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Best treatments for borderline personality disorder


Borderline personality disorder - Diagnosis and treatment

Diagnosis

Personality disorders, including borderline personality disorder, are diagnosed based on a:

  • Detailed interview with your doctor or mental health provider
  • Psychological evaluation that may include completing questionnaires
  • Medical history and exam
  • Discussion of your signs and symptoms

A diagnosis of borderline personality disorder is usually made in adults, not in children or teenagers. That's because what appear to be signs and symptoms of borderline personality disorder may go away as children get older and become more mature.

Treatment

Borderline personality disorder is mainly treated using psychotherapy, but medication may be added. Your doctor also may recommend hospitalization if your safety is at risk.

Treatment can help you learn skills to manage and cope with your condition. It's also necessary to get treated for any other mental health disorders that often occur along with borderline personality disorder, such as depression or substance misuse. With treatment, you can feel better about yourself and live a more stable, rewarding life.

Psychotherapy

Psychotherapy — also called talk therapy — is a fundamental treatment approach for borderline personality disorder. Your therapist may adapt the type of therapy to best meet your needs. The goals of psychotherapy are to help you:

  • Focus on your current ability to function
  • Learn to manage emotions that feel uncomfortable
  • Reduce your impulsiveness by helping you observe feelings rather than acting on them
  • Work on improving relationships by being aware of your feelings and those of others
  • Learn about borderline personality disorder

Types of psychotherapy that have been found to be effective include:

  • Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT). DBT includes group and individual therapy designed specifically to treat borderline personality disorder. DBT uses a skills-based approach to teach you how to manage your emotions, tolerate distress and improve relationships.
  • Schema-focused therapy. Schema-focused therapy can be done individually or in a group. It can help you identify unmet needs that have led to negative life patterns, which at some time may have been helpful for survival, but as an adult are hurtful in many areas of your life. Therapy focuses on helping you get your needs met in a healthy manner to promote positive life patterns.
  • Mentalization-based therapy (MBT). MBT is a type of talk therapy that helps you identify your own thoughts and feelings at any given moment and create an alternate perspective on the situation. MBT emphasizes thinking before reacting.
  • Systems training for emotional predictability and problem-solving (STEPPS). STEPPS is a 20-week treatment that involves working in groups that incorporate your family members, caregivers, friends or significant others into treatment. STEPPS is used in addition to other types of psychotherapy.
  • Transference-focused psychotherapy (TFP). Also called psychodynamic psychotherapy, TFP aims to help you understand your emotions and interpersonal difficulties through the developing relationship between you and your therapist. You then apply these insights to ongoing situations.
  • Good psychiatric management. This treatment approach relies on case management, anchoring treatment in an expectation of work or school participation. It focuses on making sense of emotionally difficult moments by considering the interpersonal context for feelings. It may integrate medications, groups, family education and individual therapy.

Medications

Although no drugs have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration specifically for the treatment of borderline personality disorder, certain medications may help with symptoms or co-occurring problems such as depression, impulsiveness, aggression or anxiety. Medications may include antidepressants, antipsychotics or mood-stabilizing drugs.

Talk to your doctor about the benefits and side effects of medications.

Hospitalization

At times, you may need more-intense treatment in a psychiatric hospital or clinic. Hospitalization may also keep you safe from self-injury or address suicidal thoughts or behaviors.

Recovery takes time

Learning to manage your emotions, thoughts and behaviors takes time. Most people improve considerably, but you may always struggle with some symptoms of borderline personality disorder. You may experience times when your symptoms are better or worse. But treatment can improve your ability to function and help you feel better about yourself.

You have the best chance for success when you consult a mental health provider who has experience treating borderline personality disorder.

More Information

  • Psychotherapy

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Coping and support

Symptoms associated with borderline personality disorder can be stressful and challenging for you and those around you. You may be aware that your emotions, thoughts and behaviors are self-destructive or damaging, yet you feel unable to manage them.

In addition to getting professional treatment, you can help manage and cope with your condition if you:

  • Learn about the disorder so that you understand its causes and treatments
  • Learn to recognize what may trigger angry outbursts or impulsive behavior
  • Seek professional help and stick to your treatment plan — attend all therapy sessions and take medications as directed
  • Work with your mental health provider to develop a plan for what to do the next time a crisis occurs
  • Get treatment for related problems, such as substance misuse
  • Consider involving people close to you in your treatment to help them understand and support you
  • Manage intense emotions by practicing coping skills, such as the use of breathing techniques and mindfulness meditation
  • Set limits and boundaries for yourself and others by learning how to appropriately express emotions in a manner that doesn't push others away or trigger abandonment or instability
  • Don't make assumptions about what people are feeling or thinking about you
  • Reach out to others with the disorder to share insights and experiences
  • Build a support system of people who can understand and respect you
  • Keep up a healthy lifestyle, such as eating a healthy diet, being physically active and engaging in social activities
  • Don't blame yourself for the disorder, but recognize your responsibility to get it treated

Preparing for your appointment

You may start by seeing your primary care doctor. After an initial appointment, your doctor may refer you to a mental health provider, such as a psychologist or psychiatrist. Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.

What you can do

Before your appointment, make a list of:

  • Any symptoms you or people close to you have noticed, and for how long
  • Key personal information, including traumatic events in your past and any current major stressors
  • Your medical information, including other physical or mental health conditions
  • All medications you take, including prescription and over-the-counter medications, vitamins and other supplements, and the doses
  • Questions you want to ask your doctor so that you can make the most of your appointment

Take a family member or friend along, if possible. Someone who has known you for a long time may be able to share important information with the doctor or mental health provider, with your permission.

Basic questions to ask your doctor or a mental health provider include:

  • What's likely causing my symptoms or condition?
  • Are there any other possible causes?
  • What treatments are most likely to be effective for me?
  • How much can I expect my symptoms to improve with treatment?
  • How often will I need therapy sessions and for how long?
  • Are there medications that can help?
  • What are the possible side effects of the medication you may prescribe?
  • Do I need to take any precautions or follow any restrictions?
  • I have these other health conditions. How can I best manage them together?
  • How can my family or close friends help me in my treatment?
  • Do you have any printed material that I can take? What websites do you recommend?

Don't hesitate to ask questions during your appointment.

What to expect from your doctor

A doctor or mental health provider is likely to ask you a number of questions. Be ready to answer them to save time for topics you want to focus on. Possible questions include:

  • What are your symptoms? When did you first notice them?
  • How are these symptoms affecting your life, including your personal relationships and work?
  • How often during the course of a normal day do you experience a mood swing?
  • How often have you felt betrayed, victimized or abandoned? Why do you think that happened?
  • How well do you manage anger?
  • How well do you manage being alone?
  • How would you describe your sense of self-worth?
  • Have you ever felt you were bad, or even evil?
  • Have you had any problems with self-destructive or risky behavior?
  • Have you ever thought of or tried to harm yourself or attempted suicide?
  • Do you use alcohol or recreational drugs or misuse prescription drugs? If so, how often?
  • How would you describe your childhood, including your relationship with your parents or caregivers?
  • Were you physically or sexually abused or were you neglected as a child?
  • Have any of your close relatives or caregivers been diagnosed with a mental health problem, such as a personality disorder?
  • Have you been treated for any other mental health problems? If yes, what diagnoses were made, and what treatments were most effective?
  • Are you currently being treated for any other medical conditions?

By Mayo Clinic Staff

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What Works in the Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder

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How to treat borderline personality disorder in adolescents?

The diagnosis of "borderline personality disorder" is often made by specialists who cannot accurately determine the patient's illness. They attribute to this disorder symptoms that are characteristic of other syndromes: bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety disorder, panic attacks, etc. The symptoms of borderline personality disorder resemble a critical manifestation of normal behavior during adolescence. As a rule, this disease begins to be diagnosed in patients aged 12-13 years. The symptoms are most pronounced by the age of 16-25, and by the age of 40-45 their intensity decreases, although the disorder itself can remain for life.


The main symptoms of borderline personality disorder are emotional instability and severe mood swings. These differences also apply to relationships with other people. One moment a person may be nice to another, and the next, hate him. Another common symptom is inner existential emptiness. A person feels emptiness and does not know how to fill himself. This condition can lead to depression or an anxiety disorder. A person can try to solve these problems by showing suicidal tendencies - hurting himself and thus filling the inner emptiness. Often teenagers in this condition may start taking drugs and drinking alcohol. Sometimes this behavior can lead to alcoholism, drug addiction, or suicide.

The therapy process accepts the suffering of the patient, but does not accept destructive behavior, drug or alcohol use.

Relatives usually do not know what to do with such people, and psychologists do not always understand how to properly approach their treatment. As a rule, borderline personality disorder appears in adolescents from dysfunctional families, where there was a lot of aggression, screaming, quarrels, and sometimes violence. Such patients may have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder as a comorbid disorder.

See also

What is borderline personality disorder?

The most effective treatment for borderline personality disorder is dialectical behavior therapy. The therapy process accepts the suffering of the patient, but does not accept destructive behavior, drug or alcohol use. During the behavioral part of therapy, a strict program is built to avoid the patient's suicidal tendencies or the use of illegal substances. Specialists give behavioral techniques that replace what, in a state of disorder, the patient determines effective for himself.

Also, for the treatment of this syndrome, family instruction is required, in which relatives are explained how to properly respond to human behavior and set boundaries. Medication is also an important part of the program. Unfortunately, at the moment there are no drugs that can completely cure borderline personality disorder, but there are drugs that reduce emotional instability, depression and anxiety. Such treatment helps the patient to socialize in society and receive tools that change his attitude towards himself and others.

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BPD treatment: effective and useless methods - Empathy

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  • BPD treatment: effective and ineffective methods



We continue to talk about borderline personality disorder. Earlier we touched on such a topic as the mental problems associated with BPD, today's topic is the treatment of BPD.

The main treatment for borderline personality disorder is psychotherapeutic , specifically Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT). The essence of this method lies in the fact that the patient trains to look at what is happening from different angles, abandoning the simplified, black and white perception of the world. After the patient has realized all the variety of points of view on the same events, the specialist helps him choose the most optimal variant of behavior, in which there will be no place for self-damaging actions and other destructive reactions.

Regarding psychopharmacotherapy in BPD, it is usually used symptomatically and in the presence of comorbid disorders, but often taking pills is as important as psychotherapeutic correction. The main groups of drugs used in BPD are antidepressants, antipsychotics, and mood stabilizers.

Antidepressants

Most often, antidepressants are used when BPD is associated with major depressive disorder or anxiety disorders. When borderline personality disorder occurs without depressive symptoms, antidepressants are useless.

Most often, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are prescribed to patients with BPD, such as fluvoxamine , fluoxetine and sertraline . The mixed-acting drug venlafaxine is also effective, and tricyclic antidepressants (amitriptyline) are used for severe depressive symptoms and pharmacological resistance. The effect of antidepressants is greatly enhanced if the patient undergoes psychotherapy in parallel.

Atypical antipsychotics

Of the atypical antipsychotics, , aripiprazole , is most effective for the main symptoms of BPD, such as impulsivity, anger, and interpersonal difficulties. Aripiprazole is also effective in relation to comorbidities, for example, it can significantly reduce anxiety and reduce the manifestation of depressive symptoms and symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Similar effect to aripiprazole is shown quetiapine and olanzapine . However, researchers have not yet come to an unequivocal opinion about the effectiveness of these drugs in relation to symptoms such as self-harm, suicidal thoughts and attempts.

Mood stabilizers

Among mood stabilizers, topiramate, valproic acid, and lamotrigine are the most effective in relieving the main symptoms of BPD and side effects. Carbamazepine did not show significant positive effects in the treatment of such patients.

Separately, it is worth noting lithium preparations . Although there is not much research on the effectiveness of lithium in BPD, when applied in practice, it shows a decrease in impulsivity and aggression, as well as suppression of suicidal tendencies. When BPD is complicated by bipolar disorder (BAD), the effectiveness of lithium is undeniable.

How can we help?

If you have found some of the described symptoms in yourself or your loved ones, this may indicate the development of a mental disorder. In this case, it is necessary to consult a psychiatrist for diagnosis and initiation of timely treatment. Beyond face-to-face communication , we offer remote consultation service (online reception) , which is not inferior to a face-to-face meeting in quality. Thus, you can get qualified help from a high-level specialist , no matter where you are.

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