Can t be stopped

Can't Be Stopped (2022) - IMDb

20222022
1h 42m

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Hollywood's own "Can't Be Stopped" crew is one of the most influential and recognizable graffiti crews to emerge out of the U.S. is Since its inception in the early 1980's, the initials C.B.... Read allHollywood's own "Can't Be Stopped" crew is one of the most influential and recognizable graffiti crews to emerge out of the U.S. is Since its inception in the early 1980's, the initials C.B.S. have been at the forefront of evolving graffiti art into a true, authentic art form. Th... Read allHollywood's own "Can't Be Stopped" crew is one of the most influential and recognizable graffiti crews to emerge out of the U.S. is Since its inception in the early 1980's, the initials C. B.S. have been at the forefront of evolving graffiti art into a true, authentic art form. The kinship forged by father figure "Skate" creates a bond of brotherhood, a surrogate famil... Read all

Director
- Cody Smith
Stars
- Jon Bernthal
- David Arquette
- Leor Dimant

Director
- Cody Smith
Stars
- Jon Bernthal
- David Arquette
- Leor Dimant

See production, box office & company info

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Expected 2022

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Jon Bernthal

David Arquette

Leor Dimant

Self - House of Pain
(as DJ Lethal)

Louiche Mayorga

Self - Suicidal Tendencies

Mickey Avalon

Self - Musician

Anger

Self - CBS Crew Manager

Alex Pardee

2Mex

Self - Rapper, The Visionaries

Andre Legacy

Rakaa Iriscience

Self - Rapper, Dilated Peoples

Marc 7

Self - Rapper

Yaniv Evan

Self - Designer, Powerplant Motorcycles

Chaz Bojorquez

Self - Fine Artist

Hex Cbs

Kelly 'Risk' Graval

Self - Desinger, The Seventh Letter
(as Risk)

Director
- Cody Smith
All cast & crew
Production, box office & more at IMDbPro

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We Can't Be Stopped by Geto Boys (Album, Gangsta Rap): Reviews, Ratings, Credits, Song list

I really don't consider "The Geto Boys" the follow up to "Grip It" because it was just a reissue with a couple new tracks. This album right here is the proper follow up. I consider "Grip It" the debut album because "Making Trouble" had a completely different group (except for Bushwick). Anyway, this album is nearly equal in quality to the previous.

I would say that all three rappers sharpened their personalities more on this record, as they are all rapping at a higher intensity than before. I love it, because they have this in your face style with the lyrics. Scarface is obviously the standout, but Willie D and Bushwick are incredible as well. In fact, each of them gets a solo track on here, "Chuckie" being my favorite of those three. On this track, you really get to hear the wicked, psychotic lyircs of Bushwick. He just says some absolutely insane shit that I've never heard anyone else say. The only other rapper to have dark lyrics at the time was Esham, but he isn't nearly as insane as Bushwick.

Also, by this time, no one in hip-hop had been rapping about mental health. That is also done on the major classic anthem "Mind Playing Tricks on Me. " I guess Esham rapped about suicide on a few tracks, but the Geto Boys talk more about mental insanity. I guess you could also argue that Bushwick was talking about insanity on the previous album with "Mind of a Lunatic" but here you get a much deeper look into the minds of each of the three rappers.

"Fuck a War" is the most political track on here, even though there are a couple others. All three rappers clearly explain the concept of war being corrupt and exploitative, especially to black men who get drafted. "Trophy" is political as well. Willie D discusses the Geto Boys not getting any air play on the radio or awards, yet rock and roll groups, country singers and pop singers get lots. He explains that rappers with real life political lyrics who are in your face are what the radio won't play because society is afraid. It's a shame because these are my favorite kinds of hip-hop lyrics!

The production on this album is very good, still that old school sound mixed with the signature raw funk of Rap-A-Lot. The rappers stand out more than the beats with their original rapping styles. Also because they rap so clearly with so much emotion that you can really understand what they're saying. I will say this album is pretty close to the debut, the only problem is the skit and the two sex songs near the end. Not really a fan of sex songs, so this hurts the consistency. There are more standouts on this album than the debut, but that album was more consistent overall. Still, I consider this an easy classic in my top 100 and urge any hip-hop fan to hear it. I feel like this and the debut are underrated and not given enough love from hip-hop fans.

Published

Guess who's back to offend your parents and the politicians you voted for? The Geto Boys are back in the nine-ace, ready to follow up their "controversial" sophomore album Grip It! On That Other Level. In a De La Soul-esque attempt not to be pigeonholed, Scarface (then known as "Akshen"), Bushwick Bill and Willie D have completely changed up their style and are now pacifists. Shiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiit, as if they'd give up the gangsta shit that gets 'em paid. Hence the defiantly named We Can't Be Stopped.

If it will please the PMRC, We Can't Be Stopped is less offensive than Grip It! On That Other Level. In fact, their lyricism goes deeper than the standard "I'll kill you because I don't give a fuck" template. For example, there's a classic single "Mind Playing Tricks On Me". I don't think you heard this one Mrs. Gore, so I'll fill you in. On this track, the three MCs are talking about how their psyches are messing with them and they don't know what's real and what's not. It's a very well written track. You think this would explain why Akshen, Bushwick, and Willie D are the way they are Ms. Gore? So I think you owe those three men, Lil' J, and Rap-a-Lot Records an apology for trying to censor them. Oh, give 'em a break about the foul language Ms. Gore. Isn't that what you invented the Advisory sticker for anyway? You're still not happy about the threats about leaving "N" words and "MF" words in morgues or the sexual experiences Akshen and Bushwick talked about? But there are plenty of movies are centered around murder and sex. This ain't no worse than that dude cut up with the chainsaw or that Cosby girl getting fucked, I mean having "relations" in blood. I mean, you can actually see that stuff in the movies. As far as their "advocating" drug dealing goes, Akshen saying it on an album ain't no worse than Former President Reagan actually doing it...calm down Mrs. Gore, that was just a joke (not). I know that was all Ricky Ross *cough* fall guy *cough*. Excuse me, I seem to be coming down with something. You're still greatly offended by the Bushwick's grotesque lyricism and you find his anti-war sentiment unpatriotic? And you're also offended by Willie D's anti-chivalrous attitude and his condescending remarks towards the less offensive musicians? And you don't like how all three members taunted this organization on one of the songs? Darn Mrs. Gore, all I gotta say to that is this...First Amendment rights, suckas! If you don't like it, go back in time and keep the Colonies from winning the war. I just might be on your side about censorship if you crusade against Trent Lott, Jesse Helms, the Ku Klux Klan, and any other racial sepremacist groups. No? Then I will take this time to take advantage of my First Amendment rights; all you hypocritical, menstrual, desert pussy having, failed at parenting, should've got their tubes tied, closet racist skanks can deepthroat a dead man's decaying dick and maggot-infested balls! BEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIITCH!!!
Ugh, you just can't please some people...oh yeah, the review. Scarface (Akshen) is mostly on the gangsta tip while Willie D is profanely outspoken (as always). As for Bushwick Bill, We Can't Be Stopped would begin his love of being really creepy (see "Chuckie"). Perhaps that bullet he shot himself with touched his brain a little bit lol. All of them are excellent even though Scarface is my personal favorite (generic opinion alert).

Unsurprisingly, this album is produced by Rap-a-Lot's good ol' production crew. Like their other albums around that time, funky samples and hard samples are what make up these beats. Not to mention they are made aggressive enough to match the middle finger vocals. I wouldn't call this one of Rap-a-Lot's better beats, but they're still good. I dunno, these beats seems less funky and less hard-hitting as the other Rap-a-Lot beats.

One of the problems with We Can't Be Stopped goes back to the beats. They seem a little lighter this time around, which ain't a good combination with the vocals. This makes some of the lyricism much less engaging (scary) than it should be. The other problem is the Geto Boys' tradition of terrible, terrible sex songs. But now they've decided to throw in TWO wack sex songs instead of one! Yay!!!!

I recommend this to fans of gangsta rap (particularly NWA, Ice Cube, or Ready to Die), Southern rap (especially early Southern rap), any one of the Geto Boys' solo work, or 2Pac.

I'm glad the Geto Boys stuck to what they do best. At the same time, I'm glad they expanded their lyricism. This would make them all much better in the future, especially Scarface.

Song Quality: 8/10 (softer, but still hard enough to piss off Tipper!)
Lyrics: 9/10 (they can't be stopped!)
Beats: 7.5/10 (good, but shoulda been harder)

Favorites:
We Can't Be Stopped
Homie Don't Play That
Another Nigger In the Morgue
Mind Playin' Tricks on Me
I'm Not a Gentleman
Gotta Let Your Nuts Hang
Fuck a War
I Ain't With Being Broke
The Trophy

Least favorites:
Quickie
Punk-Bitch Game
The Other Level

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It is impossible to stop the flow of water with a sieve

The one hundred and twenty-fifth day of the war did not bring major changes at the front. Lisichansk, apparently, has decided not to give up yet: it's probably a pity to leave such a cool position on a hill that dominates the entire district. From this position, it is very convenient to destroy the enemy attacking you. And as long as there is such an opportunity, Lisichansk will be kept. The risk is great (what if the flanks are pushed through?), but the reason not to leave is also serious.

G7 meeting ended. All its results became known yesterday. With regard to the current war, Ukraine has been promised unlimited military, political and economic support. And a new "Marshall Plan" for its post-war restoration.

It seems to me that more can not be achieved. It is impossible to demand clear obligations and guarantees from the G7. These meetings of leaders are held in order to identify trends and provide guidance. And the specifics appear already in the work of ministries and more formal and authorized structures such as the EU and NATO.

By the way, the regular session of NATO at the level of heads of state will begin in Madrid on Thursday (where all the participants in the Bavarian discussions will move). Turkey has removed all its objections to the admission of Finland and Sweden to NATO, and therefore, technically, I can accept them into the North Atlantic Alliance the day after tomorrow.

Putin spoke for so long that he would not tolerate NATO approaching his borders, that he attacked a country that no one was going to take there before his attack. But he took the real approach of NATO to the borders of Russia in the form of Finland joining the alliance stoically. Like it's their right, let them join where they want.

In the meantime, the argument about flight time, which he has been trumpeting for a long time, looks much more serious in the case of Finland than in the case of Ukraine. From the Finnish border to Putin's native St. Petersburg, 150 km in a straight line.

Therefore, after Finland joins NATO, Putin will have no choice but to remove from his list of reasons for aggression against Ukraine the thesis of "NATO moving closer to Russia's borders." Unless, of course, he is going to pass for a complete idiot and yap. Although it's too late to drink Borjomi ... Here it is, what's it, here it is, hmm ...

And what does he have left in the dry residue? Support for the independent states of Lugandonia? Sluggishly. Tokayev has already answered him exhaustively on this topic. He taught, as they say, Sobchak's student international law...

It seems to me that apart from "biological laboratories" and bedbugs armed with genetic weapons, he will have nothing left in his arsenal. If only he fought against bedbugs... But no, he got on people...

Everyone has been discussing the topic of Russia's "default" for a couple of days now. I will also tell you my opinion. Russia owes money. Some of her creditors live in the West. She was ready to pay their debt. But Western sanctions do not allow it to do so.

Thus, we have an absurd picture: the money that could leave Russia will remain in it, and Western creditors will get horseradish and butter. Question: Who are the sanctions aimed at?

Moreover, it is characteristic that most of all this artificial "default" of Russia rejoices at the same people who are indignant that the West continues to buy Russian oil and gas.

I would like to ask: guys, are you all right with your head? Do you really want more dough to pour out of the pool called Russia than to pour in? And if so, why the hell are you plugging holes in this pool with your own hands?

So much money is being poured into Russia, and due to the sanctions, so little is pouring out that the ruble has strengthened to the point of impossibility and the financial authorities in Russia are not happy that it is so strong. Sanctions worked well! Well done!

And most importantly, all sorts of brainless bawlers who do not understand anything at all in the economy, everyone is demanding: more sanctions! Even more! Few sanctions! And the idiots are unaware that the further escalation of the sanctions war does more harm to the West than to Russia. ..

Everything must be done wisely. An idea taken to the point of absurdity becomes its opposite. It is impossible, controlling only a part of the world economy, to assert that you can impose an economic blockade on a country that has a neighbor, for example, China.

Cannot stop the flow of water with a sieve. Yes, the wires do not let water through, that's right. But the trouble is that there are holes between the wires...

All that the West has achieved, for example, with an oil embargo, is that Russia sells its oil to Asia at a 30% discount, and China gets a huge advantage in the post-COVID rebuilding its economy while the West is suffocating in the grip of an energy crisis.

I would like to ask the bawlers: do you want Ukraine's allies to stretch their legs and fail to help it win the war? You think one step ahead before shouting your chants. Greta Thunberg is not enough for us. So you are here with your "overvalued" ideas ... Bobik can die from the number of projects on how to improve it.

For example, 90% of the German economy is export-oriented. If China kicks it out of traditional markets, then it will be Germany that needs help, not Ukraine. And how can you compete with China if the cost of your products is growing by leaps and bounds due to rising energy prices? And so on... I don't want to delve into this topic... I just wanted to talk about the "default"...

In short, no one will defeat us if we do not hara-kiri ourselves. It is a fact. I am far from thinking of considering everyone who drowns for the expansion of sanctions Putin's saboteurs. But their sincere sanctions enthusiasm is no better than direct sabotage in terms of its destructive power. Think about it at your leisure...

And in conclusion, I would like to give one quote, which, being written 81 years ago, has not lost its relevance to this day, and gives a clear idea of the nature and roots of Putin's fascism:

"If you lose, then the vengeance of the whole world will come upon you for all that you have done to people and nations. If you win, if England falls, and even if you win the war of the continents and conquer the West and East, then is at least one of believes that this will be a lasting victory? One that will create order and that will be acceptable to you and to others - a victory after which you can live? Can one people become a bailiff for other peoples, a police army throughout the enslaved globe while other peoples will be occupied with slave labor for the master race? Is this moral for any people? And especially for you Germans?

You can think about history and humanity as basely and skeptically as you like. But to believe that the whole world will recognize the final victory of evil? And will it tolerate its transformation into a Gestapo cell, into a general concentration camp, where you Germans will be guards? Even the greatest skeptic cannot do that.

Your leaders denounce England's resistance and the help she receives from America as "prolonging the war." They demand "peace". Those who drip the blood of their own people, the blood of other peoples, dare to utter this word! By "peace" they mean enslavement, the legalization of their crimes and the recognition of what is humanly unacceptable.

There will be no peace with Hitler, because he is profoundly incapable of peace. And the very word in his mouth is nothing more than a dirty pathological lie, like every word he has ever uttered. As long as Hitler and his arsonist regime remain in power, you Germans will never have peace under any circumstances. Always, as now, you will have to go on and on among the despicable acts of violence, committed even if only to prevent revenge, so that the colossal and ever-increasing hatred of the peoples does not swallow you.

To warn you Germans is to strengthen you in your own gloomy forebodings.

I can't do more."

(Thomas Mann. March 19, 1941).

The great German saw everything. And he understood everything. And he saw which side was the lie. And which side was the truth. Like this and today: the truth is on our side. And Putin is the second coming of Hitler. Coincidences are just literal.

And our cause is right. The enemy will be defeated. Victory will be ours.

Source: Facebook

You can’t stop changing: how climate and people are connected

The Russian Geographical Society festival is, among other things, an opportunity to learn the opinion of leading scientists on the most pressing issues of our time. One of these is climate change on our planet. There are many theories why and how global warming occurs, whether humans are to blame, and what we can do to prevent the irreparable. Alexander ZHEREBKER, Candidate of Chemical Sciences, Senior Researcher at the Mass Spectrometry Laboratory of the Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech), spoke about this in his lecture. We offer our readers a summary of his speech.

Weather and climate

Global warming can be tracked. For example, in Alaska there is a bay, which in 1941 was not a bay. It was filled with a glacier, which gradually receded every year. Today he has gone 20 km, and now there is a wonderful resort where people come to ride canoes and kayaks. On the other hand, in Moscow last May was one of the coldest for the entire observation period, and on May 9 it snowed at all. What happens, there seems to be no global warming?

The fact is that when discussing climate, we confuse terms. When we say that today it is warm, rainy, cloudy, with a lot of precipitation, we are talking about the weather.

Alexander Zherebker. Photo: VKontakte

And if we talk about the climate, everything is the same here, but for a certain historical period. And we are already talking about averages (temperature, humidity, etc.). This is how they find different patterns. Indeed, today the summer is warmer than last year. It may be warmer now than it was 10 years ago, but 100 years ago it was even warmer.

We need to understand whether the period we consider when we talk about climate change is sufficient for scientifically based conclusions.

So, global warming is a long-term increase in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. Climate change is a long-term change in global weather patterns.

Why empires collapse

One of the clearest examples of the consequences of climate change is the Great Migration. Starting from the 3rd century AD. The temperature on Earth began to drop sharply. For 200 years in the east of Europe, it fell by 7 degrees, and nomadic tribes moved to warmer areas - to the Mediterranean Sea, destroying everything in their path. For them, the Roman civilization was an empty phrase, they wanted to survive.

In the year 536, a series of volcanic eruptions occurred. As a result, the aerosol rose into the sky, spread over the Earth and reflected sunlight. The volcanic winter has arrived. At the same time, epidemics began, the destruction of cities by barbarians began. According to Michael McCormick of Harvard University, this was the beginning of one of the worst periods in life, if not the worst year in history.

Even today many people lose access to fresh water or are forced to leave their homes due to hurricanes.

It is clear that climate has affected human life in the past, and it still does today. The next question is about human impact on the climate. What is it like?

How climate change was "caught"

Mention that a person can still influence appeared in antiquity. Theophrastus, the father of botany, a student of Aristotle, was the first to collect data on plants and agriculture. Analyzing the written and oral sources of the Cretans, he suggested significant changes in the climate. And he discovered the direct impact of human activity on the climate. Deforestation increases the average heat, and the drainage of swamps leads to local cooling and more frequent frosts in winter.

In recent history, there has also been an observation of human influence on climate. In the 1930s and 1940s, the Great Plains of the United States were filled with wheat, which was grown in huge quantities. There were no modern agricultural technologies, and as a result, soil erosion formed. The "food pot" period began, when all the sand formed during the drought period began to spread throughout the United States, reaching as far as New York.

Modern attention to climate and global warming began with the study of the Ice Age. Swiss physicist Louis Ogasis noticed that if you travel through the Alps, you can see boulders breaking out of the landscape. And he had the idea that these stones were brought by ice. Ogasis coined the term "glacier", tried to understand the trajectory of their movement and suggested that he was preceded by an ice age.

Turquoise. Franz Josef Land, Heiss Island. Photo: Nikolai Gernet

This idea was picked up by the great Russian scientist Pyotr Kropotkin, who studied the glaciers of Eastern Siberia. While in prison and continuing his scientific work, he predicted that somewhere in the Arctic Ocean there must be a land where the glacier came from. The Austro-Hungarian Empire sent an expedition there, which found this land, called Franz Josef.

The great scientist, mathematician and physicist Joseph Fourier suggested that the atmosphere retains heat - transparent to light and opaque to infrared waves. He first introduced the concept of "greenhouse effect".

This phenomenon was later scientifically proven by John Tyndall, who created the infrared spectrometer. He found that nitrogen and oxygen do not absorb infrared rays (IR), but ozone, methane, nitrogen oxide and carbon dioxide absorb in large quantities.

It turned out that water is the largest absorber of IR. The greatest contribution to the creation of the greenhouse effect on Earth came from water and carbon dioxide (SO ₂).

Changes in the atmosphere affect the temperature of the Earth due to more or less absorption of infrared light.

Greta Thunberg's great-great-grandfather

Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius created the first climate model to study the greenhouse effect. He calculated that if CO ₂ in the atmosphere doubles, it will lead to an increase in temperature in the atmosphere by 5 degrees. Conversely, a halving will lead to an ice age. He considered global warming a boon that would help fight hunger and poverty.

And now, in the 21st century, his great-great-granddaughter Greta Thunberg opposes global warming and the need to cool the Earth.

Could Svante Arrhenius have imagined that his great-great-granddaughter Greta would become his opponent in the 21st century? Photo: wikipedia.org

Only in 1988 did the scientific community return to the topic of global warming. Speaking before the US Congress, climatologist James Hansen said that the current global warming is not a random fluctuation, but the result of the accumulation of greenhouse gases. He was engaged in space and at the same time made climate models. Applying his models, he saw that human activity is accelerating the processes of climate change.

But soon, in 1991, Mount Pinatubo erupted in the Philippines and a volcanic winter began. The average temperature dropped by about 0.6 degrees. And people became disillusioned with Hansen's theory.

However, years later, the aerosol from the eruption dissipated and the temperature on Earth began to rise again. And the scientific community in the world has seriously taken up the issues of global warming.

What to watch for

What are the main markers of global warming?

Level of the World Ocean. It has risen by 20 cm in 140 years.

Increasing carbon dioxide content. Water absorbs CO ₂ from the atmosphere. And the marker is ocean acidification. And the higher the level of ocean acidification, the less likely the survival of marine plankton.

Melting ice. Ice reflects light, while the ocean absorbs it. From satellites, the area of ice in the Arctic is clearly visible, which sharply decreases over time. In Antarctica, icebergs of several gigatons are breaking off. For example, just one gigaton of ice is several times the size of the tallest buildings in Manhattan combined.

There is a Doomsday Glacier in Antarctica that, if melted, would raise the level of the world's seas by half a meter.

The next marker is precipitation. So, for example, we can note the change in the nature of rains in Moscow. Our rains are starting to look more like tropical rains. The likelihood of such storms will change over time. If the temperature on Earth rises by 3 degrees, the area of heavy storm rainfall will increase by 40%.

By the way, over the past 50 years, the average annual temperature in certain areas of the Earth, mainly in high latitudes, has increased by 4 degrees.

Thus, the threats posed by global warming are obvious.

The European Commission has identified four main factors of human activity that affect the climate: fuel combustion, deforestation, livestock and crop production.

In the first half of the last century, the Nobel laureate in thermodynamics, the German physicist and chemist Walter Nernst, sold all his cows, as they violated the thermodynamic equilibrium with the environment, and bought fish. It was perhaps the only responsible farmer.

Climatic "time machine"

Measurement of humidity, pressure, temperature began in the middle of the 19th century. Since 1850, instrumental methods for measuring climate began to be used. Europe, America and Central Russia have coverage of their territory by weather stations, for 150 years we have had reliable observational data. And in the last 30 years, humanity has received high-quality data from satellites.

The simplest and most versatile approach is to evaluate the cut of the tree. The thickness of the annual ring depends on the temperature and humidity of the periods of the tree's life.

The Prometheus tree, 5200 years old, cut down by the American dendrologist Edmund Shulman, turned out to be the record holder for age among those analyzed. Thus, there were data on climatic conditions in a particular area of California for more than five thousand years.

Antarctica. Photo: Dmitry Rezvov, participant of the photo contest of the Russian Geographical Society "The Most Beautiful Country"

In nature, there is a "time machine" - Antarctica. It did not melt for at least several million years. This ice carries all the information that climatologists need. For this, a core is taken and the conditions are estimated by the rate of ice accumulation over time intervals. Layers of ice, like the rings of trees, make it possible to determine not only the age, but also the climatic conditions of its formation.

The prospect of studying here is huge, given the depth of the ice of Antarctica, which reaches 4.7 km.

Cores contain air bubbles at the time of layer formation. This way you can analyze the composition of the air 400-500 thousand years ago. Today there is data on the composition of the air that was on Earth a million years ago!

Analysis of core data from the Vostochny station made it possible to compile a diagram of temperature changes over the past 500 thousand years. According to these data, there were three periods of global warming and, accordingly, three periods of cooling.

And now the cooling period was about to begin. But that did not happen.

It turned out that the level of CO ₂ and methane is growing rapidly in the air. This has never happened before, and it is no longer possible to associate this with natural cycles. Obviously, the impact of human activity.

What is the future of humanity

To answer this question, scientists are studying the global carbon cycle.

Carbon from the atmosphere is bound and formed by plants or phototrophic bacteria. Then it migrates to different ecosystems. The soil itself is a rather difficult object to study. In particular, the so-called soil respiration, which consists of CO ₂ and methane. Depending on the composition and activity of the microbial biomass, there will be different intensity of soil respiration.

This process could be stopped in permafrost. 40% of Russia - Siberia and the Far East - are covered with continuous permafrost that has not melted for tens of thousands of years. It contains a huge number of various "canned" microbes. And as a result of melting, more microbes and organic matter enter the environment.

Tundra. Five lakes. Photo: Anastasia Tkach

Bound composites were taken of yedoma — this is soil that has not melted for 40 thousand years, and alas, that is, a hollow that arose as a result of a thermocaster — subsidence of soil during the melting of icy frozen rocks during the previous global warming. If we compare the composition of yedom and thermokarst, we are, in fact, observing the transformation of organic composition under warming conditions during the transition from the Pleistocene to the Holocene. Together with colleagues, we took soil cores, isolated organic matter from there and analyzed it in two ways.

The first is elemental analysis. Microbes absorb what is saturated, proteins, lipids, where there is a lot of hydrogen.

The second way is with mass spectrometers with the highest mass accuracy available. In Russia, there are five such instruments for precise molecular analysis. With the help of such devices, a mass spectrum is obtained, thanks to which we can evaluate not only the presence of components, but also their ratio. We get the opportunity to know the molecular composition of each component.

It turned out that even the surface layer of yedoma, which may melt in the next 100 years, is enriched with saturated compounds. The deep thermocaster (15 m) is depleted of them.

What do we expect from a chemical point of view? As a result of permafrost thawing, a lot of biolabile organic matter will reach the surface and be absorbed. And what is the peculiarity of a biolabile substance? It turns into CO ₂ . Melting permafrost as a result of global warming will lead to even more warming. That is, the process will accelerate more and more, which can be called autocatalysis by analogy with chemistry.

The release of carbon from melting will accelerate warming and release CO ₂ and methane.

Island of a dry lake. Photo: Kirill Uyutnov

It's good that the scientists' voice was heard. In 2015, the Paris Climate Agreement was signed. It obliges countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels. The US is trying to do it. Russia cut even more than required. Germany too. China is slightly ignoring the agreement. Why is it important? If humanity does not adhere to such restrictions, the air temperature on the planet by 2100 will increase by 5 degrees. But even if there are such restrictions, the temperature on Earth will still grow, but more slowly. This question is not "what if?" but "when?" and "how fast?". Just like with the covid pandemic. The restrictions were introduced not to completely defeat him, which is impossible, but to ensure that hospitals cope with the flow of patients.

What everyone can do

The first is recycling. Instead of burying garbage and turning landfills into a greenhouse gas reactor, separate waste collection and recycling should be introduced.

This is a small contribution. At the level of 1/1000 of all emissions, provided that we all sort the garbage. There is a more revolutionary method proposed by the Norwegian oil company Statoil. The bottom line: in those wells from which oil is pumped out, pump CO ₂. He will be buried there in a sense. It is planned that in this way it is possible to utilize 1.5 million tons of CO ₂ per year.

In 2019, an agreement was signed between several companies. One such project can take 0.005% of annual emissions of CO ₂ . Before the system will work, there are many scientific problems to be solved. How to capture carbon dioxide, how to transport. It is necessary to make sure that this does not cause tectonic consequences. But scientific data show that such a project is possible.

Total. The climate has changed even without human influence, but man has accelerated this process. It is in the power of mankind to slow down the global warming.

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