-analysis of 200 studies suggests that regular mindfulness meditation reduces stress and anxiety levels, helps break bad habits, and reduces the risk of depression.

This book is a guide to mindfulness meditation. Jon Kabat-Zinn believes that meditation is not just about focusing and calming down, it helps you see and accept the path you are on in life.

Robert Leahy, "Freedom from Anxiety"

"Deal with anxiety before it does you" is written on the cover of this book. It sounds creepy, but it’s true: anxiety is one of the most frequent requests to a psychotherapist, and in severe form it brings a lot of suffering to a person.

Learn more