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Locus of Control Definition

Locus of control is a psychological concept that refers to how strongly people believe they have control over the situations and experiences that affect their lives. In education, locus of control typically refers to how students perceive the causes of their academic success or failure in school.

Students with an “internal locus of control” generally believe that their success or failure is a result of the effort and hard work they invest in their education. Students with an “external locus of control” generally believe that their successes or failures result from external factors beyond their control, such as luck, fate, circumstance, injustice, bias, or teachers who are unfair, prejudiced, or unskilled. For example, students with an internal locus of control might blame poor grades on their failure to study, whereas students with an external locus of control may blame an unfair teacher or test for their poor performance.

Whether a student has an internal or external locus of control is thought to have a powerful effect on academic motivation, persistence, and achievement in school. In education, “internals” are considered more likely to work hard in order to learn, progress, and succeed, while “externals” are more likely to believe that working hard is “pointless” because someone or something else is treating them unfairly or holding them back. Students with an external locus of control may also believe that their accomplishments will not be acknowledged or their effort will not result in success.

In special education, the locus-of-control concept is especially salient. Many educators believe that students with learning disabilities are more likely to develop an external locus of control, at least in part due to negative experiences they may have had in school. If their disabilities have made learning exceptionally difficult or challenging, and they have consequently experienced more failure than success in school, blaming other people and external factors can develop into a psychological coping mechanism (i. e., when someone or something else is always the cause, the students don’t need to take more responsibility over their success in school).

For related discussions, see growth mindset and stereotype threat.

Locus of control is related to a variety of psychological concepts, theories, and findings, including learned helplessness, which is when a person has learned to act as if they are helpless even when they actually have control over their situation or the power to change a circumstance or outcome. Some psychologists believe “externals” are more likely to develop learned helplessness than “internals.”

Reform

In recent decades, locus of control has become a more widely recognized and discussed concept in education. There are two main approaches that schools use when working with learning-disabled students who have an external locus of control:

  • Altering learning contexts: More structured, orderly, and supportive classrooms and learning environments are believed to benefit students with an external locus of control, while students with an internal locus of control often thrive in more unstructured learning environments.
  • Strengthening internal locus of control: Educators and specialists may also use a variety of strategies to encourage students to believe they have more control over their education and academic achievement, including techniques known as “attribution training.” Essentially, students are taught to internalize positive messages that tend to be intuitive to students with an internal locus of control. For example, the training may encourage students to say to themselves—out loud at first, then in a whispering voice, and then silently to themselves—that they can do the task they were assigned and that their hard work and effort will be rewarded with success.

Several questionnaires have been developed to help identify whether students tend toward an internal or external locus of control. Julian B. Rotter, the psychologist who originally developed the locus-of-control concept, created a widely used question-based assessment and a corresponding scale designed to identify where students are on the internal-external spectrum. The questionnaire offers a series of choices between two statements. For example, the respondent would choose between “I have often found that what is going to happen will happen” or “Trusting to fate has never turned out as well for me as making a decision to take a definite course of action.” Rotter’s assessment is one of a number of diagnostic tools and scales that may be used by psychologists and educators.

The Glossary of Education Reform by Great Schools Partnership is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Understanding Locus of Control and What Motivates You

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What is the locus of control, and why is it important?

What are the two types of locus of control?

What are examples of locus of control?

Do you have a more internal or external locus of control?

What do you feel when you’re suddenly faced with a tough challenge or obstacle? What thoughts go through your mind?

Do your thoughts go to how might overcome this challenge to achieve what you want? Or, do you wonder why this is happening to you or feel under attack? Do you feel paralyzed? Or, energized? Choiceless or determined?

Not everyone holds the same beliefs about what influences their actions and the outcomes of those actions. In psychology this concept is called locus of control. 

Let’s explore what locus of control means, what types of locus of control influence how people see the world, and how you can identify what types of locus of control motivate your own actions.

What is the locus of control, and why is it important? 

Locus of control refers to a person's beliefs about how much control they have over what happens to them in their life and how much influence they have over what happens in the world around them.

The concept of Locus of Control of Reinforcement was developed by Julian B. Rotter. He was an American psychologist who specialized in social learning theory. He first published a paper outlining the locus of control in 1966. 

Since then, several other researchers have done work on the locus of control. For example, Kenneth Wallston explored the locus of control from a health perspective.

The idea of locus of control is simple. It states that behavior is guided by different types of reinforcements. Those reinforcements can be rewards or punishments.

Depending on what reinforcements someone lives through, people learn to believe different things about what causes their actions.

Those beliefs have a huge impact on someone’s behavior. Someone can believe that they don’t have control over their actions and what happens to them. Others can believe that they have full agency over their actions and outcomes. 

It’s easy to imagine how those two fundamentally different beliefs will change how someone views the world, their place in society, and how they act. These two beliefs are the two types of locus of control: internal and external.

What are the two types of locus of control? 

How do the internal and external locus of control work? Let’s break down what defines these two types of locus of control.

Internal locus of control

Internal locus of control means that control comes from within. You have personal control over your own behavior.

When you have an internal locus of control, you believe you have personal agency over your own life and actions. Because of this, these people tend to have more self-efficacy. 

If you succeed, you believe it’s because you did the right thing and put in the right amount of effort. If you experience failure, you’ll blame no one but yourself. You’ll believe that you could have changed the outcome if you’d worked harder or made different decisions.

Someone who has a lot of resilience and who also has an internal locus of control is likely to be driven toward success. Studies have shown that, in general, people who have this type of locus of control tend to be better off than those who don’t.

This is likely because people with an internal locus of control take responsibility and accountability for their actions. They have greater expectations for themselves because they don’t believe that luck will help them succeed. As a result, they tend to take control of their work, their personal goals, and anything else that’s important to them.

But what do studies say about the internal locus of control when it comes to gender differences? On this topic, not all researchers came to the same conclusion. Some studies show that the internal locus of control is more common in men than women. But other studies say the opposite.

This means that having an internal drive related to your locus of control likely has nothing to do with your gender. It is more likely that it’s influenced by how a person experienced rewards and punishments as they grew up.

External locus of control

External locus of control means that control stems from external forces. When you have an external locus of control, you believe that events outside of your control drive your actions and the outcomes you get.

If you win a game, you’ll believe that you won because you got lucky. Or, you’ll believe that you won because the other players just weren’t good enough. But if you lose, you’ll believe you ran out of luck. Or, you’ll believe that the other players were just too talented for you to have any chance of winning.  

According to several studies, having an external locus of control as a main driving force correlates with several risks for criminal or problematic behavior. Studies also suggest that those with an external locus of control are less open to engaging in treatment than those with an internal locus of control.

Of course, this doesn’t mean that only people with external control of reinforcement can commit offensive behavior.

What it suggests is that people who believe they are at the whim of external forces don't believe they have the power to control themselves. As a result, they don't try or don't take effective action to change their own behaviors. 

A comparison of internal and external locus of control

Let’s compare the internal and external locus of control side by side and how they influence decision-making:

Internal Locus of Control

External Locus of Control

Believe what they’ve achieved is due to their hard work

Credits luck or timing when they manage to achieve something

Take responsibility for their actions

Put the responsibility on forces outside of their control

Don’t believe in “fate”

Feel that they can’t change a situation because that’s how it’s meant to be

Aren’t usually as influenced by other people’s opinions

Feel hopeless when confronted with a difficult situation

Tend to be driven and motivated to achieve something they want

Believe they’ll achieve what they want if the timing is right or if it’s meant to be

The role of locus of control in everyday life

Let’s explore what a locus of control looks like in work and everyday life.

At first glance, it may seem like an internal locus of control is always more desirable to have. However, an internal locus of control isn’t automatically good. Likewise, an external locus of control isn’t automatically bad.

It all depends on the context.

How a type of locus of control manifests itself will vastly depend on someone’s other personality traits.

For example, someone with a strong internal locus of control may be very direct and to the point. While this can make for clear communication in the workplace, it can also lead to a lack of tact. It can be easy to steamroll over others who are less direct.

Someone with a high internal locus of control may also find it difficult to delegate. Once they delegate, things are no longer under their control. Putting this much importance on control can also lead to burnout. Because they believe everything they want to achieve relies on them, the slope toward overworking can be slippery. This can take a toll on mental health and self-esteem.

On the other hand, there can be several positive aspects to having an external locus of control. For instance, these people may be more sensitive to their surroundings and more perceptive of others on the team, potentially making them better team players. 

They’re also able to let go of things more easily. They can be happier because of that. Especially when it comes to letting go of external factors that really are beyond their control.

However, that "let go" attitude can be both good and bad. While it may lead to peace for some people, it can lead to apathy in others.

Both an internal and external locus of control can lead to social loafing, but for different reasons. Someone with an internal locus of control may begin to loaf if they don’t care enough about the group’s goal. Someone with an external locus of control may loaf because they believe it will work out anyway and that their contribution doesn’t matter to the outcome.

Even though both types have their individual differences, they can lead to similar outcomes in some cases. The important takeaway is that the types of locus of control aren’t all internal or all external, and not all good or bad.

What are examples of locus of control?

Let’s take a look at what different situations can look like depending on your locus of control.

First, imagine you’re changing careers. Do you have the self-determination to start looking for jobs and maximizing your resume? Or, do you wait for fate to line something up for you?

The former is an example of how an internal locus of control could manifest itself. Instead, the latter represents what someone with an external locus of control might do.

What if, one day, your neighbor got a new luxury car? Do you believe they got lucky and probably got handed all the right opportunities to afford this car? Or do you instead believe they’ve worked hard to finally be able to make that purchase? In this case, the former is an example of an external locus of control.

Finally, let’s imagine you got the promotion you were hoping for. Do you believe you got the promotion because of your hard work? Or do you believe it was luck, timing, or fate that got you there? Again, this latter example showcases an external locus of control.

Do you have a more internal or external locus of control?

Not sure what type of locus of control you have? There are some predictors to help you figure it out. Find out what locus of control drives your motivation by checking out these characteristics.

Characteristics of an internal locus of control

Here are some examples of what you may believe if you have an internal locus of control:

  • By working hard and practicing self-control, it’s possible to achieve anything I set out to do. I create my own opportunities. Waiting for luck is futile.
  • No one has a predestined fate. Even if this were the case, it’s always possible to change this fate by making the right choices. In truth, we all make our own destinies. In fact, we can start over in life at any point we choose.  
  • People usually get what they deserve at the end of the day. Our choices and actions determine our happiness. If you work hard and treat others with kindness and respect, you will be more likely to succeed. If you don’t put in the effort and don’t respect people, you’re unlikely to succeed and be happy.
  • With dedication and determination, you can succeed and be great at problem-solving. It has nothing to do with luck or chance. Everything happens because someone acted in a specific way. 
  • The world is the way it is because people are the way they are. If we want to change the world, we need to change our behavior. It’s entirely up to us. We’re in control. 
  • It’s important to set goals and create a personal vision statement so that my short-term actions can influence my long-term outcomes.

Characteristics of an external locus of control

Here are some examples of what you may believe if you have an external locus of control:

  • Life events are all about luck and chance. Some people get lucky, and others don’t. It’s completely random and up to fate.
  • People don’t have a lot of control over what happens in the world. We can all strive to achieve something, but in the end, things will work out the way they were intended to.
  • I have little to no control over my own life. Outside forces are exercising control instead. 
  • Long-term goal setting isn’t worth it since events outside of my control can disrupt them. It’s better to go with the flow and see what happens.
  • What happens to people isn’t related to what they really deserve. Good people who work hard don’t always succeed. Greedy people sometimes get lucky and get it all. I have learned helplessness in the face of these situations.

What if you identify with both types of locus of control?

While some people may strictly identify with a single type of locus of control, most people may identify with a little bit of both. It’s possible to mostly have an internal locus of control while still believing that some things are up to chance.  

The opposite is true as well. Someone with an external locus of control may believe that they have some agency in their lives — even if minimal. 

Understand your own locus of control

When you understand what motivates your actions, it’s easier to create a plan of action to get where you want to go. In addition, research shows that a person's locus of control can affect their experience of stress and overall happiness. And, coaching can actually help shift your locus and improve your sense of agency.

No matter which type of locus of control drives your motivation, you can accelerate your personal growth with BetterUp. Learn more to see how you can improve your well-being and performance.

What is a locus of control and why the stars are to blame for everything

Not everyone is ready to take responsibility for their own life - it is much easier to attribute all failures to external circumstances. Such people tend to have an external locus of control.

But such a position leads to anxiety and even depression. We tell you how the external locus of control differs from the internal one and how this determines success in life.

Locus of control is the property of a person to attribute their successes or failures either only to internal or only to external factors. The first type is an external (external) locus. In this case, a person assumes that everything happens due to external influences: for example, the weather is to blame for an incorrectly solved test, and the promotion at work happened by accident - this is just luck. A person's belief that his life depends on external circumstances is a psychological defense. This may indicate inferiority, a low level of self-esteem. The one who does not believe in his own strength, accordingly, limits himself. People with an external locus of control are more likely to suffer from psychopathology: feeling their helplessness and insignificance, they perceive the world as hostile.

The second type is an internal (internal) locus. In this case, the impact factors include character traits, the presence of certain skills and knowledge, experience, and so on. Sometimes this may be appropriate: for example, the reason for a failed test is insufficient preparation, problems with concentration, fatigue. By noting them, the student will prepare more effectively for it next time. In addition, internals show greater cognitive activity. Deeper processing of information, introspection allows them to gradually increase the complexity of the task, which leads them to success.

However, such an inclination can aggravate the situation, since the person considers himself to be guilty of everything. This can lead to frustration, anxiety, and increased stress levels. Internals are more likely to occupy a higher position in society than externals, notes Julian Rotter, who proposed the idea of ​​a locus of control.

The difference between external and internal locus of control lies not only in relation to responsibility for what is happening, but also in life goals and character traits. Internals are self-confident, consistent, calm, they are prone to reflection and often achieve their goals. Externals, on the contrary, are anxious, show aggression, and have a low level of self-control.

“During the entrance exams, I assigned each student to one of two groups: those with an internal or external locus of control. Internals were more likely to say: "I know it's up to me", "I need to learn how to become more successful", "I am responsible for what happens in my practice", etc. Externals say things like "It's too hard to succeed these days" or "Competition in our field is killing me." That is, external factors, such as luck, fate, will determine whether they succeed or not.

Locus of control is often seen as an innate component of personality. However, there is evidence that childhood experiences also influence this. If parents encourage independence and help to understand the connection between actions and their consequences, as a rule, the child develops an internal locus of control.

The benefits of this were highlighted in a study investigating the potential impact of locus of control on health. The researchers found that of more than 7,500 British adults who were followed from birth, internals in their thirties were less likely to be overweight and less likely to experience stress. The main explanation for these results was that such people are more confident in their ability to influence outcomes through their own actions. As a rule, they have higher self-esteem than externals.”

Comment by clinical psychotherapist Richard Joelson for Psychology.today

External and internal locus of control are two extremes. Yet there is something in between: a moderate internal locus. In this case, people are sure that the future is in their hands, they believe in their strength and work to improve their skills. At the same time, they are aware that some external factors may be obstacles on the way to the goal, then the trajectory will have to be adjusted.

It is also worth considering the fact that a person who most often manifests himself as an internal, in some situations turns out to be an external. For example, he may find himself in a group in which he is uncomfortable to be, and its members become antagonists - in other words, some kind of enemies. Then, due to prejudice, a person can blame others for failures.

Lyubov Karas

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Locus of control. What is "Locus of Control"? The concept and definition of the term "Locus of control" - Glossary

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Locus of control (lat. locus - location, French contrule - check) - a person's tendency to attribute success or failure in his life to external circumstances or his own abilities.

In the first case, they speak of an external (external) locus, in the second, an internal (internal) locus. The terminology was proposed at 1954, the American psychologist Julian Rotter, later created the so-called "Rotter Questionnaire", which allows you to determine the locus of control.

A simple example of locus of control is a student who received an unsatisfactory grade. An external (a person with an external locus) will describe this situation as the result of a combination of circumstances that he could not influence. For example, family friends came to visit his parents and constantly distracted him from reading a textbook. An internal (a person with an internal locus of control) will attribute this failure to his personal failure: for example, he is not interested enough in this subject to prepare well. It is possible that in fact this was influenced by external circumstances, but such a person in any case will consider only himself responsible.

The difference between external and internal loci of control is not only in relation to responsibility, but also generally correspond to opposite life positions. Internals, as a rule, are self-confident, consistent in their actions, and often achieve their goals. Externals, on the contrary, are suspicious and anxious, often show aggression, rarely succeed.

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