Muscular dystrophy vs multiple sclerosis
Association of Limb-Girdle muscular dystrophy with multiple sclerosis: A case report
Caspian J Intern Med. 2018 Winter; 9(1): 96–99.
doi: 10.22088/cjim.9.1.96
, MD,1, MD,2 and , MD1,3,*
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Background:
The association of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) with other neurological disorders is uncommon.
Case presentation:
We report a 25-year-old female with LGMD who suffered from slowly progressive proximal muscular weakness and atrophy since she was 12 years of age. The patient recently presented with acute loss of left side visual acuity. After evaluation, findings were suggestive of multiple sclerosis.
Conclusions:
This is the first report of LGMD in association with MS. The simultaneous occurrence of MS with myopathies may be incidental but there may be a genetic susceptibility for both diseases. This comorbidity may influence the treatment of MS.
Key Words: Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy, Multiple Sclerosis, Myopathy
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) denominates a group of diseases that involve proximal muscles in childhood or adulthood. It is sometimes associated with elevated creatine phosphokinase serum levels and indicated by dystrophic changes (regeneration/degeneration) on muscle biopsy. The age of onset, severity, and systemic organ involvement varies among different subtypes. In addition, the signs and symptoms are different among the members of one family (1, 2). We report a known case of LGMD that presented with left optic neuritis during the follow-up. After investigation, a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) was made based on the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings.
The patient was a 25-year-old female born to non-consanguineous parents. She was the second child of a family with one brother and two sisters. Her initial symptom began when she was 12 years old and presented as difficulty in climbing stairs. Her weakness was slowly progressive with the wasting of the proximal leg muscles so that she lost her ability to run. After a few years, she also felt weak in her shoulders and arms but to a lesser degree than her legs. She did not have any sensory or sphincter complaints. Her swallowing was normal. A family history of muscle weakness was positive in her grandmother, but it was not debilitating enough to look for a cause. One of her aunts had MS. Her history was negative for alcohol and smoking. She only took multivitamin pills temporarily. On examination, her body-mass index (BMI) was 23 and she was afebrile with no abnormal findings on physical examination of the skin, mucous, head, and neck. Cardiopulmonary and abdominopelvic examinations showed no abnormalities. She was fully obedient and her mental functions were intact with normal speech. An examination of her cranial nerves showed no facial or bulbar muscle involvement. Muscle weakness and atrophy was symmetrical, prominent in the pelvic and shoulder girdle sparing oculofaciobulbar muscles.
The muscles had a normal tonus without any evidence of contracture or calf hypertrophy. She had good strength in her axial muscles (5/5). Weakness was more obvious in the lower limbs than in the upper limbs (3/5 and 4/5, respectively). The power of her distal muscles, wrists, and feet was preserved. Her tendon reflexes diminished proportional to their weakness. Plantar reflexes were down bilaterally. Sensory examination was normal. Laboratory tests performed at that time showed an increased level of transaminases (ALT: 72 U/L, AST: 55U/L) and CPK 10000 U/L. Cardiologic consultation revealed no significant cardiac abnormalities.
The first electromyography (EMG) (2005) showed a myopathic pattern in the lower limbs from which a muscle biopsy was requested but the patient postponed it. Until the patient was 20 years old, her symptoms were progressive; then, she experienced a stabilization of the disease. A biopsy taken in 2011 revealed dystrophic changes (degeneration/ regeneration) with markedly increased endomysial connective tissue; no inflammatory cell infiltration, ragged red fiber, cytoplasmic body and lipid or glycogen accumulation in muscle fibers were seen (). An immunohistochemistry (IHC) study of sarcolemmal proteins showed sarcolemma labeling of all fibers with DYS1, DYS2, DYS3, alpha and gamma sarcoglycan, dysferlin, merosin, and beta-spectrin ().
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H&E staining: atrophy, some necrotic and regenerative fibers are noted. Endomysial connective tissue is severely increased
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Immunohistochemistry (IHC) shows staining with anti-dystrophin, dysferlin, merosin, and sarcoglycan
The second EMG in 2011 showed a myopathic process pronounced in the proximal muscles. With a diagnosis of LGMD, rehabilitation, physical therapy, and stretching exercises were advised to improve her mobility and prevent disused atrophy or contracture deformities. In April 2015, she complained of acute left visual loss for four days with painful eye movements that lasted for several days. Her muscle strength had not changed for 5 years. On examination of her pupils, the left one had 2+ relative afferent pupillary defects (RAPD). Left visual acuity was finger counting from one meter with cecocentral scotoma in the visual field. Extraocular muscles and other cranial nerves were intact. Ophthalmologic consultation revealed no bulbar ophthalmic problems. For further evaluation, we planned a brain and optic pathway MRI that excluded compressive lesions of the optic pathway and disclosed multiple periventricular, centrum semiovale, corpus callosum, juxta cortical, and infra tentorial (brain stem and cerebellum) T2 hypersignal demyelinating plaques with multiple lesion enhancement () that fulfilled the McDonald criteria for MS (3, 4).
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a) Sagittal T2 MRI, multiple hyperintense lesions involving periventricular white matter thalamus and cerebellum; b) Sagittal T1-weighted MRI showed enhancement of one periventricular lesion; c) and d) Axial T2 and FLAIR MRI, respectively; demonstrating multiple periventricular, centrum semioval, and juxtacortical lesions
From this, we prescribed intravenous methyl prednisolone (5 gr divided in 5 days) for the treatment of her optic neuritis. She responded significantly and her visual acuity ameliorated so that she could read from 30 cm. Vasculitis tests and anti-aquaporin 4 antibodies were negative. The final diagnosis was relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS). For long term treatment, we decided to put her on a glatiramer acetate daily injection.
This is the first report of LGMD in association with MS. Mutations in more than 50 loci have been known for LGMD. LGMD is distinct from x-linked muscular dystrophy by the autosomal pattern of inheritance, and from facioscapulohumeral and Emery muscular dystrophy by sparing the facial muscles. A proximal muscle involvement will become evident either in late childhood or early adulthood and is relatively benign in comparison with Duchenne dystrophy. Cardiac involvement occurs in some subtypes of the disease and mental functions are usually normal (5-8).
No definitive treatment exists for LGMD; however, management should be based for weight control, rehabilitation, physiotherapy, orthopedic surgery for skeletal deformities, and if respiratory failure occurs, then the use of respiratory aids and a mechanical ventilator is required (9-11). Although some reports suggest an association between myopathy and other neurological disorders, evidence is lacking to conclude this relationship.
MS is another disabling neurologic disease, the most common autoimmune disorder affecting the central nervous system and is believed to occur as a result of genetics (including HLA DR15 and DQ56) and environmental factors (12). In recent years, the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in axonal loss degeneration in the progressive stage of MS has been investigated (13).
Some cases of MS and myopathy have been reported, for example, one case with centronuclear myopathy and RRMS (14). A 31-year-old woman with myotonic dystrophy type 2 presented with left hemihyperesthesia and mild spinal cord and brain stem symptoms whose paraclinical findings provided a diagnosis of RRMS (15). Two cases with mitochondrial myopathy and MS have been reported (16). The association of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy and MS in a man with a history of bilateral pectoralis, proximal weakness, and atrophy of upper extremities since he was 16 years old showed left optic neuritis as the first presentation of MS at age 23 (17). A 27-year-old woman with progressive proximal lower limb weakness and increased liver function tests since her 20s with evidence of MS based on a brain MRI, cerebrospinal fluid, and visual evoked potential and in combination with an observation of periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) positive vacuoles on her muscle biopsy that was conclusive for adult onset Pompe disease with PPMS (18). The simultaneous occurrence of MS with myopathies may be incidental but there may be a genetic susceptibility for both diseases.
In conclusion the comorbidity between MS and others medical disorders is important for the treatment of this autoimmune disease. As the authors know this is the first report of MS in association with LGMD.
We thank the MS Research Center of Sina Hospital for their support.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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What is the Difference Between Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Muscular Dystrophy (MD)?
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Fact Checked
There are many differences between multiple sclerosis (MS) and muscular dystrophy (MD). MS is believed to be an autoimmune disease that affects the nervous system, while MD is a group of related conditions that affect the muscles. People often confuse the two because their initials are so close, and the diseases may have similar symptoms in some cases.
Causes
In multiple sclerosis, the body's immune system appears to attack the outer layer of the nerves, particularly in the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerve, eventually breaking this layer (called myelin) down. This means that signals sent along those nerves are slowed down or cannot travel at all. No one is sure why this happens, so researchers don't know the exact causes of the disease. It is thought that genetics likely plays a part, but other factors — like a virus or environmental conditions — may be involved.
Muscular dystrophy, on the other hand, is genetic. In most cases, a gene that controls the production of certain types of proteins doesn't work correctly, causing muscle fibers to break down. There are many different types of MD, including a number of other closely related conditions, so the exact causes vary with the type of MD. Duchenne MD is believed to be one of the most common forms. It's caused by a defective gene on the X chromosome and prevents the body from producing a protein called dystrophin, which is needed for the cell membranes of muscle fibers.
Who Is Affected?
MS is more common in women than men, which is also true of other autoimmune diseases. Diagnosis typically occurs between the ages of 20 and 50, although it can affect younger people as well. How genetics plays a role in MS isn't clear, but people who have family members with the disease are much more likely to develop it as well. It affects people of nearly all races, although people of northern European ancestry seem more susceptible, as are people who live farther from the equator in general.
The most common types of muscular dystrophy affect boys, often those who are very young. The symptoms of Duchenne MD often start before the age of 5, and it's usually well advanced by the time a boy is 12. A similar condition, Becker muscular dystrophy, often develops when a child is older, often around age 10 or even later. The symptoms of Emery-Dreifuss MD are usually present by the age of 10, and heart problems often develop by 20.
Other types of muscular dystrophy, including limb-girdle, myotonic, fascioscapulohumeral (FSHD), and congenital MD, can affect both men and women. There are congenital forms of MD that are present at the time of birth, whereas other types often develop when a person is in his or her teens or 20s. Oculopharyngeal MD usually does not appear until later in life, often after a person is in his or her 50s.
Symptoms
Some of the symptoms of multiple sclerosis and muscular dystrophy can be similar, which is one reason why they may be confused. Muscle weakness is common in both conditions, and problems walking and running can be seen in MS and some types of MD. People with MS are more likely to develop additional symptoms, like dizziness, vision problems, tingling or numbness, and feelings of electric shocks. Different forms of MD affect different parts of the body, so muscle weakness may be seen mostly in one area: the face with myotonic MD, for example, or the shoulders with FSHD.
MD tends to be very difficult on the body as the muscle fibers break down. Most forms will ultimately cause death as the muscles become weak and atrophied. People with some of the most common forms often are unable to walk as the disease progresses, and may develop problems with their joints and spinal cord.
Multiple sclerosis affects the central nervous system, which can then result in movement difficulties. In this condition, the muscles may become harder to move without pain, and can atrophy because they're not being used. Muscle spasms and coordination problems can also occur. Symptoms often can be triggered or worsened by exposure to heat.
Those with MS usually don't have constant symptoms, although an attack can last for months in some cases. These attacks can temporarily impair movement, cause vision problems, and give the sufferer great pain. Symptoms often go away, especially in the early stages of the disease, and a person with the condition may go through long periods with no problems at all. As the disease worsens, however, attacks may become more frequent, and the person less likely to recover from them.
Diagnosis
A medical professional typically diagnoses MS based on MRI scans of the brain and spinal cord, nerve function tests, and a lumbar puncture. He or she will also typically examine the eyes for irregular responses of the pupils and other vision problems. A neurological exam to test movement in the arms and legs, reflexes, and changes in sensation in any part of the body may also be conducted.
Tests for MD include muscle function tests and a muscle biopsy in some cases. Some types often have clear physical symptoms. Blood tests are often performed to find the levels of certain enzymes, including creatine kinase. DNA tests may be used to look for specific genetic mutations found in some forms of the disease.
Treatments
Currently, there is no known cure for either multiple sclerosis or muscular dystrophy. For both conditions, treatment is often focused on managing the symptoms and helping the patient maintain a good quality of life while living with the condition.
Some medications, including fingolimod and interferons, may help reduce the number of MS attacks and slow progression of the disease in some patients. Corticosteroids are often used to relieve the inflammation associated with attacks, and muscle relaxants may help with the pain and stiffness. Physical therapy is often recommended to help the patient maintain muscle tone.
People with MD may also experience benefits from physical therapy, which often helps the person keep more muscle function. As with MS, corticosteroids are often prescribed, and may help maintain muscle strength. Once the disease progresses, wheelchairs and braces may be needed so that the patient can stay mobile. People with spinal problems related to MD may need surgery to make breathing easier. A pacemaker may also be required if the heart is affected by the disease.
Prognosis
Mild forms of multiple sclerosis do not necessarily affect life expectancy. Many people live 20 years or more with the disease, and those who develop it at a younger age often have the best outlook. People with more severe forms, with longer attacks and less time in remission, may not live as long. In rare cases, aggressive MS result in death in a very short amount of time.
The prognosis for someone with muscular dystrophy depends very much on which type the person has and how severe it is. Duchenne MD is typically fatal at a young age, and most people who have it do not live past their mid 20s. People with FSHD or myotonic MD, on the other hand, often live a normal life span.
Tricia has a Literature degree from Sonoma State University and has been a frequent contributor for many years. She is especially passionate about reading and writing, although her other interests include medicine, art, film, history, politics, ethics, and religion. Tricia lives in Northern California and is currently working on her first novel.
Tricia ChristensenTricia has a Literature degree from Sonoma State University and has been a frequent contributor for many years. She is especially passionate about reading and writing, although her other interests include medicine, art, film, history, politics, ethics, and religion. Tricia lives in Northern California and is currently working on her first novel.
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multiple sclerosis - data from an 8-year study
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About Roche Roche (Basel, Switzerland) is a global pharmaceutical and diagnostics innovation company that uses cutting-edge science to improve people's lives. Roche is one of the world's largest developers and manufacturers of biotech medicines for the treatment of cancer, autoimmune, infectious and neurological diseases. Roche is also one of the world leaders in the field of in vitro diagnostics, histological diagnostics of oncological diseases and a leading manufacturer of products for self-management of diabetes. nine0003 The synergy between pharmaceutical and diagnostics makes Roche a leading company in personalized medicine. For 11 consecutive years, Roche has been recognized as a leader in the pharmaceutical industry for sustainable development, according to the Dow Jones index. In 2020, the company's investment in research and development amounted to 12.2 billion Swiss francs, with revenues of 58.3 billion Swiss francs. Roche owns Genentech, USA and a majority stake in Chugai Pharmaceutical, Japan. For more information visit www.roche.com. nine0003 Roche-Moscow JSC represents the pharmaceutical division of the company in Russia. Working with all stakeholders, we strive to improve the access of Russian patients to innovative technologies in the treatment of diseases. As of 2021, 30 of the company's drugs are included in the list of Vital and Essential Drugs. Roche makes a long-term contribution to the development of medicine, science, public health and the pharmaceutical industry in Russia. More details at www.roche.ru.
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