Domestic verbal abuse
4 Signs to Look For
Written by WebMD Editorial Contributors
Medically Reviewed by Dan Brennan, MD on November 24, 2020
In this Article
- What Is Verbal Abuse?
- Signs of Verbal Abuse
- Dealing With Verbal Abuse
- Support and Resources
What Is Verbal Abuse?
Verbal abuse, also known as emotional abuse, is a range of words or behaviors used to manipulate, intimidate, and maintain power and control over someone.
These include insults, humiliation and ridicule, the silent treatment, and attempts to scare, isolate, and control.
Emotional and verbal abuse also includes violence that isn’t directed specifically at people but is used to intimidate, like slamming doors, throwing things, destroying belongings, or harming pets.
These behaviors are just as serious as other forms of abuse and may damage self-worth and well-being. Every relationship is different, and signs of emotional and verbal abuse may not be obvious from the start of a relationship. Verbally abusive people often seem to be ideal partners, and behaviors may emerge slowly or begin suddenly.
It may be difficult to recognize abuse if you’re not being physically hurt, but emotional and verbal abuse may be a sign that physical abuse will follow.
Signs of Verbal Abuse
Emotional and verbal abuse can take many forms and can come from partners, caregivers, coworkers, parents, and others. If it’s happening to you, it’s important to remember it’s not your fault.
Common signs of emotional and verbal abuse may include:
Isolation and Control
Removing contact with others is one way to exert control. Some examples include:
- Preventing you from visiting friends and family
- Trying to stop you from going to work or school
- Controlling who you spend time with
- Being jealous of other relationships
- Monitoring your messages
- Tracking your phone or car
- Demanding passwords to your phone, email, or social media
- Controlling your finances
- Taking or hiding your keys and wallet
- Controlling what you eat and wear
- Stopping you from seeing a doctor
Humiliation, Threatening, and Intimidation
Cruelty can create fear and coercion, which allows an abuser to maintain power and control.
Some examples include:
- Belittling or humiliating you, especially in front of others
- Name-calling or constantly criticizing
- Threatening to leave you
- Threatening to take your children or pets away from you
- Threatening to harm your child
- Harming a pet in front of you to punish you
- Slamming doors or punching walls to frighten you
- Breaking your belongings
- Driving erratically to scare you or force obedience
Emotional Manipulation
Emotionally abusive people create chaos. An abuser may:
- Accuse you of cheating
- Blame you for their actions if they are cheating
- Blame you for their abusive behavior
- Use your fears and beliefs to control you or the situation
- Give you the silent treatment
- Constantly argue
- Make confusing and contradictory statements
- Have sudden outbursts and drastic moods
Gaslighting
Gaslighting is a type of manipulation that makes you question your sanity, judgments, and memory.
You may begin to mistrust yourself and feel as if you’re losing your mind.
An abuser may:
- Insist you said or did something you didn’t
- Deny an event happened
- Question your memory of facts and events
- Pretend not to understand you or refuse to listen to you
- Deny their earlier promises and statements
Dealing With Verbal Abuse
The first step to dealing with abuse is to recognize it. By putting a name to your experience, you can begin to find help and support. Remember that emotional and verbal abuse may be a precursor to physical harm. Planning for both emotional safety and physical safety is important.
Create a Supportive Network
It may be difficult to share with someone about your experience, but having a trustworthy friend or therapist can be calming and helpful while dealing with verbal abuse. They might be able to help you make a plan.
Practice Self-Care
Take time every day to practice self-care, even if it’s only for a few minutes.
To the extent that you can, give yourself relief from the stress. Remind yourself of your value and worth and that you deserve care. Being abused is never your fault.
Make a Safety Exit Plan
You may need to leave a relationship to maintain your safety, but you may not be ready to take big steps. Instead, make small goals to reach out and talk to someone about your decisions or to find help so you can develop safety and a sense of control. Try calling a local resource. Use caution with your phone and computer.
Support and Resources
If you are in immediate danger, please call 911.
If you aren’t in immediate danger, reach out to a friend, therapist, abuse shelter, or domestic violence hotline.
National Domestic Violence Hotline: 1-800-799-SAFE (7233)
Crisis Text Line: Text 741741 in the U.S. and Canada
Childhelp National Child Abuse Hotline: 1-800-4-A-Child or 1-800-422-4453
Is Verbal / Emotional Abuse Considered Domestic Violence?
If you or someone you know is a victim of domestic violence, Safe Nest in Las Vegas, NV may be able to help.
You can find more information here.
Many fights among couples and other family members never go beyond shouting. But some people are surprised that they have been arrested for spousal, child, or elder abuse without laying a hand on anyone. While verbal abuse is not a crime per se, it can easily become a crime if it involves threatening bodily harm.
Saying “I never touched them” won’t help you in court. You need an actual verbal abuse defense. In many cases, the crime of domestic battery in Nevada may include verbal and/or emotional abuse charges. You could even be sued for compensation if the target of the alleged verbal abuse can demonstrate they suffered psychological trauma.
If you’ve been arrested in Clark County, Nevada, you need an experienced Las Vegas domestic battery lawyer to protect your rights. At Adras & Altig, our dedicated domestic violence defense attorneys can help you tell your side of the story. Paul J. Adras and Steven M. Altig are reputable and respected Las Vegas domestic abuse defense attorneys.
They have over a decade of experience handling complex cases where it’s all about what someone said, or heard, when there’s no physical evidence of harm.
What is Verbal / Emotional Abuse?
The terms “verbal abuse” and “emotional abuse” are sometimes used interchangeably, but they have slightly different meanings. Emotional abuse is a pattern of behavior intended to insult, embarrass, and create fear in another individual to control them.
Verbal abuse is a kind of emotional abuse, but not all emotional abuse is verbal. For example, looking at someone or acting in a manner that scares them is a form of emotional abuse, but it may not be verbal.
Verbal abuse and emotional abuse can both constitute the crime of domestic violence in Nevada, which is defined as the use of power, coercion and/or violence to control another. The Nevada Attorney General’s Office says verbal or emotional abuse can be charged as domestic violence if it is directed at a:
- Spouse or partner (spousal abuse)
- Child by a parent, grandparent, stepparent, or significant other of a parent (child abuse)
- Senior citizen by their children, grandchildren, or others living with or caring for the victim (elderly abuse).
It is important to understand that police who respond to a call about domestic violence almost always make an arrest. Once a charge has been filed, there’s no withdrawing the charges later. The local prosecutor has sole discretion over whether charges go forward, and they can force the accuser to testify.
Domestic violence, which is likely charged as battery (assault), is punishable by jail time, fines, community service, and counseling (at your expense) on even a first conviction.
Is Verbal Assault a Crime?
While verbal abuse/assault is not itself a crime, according to Nevada state law (NRS 200.571), verbal assault can become a crime if a person threatens another and the recipient reasonably fears they will be harmed. Specifically, verbal assault may be considered a crime if a person threatens:
- Bodily harm to the person threatened or to someone else in the future
- To cause physical damage to another person’s property
- To restrain or physically confine the threatened person or anyone else
- To commit any act with the intention of harming the threatened person or any other person with respect to their physical/mental health and safety
Nevada state law defines the above crimes as “harassment.
” The first offense is a misdemeanor, while the second is considered a gross misdemeanor. So, although verbal assault by itself is not a criminal act, it can easily turn into one, especially if you threaten someone else and cause them to fear that you will carry out the threat.
You Could Be Sued for Domestic Verbal Abuse
A verbal abuse charge is more likely to stick if the alleged victim can show that the abuse was ongoing. The alleged perpetrator regularly made threats or humiliated them over a long period. This pattern indicates intention on the part of the alleged abuser.
The alleged victim can also make their case stronger if they can show that they were abused, not simply annoyed or angered. There’s no rule or requirement, but someone who can show that they have sought counseling to cope with the alleged abuse or tried to injure themselves as a means of escape demonstrates harm from another’s actions.
A person who has truly suffered from verbal abuse might pursue a personal injury civil claim for compensation ― repayment for the cost of counseling, for example ― plus compensation for their pain and suffering.
This would be separate from criminal charges, but if you were the subject of such a lawsuit, a domestic violence conviction would weigh against you. The testimony of a domestic violence counselor who had worked with the lawsuit plaintiff would likely be damaging as well.
How Can a Domestic Battery Attorney in Las Vegas Help Me?
Domestic battery does not have to include physical harm for you to be convicted of the charge. The good news if you have been charged with domestic violence based on verbal or emotional abuse is that the prosecutor must prove the charge beyond a reasonable doubt to obtain a conviction. As in other criminal charges, you have a right to an attorney to defend you against the charge.
In many verbal abuse cases, there is very little evidence to prove a domestic battery charge. Many cases involve conflicting stories, which makes getting at the truth particularly difficult.
As your legal advocates, the seasoned defense attorneys at Adras & Altig can get your side of the story and gather any other evidence available to rebut the prosecution’s charges and build a defense for you.
One fight or even the occasional fight that includes a few insults is not necessarily verbal abuse. Being able to show that the charge is based on a one-time incident or that there is no pattern or evidence of injury is potentially a strong defense.
Being able to demonstrate, through witness affidavits or testimony, that the plaintiff commonly uses the same or similar language toward you may nullify the idea that they were truly harmed or felt abused.
Talk to a Las Vegas Domestic Violence Defense Attorney
The defense attorneys at Adras & Altig are here to help, not judge, people facing criminal charges of domestic violence. Regardless of what led to a charge of domestic violence against you, prosecutors have social and political pressure to take an aggressive stance against people charged with domestic violence. You will need a strong defense. You must speak with an experienced Las Vegas domestic battery attorney as soon as possible to ensure your rights are protected.
The seasoned Las Vegas domestic violence attorneys of Adras & Altig will work diligently to obtain the best possible outcome for you. Schedule a free consultation with our law office today to start your verbal abuse domestic violence charges defense.
This post was originally published in October 2019 and has been updated for accuracy and comprehensiveness in November 2021.
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At Adras & Altig, we believe that every client we work with deserves a fresh start. Our dedicated Las Vegas criminal defense attorneys take the time to get to know you so we can understand the circumstances surrounding your arrest.
14 signs of verbal abuse [free test]
Are you being verbally abused?
Verbal abuse is one of the common ways an abuser oppresses their partner and is a form of emotional abuse.
Unfortunately, abusive relationships in marriage or committed relationships are very common! Occasionally, verbal abuse occurs in the workplace. Verbally abusive people are found in all groups of people.
Healthy relationships are built on healthy and respectful communication. And that's the kind of relationship you should have.
Your first step to stopping verbal abuse is to identify verbal abuse!
Domestic violence, physical abuse, mental abuse, and other types of abuse can also occur when verbal abuse is part of a marriage or committed relationship.
Knowing the signs of verbal abuse is the first step to stopping this poison in a relationship.
What is verbal abuse?
Everyone has the right to respect and freedom - this is an unconditional human right!
Verbal abuse, psychological abuse, emotional abuse, mental abuse, sexual abuse, and domestic violence all deny the natural human right to freedom, security, respect, and dignity.
Verbal abuse is the deliberate use of "words" to humiliate, humiliate, silence, and subdue another person.
The victim of verbal abuse is harmed in a variety of ways, including reduced self-esteem, reduced self-esteem, increased worry and anxiety, and risk of depression.
Verbal abuse can occur at home or in the workplace. Most often this happens at home between two intimate partners.
Verbal abuse - like any other form of abuse - cannot be justified and should not be accepted!
No behavior or situation can justify the offensive behavior of another person. A victim of abuse is NEVER to blame for the abuse she suffers!
Say NO to verbal abuse and any other form of abuse.
Not all "bad" behavior in a relationship involves emotional and verbal abuse.
Not all relationship conflicts, arguments, and disagreements are examples of abuse.
Expression of anger or unreasonableness is not necessarily offensive behavior.
Only when a person's goal is to control their partner is he or she classified as a rapist.
When you encourage your partner to be more respectful, kind, and accepting, and he or she acknowledges his or her shortcomings and makes a sincere effort to improve, that is a clear sign that he or she is is not the abuser.
On the other hand, if your partner refuses to acknowledge his or her bad behavior in the relationship, blames you for all relationship problems, continues to insult you, threaten you, or promise to improve but doesn't deliver, then you know that your partner is abusive !
Here are 14 clear signs of domestic verbal abuse.
After being presented with the 14 signs of verbal abuse, you can take the verbal abuse test.
Each of the following is a form of verbal abuse in a romantic relationship.
1. Verbal assault
Just as domestic violence hurts your body, verbal abuse hurts your emotions and reduces your sense of self-worth, self-respect, self-confidence, security, and happiness.
Examples of verbal abuse:
Your partner tells you…
- You are stupid.
- You are fat.
- You are the only one who doesn't know how to do this.
- Didn't your mother teach you anything? Don't you have brains?
- Nobody likes you; you don't have friends.
- You are the cause of all our problems.
- You are useless.
- The silent treatment is your fault for ignoring you.
- It's your fault that I'm angry!
- All name callings
2. Always disagree
Arguing, always believing that he or she is right, and never agreeing with what you say or want is another sign of verbal aggression and abusive relations. Examples of constant disagreement:
- You have no idea what flowers are best to plant in our garden.
- I know you have your own ideas about how to discipline our son. However, I have told you many times that you are doing it wrong! You should only do it the way I told you.
- You pay too much for orange juice. If you shopped at the store where I go, you wouldn't overpay!
3. Sarcastic jokes
Some verbal abusers are very good at inserting insults and embarrassing comments into humor. Humor can be used as a way to disguise the intent of a comment so that the verbal offender cannot be held responsible for what he or she says to you.
Examples of sarcastic jokes:
- If we made a dollar every time you make a mistake, we'd already be millionaires!
- I love you for a pound. Keep up the good work... gain more weight... you will be loved more than anyone else in this world!
- With this new hat, I'm sure you could easily get a job at the circus!
- Taunting Words
4. Conversation Control
Like a traffic cop who directs and controls traffic, a verbal bully will control and manipulate the conversation and decide what you can and cannot talk about.
Examples of verbal abuse when controlling a conversation:
- You've asked me the same question a thousand times already.
- You never listen to me, so why should I listen to you?
- You don't learn anything, so why should I talk to you?
- I have to interrupt you because you are talking so much nonsense.
- Quiet handling.
5. Accusation
The aggressor vigorously “blames” you for any undesirable situation. Blaming is not something that should be part of a healthy relationship. Thus, regardless of the cause of an undesirable event, blaming is always inappropriate, harmful, and is another example of verbal abuse.
Examples of charges:
- It's your fault that I lost my job. You never support me.
- It's your fault that I cheated on you because you don't give me enough love.
- It's your fault that I can't find my keys. You never clean up here.
6. Getting fired
Always downplaying your worries and needs is a form of verbal abuse.
Examples of layoffs:
- So what if the windows were open last night! You are always paranoid.
Stop thinking negatively and everything will be fine. - I won't take you to the doctor. You always make a molehill out of a fly.
- So what if he criticized you! You are too sensitive.
- There's nothing wrong with having lunch with an old boyfriend. Your jealousy only proves that you are sick!
7. Threats
Threatening severe consequences for manipulating your opinion or behavior is a verbal abuse.
Examples of threats:
- If we divorce, I will take your children. I will prove to the judge that you are "crazy".
- If you don't stop your mother from sticking her nose into our business, I will never talk to her again.
- If you don't keep the house clean, I won't give you any more money.
8. Killing a character
Killing a character is when your worth as a person is called into question.
Examples of killing characters:
- You are stupid, just like your brother.
- I'm sorry no one told me how lazy you were before I married you.
- If you had even a little brain, you would figure it out yourself.
- You have never achieved anything of value in your entire life.
- I feel like I should treat you like a child.
- Name-calling directed at you as a person
9. Criticism
Constant expression of negative opinions and judgments about you.
Examples of criticism:
- You are spending too much money.
- You always drive too fast.
- When you eat, you chew too loudly.
- You always think the worst of people. That's why you don't have friends.
10. Gaslighting
Gaslighting is a form of fact manipulation and a powerful form of verbal abuse. The truth has nothing to do with the subject matter when you are gaslighted. The rapist is trying to convince you that because you are "crazy or stupid" you don't know the truth!
Examples of gaslighting:
- You gave me bad advice and that's why we lost money in the stock market.
(That never happened.) - You have always neglected our son Tom, and that is why he does so poorly at university. (This never happened.)
- You are abusive and that is why we have such a bad marriage. (That's not true.)
- I never called you a bitch. (When the offender actually did it.)
11. Offensive anger and rage
The difference between normal relationship conflict and abuse is intent. Not all anger is offensive. However, if a person uses anger with intent to systematically control and manipulate you, then this is a verbal abuse.
Examples of offensive anger and rage.
- The abuser uses his anger to scare you.
- The rapist uses his anger to the bully you.
- The rapist uses his anger to force you to do what he or she wants.
12. Yell
Raising your voice to intimidate and intimidate you is a variant of verbal abuse.
Examples of shouting:
- All of the above examples of verbal abuse are delivered in a loud and threatening voice.
- Demanding and rude shouting, for example; "Get me a fork or drive the car."
- Labeling
13. Male privilege
Some men mistakenly believe that their partner should do whatever they want them to do. These men believe that "their gender" makes them superior or empowered, and that they have the right to control relationships and thereby create painful abusive relationships. The idea that men belong to the "privileged sex" is wrong - men and women are equal.
Examples of male privilege (men talking to their partners):
- You must do what I tell you.
- It's time to have sex.
- Today you must stay at home and clean the house.
- I don't like your friend. Stop talking to her.
14. Racism
When a partner is shamed or humiliated because of his or her religion, culture or skin color.
Examples of racism as a form of verbal abuse:
- When I see where you and your family come from, it doesn't surprise me that you're so primitive.
- If you want to get closer to God, become a member of my faith.
- I hope our children have my skin color and not your skin color.
- I don't want our children to be like your family. That's why they can't see your parents.
- Racially tainted name calling
4 steps to free yourself from emotional and verbal abuse
1. If you think you are in a relationship with verbal abuse, I encourage you to learn more about verbal and emotional abuse.
Learn more about abuse and contact qualified professionals.
Take the FREE Verbal Abuse Test below to find out if you have been subjected to verbal abuse.
2. Recognize that abuse is never your fault.
Verbal abuse - and any other kind of abuse - cannot be justified. No one has the right to hurt you, whether it be physically or emotionally. Nobody has the right to control you. Your freedom and dignity is a human right!
3.
Take the position that you will not accept insults.
If you do not let the abuser know that you will not tolerate the abuse, it is likely to continue.
There are many ways to let the abuser know that verbal abuse is not acceptable. For example, in person, in writing, or in the presence of another person. Whichever way you choose, make sure you're safe.
4. Make a practical plan to stop emotional and verbal abuse.
Knowing that verbal abuse is wrong and harmful is never enough!
You must do everything possible—no matter how much effort it takes—to make sure that the verbally abusive person will reform and always treat you with kindness and respect.
Taking decisive action to end abuse is your responsibility and your opportunity to be free and live a better life.
Consulting with an experienced and caring professional can often help you develop a practical plan to stop verbal abuse.
Whenever possible, you should try to save your relationship. However, when this is not possible, there are other options.
Verbal abuse test
- Totally FREE
- No email required
- Immediate Results
- Private and Confidential
- 15 Easy Questions
The Verbal Abuse Test is designed to help people determine if they are in a verbal abuse relationship. Email is not required. Immediate results. Private and Confidential
This test was written by the author of this article, an experienced and qualified relationship professional.
15 easy questions and choose your answer
Assessing verbal abuse… what does it mean to you… and what to do next
Hi, this is family therapist Abe Kass, MA RSW RMFT.
Let's check your score on the verbal abuse test.
With in mind Your account is , scroll down until you find the range for your score. Then read what your “results” mean.
0-2 points. There is no problem with verbal abuse in your relationship. Make sure it stays that way.
If verbal abuse starts to develop, get self-help books and products or professional help to keep verbal abuse out of your family.
3-6 points. You report verbal abuse. You and your partner will benefit from learning how to speak respectfully to each other.
Doing nothing is more likely to result in more verbal abuse and more damage to the relationship.
I recommend that you purchase self-help books and products or professional help to eliminate harmful verbal abuse in your relationship and prevent it from getting worse.
7-10 points. Your partner exhibits a high level of verbal abuse. The verbal abuse you've already experienced has taken a toll on you and your relationship, and without strong intervention, it's likely to get worse.
I recommend that you purchase some self-help products to learn how to protect yourself and, if possible, influence your partner to behave respectfully towards you.
With each passing day the verbal abuse continues, the more difficult it will be to correct and reverse the emotional trauma.
11 or more points. You are being verbally abused by your partner. The higher your score is above 11, the more verbal abuse you suffer, and the greater your emotional trauma.
Get self help and professional help NOW to protect yourself.
Your situation may become so bad and chronic that your self-esteem and self-esteem may be seriously affected, which may lead to anxiety and depression.
You must take emergency action now to put an end to verbal abuse!
Nobody deserves abuse, and abuse can never be justified.
Respect is a human right.
You must take the necessary steps to put an end to abuse. Call for help.
Get professional help from qualified therapists.
Here are the lists of fully trained and qualified relationship professionals:
- American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy
- Canadian Association for Marriage and Family Therapy
Verbal abuse is a form of emotional abuse.
If you are taking this verbal abuse test and need help coping with an abusive relationship, learn more about my abuse guide, 15 Essential Facts Emotional Abuse Victims Should Know.
Are there warning signs of emotional and verbal abuse?
If the verbal abuse test determines that you are being emotionally and verbally abused, you need to take steps to stop the abuse.
Know that your verbal abuser CAN change for the better IF he or she wants to.
However, are must start the process to stop the abuse.
You do this when you take the position that you will no longer put up with verbal abuse, that your relationship is conditional - that your partner treats you and speaks to you respectfully.
If you are in a verbally abusive relationship, you need to reclaim your human right to be treated with dignity, respect and equality.
Have you been a victim of domestic violence or physical abuse? If yes, learn more about physical abuse and violence.
National Domestic Violence Hotline or Abuse Resource Center
USA
- Department of Justice.
- CDC - Centers for Disease and Prevention
- Women's Health
Canada
- Department of Justice.
- Public Health Agency of Canada
- Canadian Women's Foundation
About the Author
Abe Kass, MA, RSW, RMFT, CCHT. is a Registered Social Worker, Registered Couples and Family Therapist, Certified Hypnotherapist, and Award-Winning Educator. He maintains an active clinical practice in Toronto, Canada and around the world via phone or Zoom. He specializes in helping couples break free from emotional and verbal abuse.
After many years of clinical practice and research, Abe came to the conclusion that practical solutions were urgently needed, requiring concentrated efforts of no more than a few minutes a day to solve very specific relationship problems. GoSmartLife Publishing was created to meet this need.
The National Domestic Violence Hotline or the Abuse Resource Center provides information to victims of abuse. Abe's work as a relationship specialist builds on the services provided by these non-profit organizations. Abe provides treatment for those individuals and couples who want to keep their families together after the violence stops.
Verbal abuse - frwiki.wiki
Verbal abuse, offensive behavior usually using language.
Verbal abuse ( verbal abuse or verbal assault ) is a form of language abuse. It is a form of abuse that can occur with or without the use of explosives. While verbal communication is not the only common form, verbal abuse can also take place in writing.
Verbal abuse is a degree of behavior that can seriously affect a person's emotional development. Mere exposure to verbal aggression can be enough to significantly affect an individual's self-esteem, emotional-Being, and physical condition.
Summary
- 1 Definition
- 2 Consequences
- 3 Consensual verbal abuse
- 4 Notes and references
- 5 applications
- 5.1 Related articles
- 5.2 External links
Definition
Verbal abuse is described as an emotional environment organized by a speculator for the purpose of psychological and physical control over a person. The speculator tries to put his victim in a position of weakness. Reports of verbal and emotional abuse indicate that it often occurs in male-female couples. In such cases, the reported victims are mostly women.
Effects
Verbal abuse often leads to lower self - esteem of victims . As a result, they may suffer from clinical depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. Even though it is a very common type of abuse, verbal abuse is not taken seriously as a form of abuse because, apart from the fact that there may be witnesses present, there is no such thing as evidence.
However, in reality, cases of moderate to severe verbal abuse (especially during repeated attacks on the victim) can cause much more harm to a person's health than physical violence.
Verbal abuse from an early age may contribute to the development of an inferiority complex with chauvinistic attitudes and other negative behaviors that may extend into old age. Individuals who regularly feel verbal attacks should seek professional advice and move away from negative environments if possible. Being in the circle of speculators can seriously affect a person's well-being.
Consensual verbal abuse
Consensual verbal abuse (or verbal humiliation) is a common practice of erotic humiliation, often in the realm of BDSM. By all accounts, the submissive allows himself to be insulted and/or humiliated by his dominant in order to arouse himself with sexual or masochistic tendencies (this is seeking pleasure from pain).
Notes and links
- ↑ (in) Miller, No visible wounds: identifying non-physical abuse of women by their men New York Publishing Group Random House 1- e ed.
Learn more
