Meth psychosis symptoms

1. Cannabis psychosis
Psychotic episodes are rare. Characterized by the presence of delusions, hallucinations, anxiety, the appearance of paranoid ideas ⁹ . Symptoms are short-term, reversible ⁹ .

2. Methamphetamine-induced psychosis
Psychosis is common, especially in regular methamphetamine users ⁹ . A predisposing factor is the formation of drug addiction at a young age ^10.11 . There may be hallucinations, delusions, often frightening the patient. The psychosis continues for weeks, even after the end of drug use ¹⁰ .
Psychosis occurs 2-3 times more frequently in methamphetamine users than non-users of methamphetamine ^10.11 .

3. Cocaine-induced psychosis
Cocaine use may cause transient psychotic symptoms: paranoia, hallucinations ¹² . 50% of cocaine users may experience psychosis at least once ¹² .
A patient with severe psychosis exhibits hostility, aggression, paranoid behavior ¹² .

4. Ecstasy-induced psychosis
Ecstasy and other similar substances are neurotoxic and can cause psychosis ¹³ . Most of the symptoms are positive, but negative symptoms are also present ¹³ .

Mental disorder, as a rule, is associated with more than one-time drug use ¹⁴ .
Psychosis can be provoked either by an excessive dose of the drug, or by its long-term use - formed drug dependence ¹⁴ .
Triggers of psychosis:

Hereditary predisposition to mental illness ¹⁵

A family history of a confirmed case of mental illness is the main risk factor for psychosis when using alcohol, drugs ¹⁵ .

Other factors: place of birth, nationality, migration factors are controversial, despite the presence of an empirical base ^16.17 .

There is evidence that psychosis develops more often in urban residents ¹⁸ .

Emigration to Western countries may also be correlated with a higher incidence of psychosis ¹⁹ .

An association has been established between migrant status and an increased risk of psychosis. Studies have shown that among ethnic minority groups living outside the country of birth, the prevalence of psychotic episodes is higher than among indigenous people ^18-20 .

Sex and age ^18-20

Most studies state that the risk of psychosis is comparable in men and women.

There is evidence that psychotic episodes occur more often in young men than in women, but a causal relationship has not yet been established. A systematic review of research done in the UK found that for the first time, psychosis was more common in boys or young men in their 20s than in girls and women ²⁰ .

Predisposition

Several studies have concluded that there is an association between cannabis use and schizophrenia. Experience with cannabis use increases the risk of developing schizophrenia ^31.32 .

In addition, patients with schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like disorders are at risk for compulsive drug use ^22.23 .

Self-medication of schizophrenic patients with drugs has also been hypothesized, which may explain the increased incidence of substance abuse among patients.

Narcotic substances are mainly used to relieve the negative symptoms of the disease, as well as to reduce the discomfort associated with the side effects of taking antipsychotic drugs ²³ .

There is evidence that substance abuse psychosis is associated with later development of schizophrenia ²⁴ .
Drug dependence does not cause schizophrenia, but may trigger symptoms of schizophrenia ²⁵ .
Use of cocaine, amphetamines and cannabis may increase the risk of or even cause symptoms of schizophrenia and/or worsen their severity ²⁶ .
As mentioned above, individuals with psychotic disorders choose to "self-medicate" and use alcohol or other drugs to relieve symptoms of psychosis ^21.22 . This tactic can bring short-term relief, but then an increase in the severity of schizophrenia symptoms follows. In addition, patients with schizophrenia are more likely to experience drug addiction, as they use drugs in high doses to reduce the symptoms of psychosis. As a result, a vicious circle is formed in which the symptoms of psychosis lead to drug use, and drugs again cause psychosis (Fig. 1) ²⁷ .

The cycle of development of psychosis and the formation of drug dependence

The main focus of the treatment of such patients is the stabilization of psychotic symptoms, hostility and agitation ²³ .
A number of new antipsychotics are being used that may be more effective than typical antipsychotics ²⁸ .
In the early stages of treatment, patients can receive the help of a narcologist (detoxification) and a psychiatrist (hospitalization in a hospital) ²⁹ .
The clinic provides treatment programs that help the patient achieve a more stable mental state while eliminating substance cravings ²⁶ .
After stabilization of the condition, patients undergo outpatient treatment, which includes a rehabilitation program ²⁸ . Psychotherapy, social learning programs and other methods may be involved, which are selected individually for each patient ³⁰ .
In general, substance-induced psychosis is a sign of a serious mental health disorder. However, with expert support and intensive ongoing care, these patients can overcome their addiction and regain control of their lives.

Sources:

1. https://www. nhs.uk/conditions/psychosis/ [accessed on the 17th of October 2019]
2. https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/mental-health/parents- and-young-people/young-people/psychosis—for-young-people [accessed on the 17th of October 2019]
3. Wolfgang and Jürgen. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2015; 17(1): 9–18
4. https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=835HK7S9X1oC&oi=fnd&pg=PA317 [accessed on the 17th of October 2019]
5. Mauri. Dual Diagn Open Acc 2016; 1:11.
6. Forti et al. Lancet Psychiatry 2015; 2: 233–238
7. Fattore. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 79: 539–548
8. Hang et al. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96(15): e6434.
9. Arendt et al. BJP 2005, 187:510-515.
10. McKetin et al. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2010; 29:358-63.
11. Chen et al. Psychol Med. 2003; 33:1407-14.
12. Roncero et al. Euro Psychiatry. 2013;28(3):141-6.
13. Landabaso et al. Eur Addict Res 2002;8:133–140
14. Bramness et al. B.M.C. Psychiatry. 2012; 12: 221.
15. O'Donovan et al. Nat Genet. 2008; 40(9):1053-5.
16. Coid et al. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008; 65(11):1250-8.
17. March et al. Epidemiol Rev. 2008; 30:84-100.
18. Cheng et al. psychological medicine. 2011;41:949–958.
19. Selten et al. Br J Psychiatry. 2001; 178():367-72.
20. Kirkbide et al. PLOS One. 2012; 7(3): e31660.
21. Ringen et al. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2008; 118(4):297-304.
22. Ringen et al. Psychol Med. 2008 Sep; 38(9):1241-9.
23. Winklbaur et al. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2006; 8(1): 37–43.
24. Schoeler et al. Lancet Psychiatry 2016; 3:215–225.
25. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/schizophrenia/causes/ [accessed on the 17th of October 2019]
26. https://www.addictioncenter.com/addiction/schizophrenia/ [accessed on the 17th of October 2019]
27. https://ndarc.med.unsw.edu.au/sites/default/files/ndarc/ resources/NDARC_PYCHOSIS_FINAL.pdf [accessed on the 17th of October 2019]
28. Starzer et al. Am J Psychiatry. 2018; 175(4):343-350.
29. Green J Subst Abuse Treat. 2008 Jan; 34(1):61-71
30. Dickey et al. J Ment Health Policy Econ. 2000;3:27–33.
31. Power RA, Verweij KJ, Zuhair M, Montgomery GW, Henders AK, Heath AC, Madden PA, Medland SE, Wray NR, Martin NG, Mol Psychiatry. Nov 2014; 19(11):1201-4.
32. Psychol Med. 2017 Apr; 47(5):971-980. doi: 10.1017/S0033291716003172. Epub 2016 Dec 8. Assessing causality in associations between cannabis use and schizophrenia risk: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Gage Sh2, Jones HJ1, Burgess S2, Bowden J1, Davey Smith G1, Zammit S3, Munafò MR1

Login to Unlock

Suicide Prevention In particular, depression, hallucinations, delusions lead to this. Researches show that patients with schizophrenia often try to commit suicide. In particular, depression, hallucinations, delirium lead to this

More…

Login to Unlock

Drugs and difficulties in the treatment of schizophrenia… Drugs and difficulties in the treatment of schizophrenia…

Schizophrenia is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder with diverse clinical symptoms. The disease affects patients in different ways, as symptoms Schizophrenia is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder with heterogeneous clinical symptoms. The disease affects patients differently as the symptoms

More…

Please confirm your consent to the use of cookies

Yes, I agree

No, I refuse

Please confirm that you are a health worker

Showing 0 result(s).

Please log in to see 0 more result(s).

Stimulant psychosis | Knowledge Base

Stimulant psychosis is a psychotic disorder that occurs in some people who use psychostimulants. It most commonly occurs in users taking high doses, but, in rare cases, may occur in patients using therapeutic doses under the supervision of a physician.

Symptoms

The symptoms caused by different stimulants differ slightly, but share features with organic psychoses, such as: hallucinations, delusions, thought disturbances, and, in rare cases, catatonia.

Physical symptoms in long-term stimulant abuse or overdose are often associated with stimulant psychoses (but not organic psychoses). These additional symptoms may include aggression, arrhythmia, pupillary dilation, diarrhea, hypertension, pyrexia, nausea, shortness of breath, anxiety, seizures, sleep deprivation, tremors, and vomiting.

Psychotic stimulants

Amphetamine

Amphetamine and its derivatives (amphetamines) are known to cause psychosis when used chronically or at high doses. The word "amphetamines" means both (±)-1-phenylpropan-2-amine itself and its substituted derivatives. Examples of amphetamine derivatives: cathinone, ephedron, methamphetamine, methcathinone, methylphenidate.

Symptoms of amphetamine psychosis include auditory and visual hallucinations, delusions of persecution and delusions of attitude simultaneously with clear consciousness and extreme agitation, sometimes there may be some signs of mental automatism syndrome (Kandinsky-Clerambault syndrome). In this case, the person experiences tension and anxiety. Hallucinations are usually true, but pseudo-hallucinations can also occur.

Microhallucinatory-paranoid syndrome occasionally occurs, as with cocaine use. It manifests itself in the sensations of small insects on the body, or worms, dots, threads.

In rare cases, there is a catatonic stupor or catatonic excitation, a manic state, a state of ecstasy with fussiness and brightness of perceptions, a syndrome of obsessive-compulsive disorders on the background of a depressive-dysphoric mood.

The symptoms of acute amphetamine psychosis are very similar to those of the acute phase of schizophrenia. Sometimes people in a state of amphetamine psychosis experienced sperrings (breaks in the associative process), insertion or withdrawal of thoughts, echo of thoughts (sounding of their own thoughts), reasoning, inadequacy of facial expressions.

Psychosis has only been reported with 50 mg of amphetamine, but in some cases even 650 mg did not cause psychosis. This amount of the substance was administered 8 times to a healthy person, while he experienced only euphoria, increased libido, increased mental activity and productivity. Each time after the end of the action of the substance, depression, memory impairment and a decrease in sexual desire were observed, but psychosis did not occur.

With continued use of amphetamine, psychosis increases, so treatment requires immediate withdrawal.

Single use psychoses

One patient developed convulsive seizures and further “unclear consciousness” from a single use of 140 mg of amphetamine.

A case of delirium was reported in a 7.5-year-old child who used 300 mg of amphetamine while recovering from pharyngitis. Delirium was accompanied by hallucinations, the child observed small crawling insects in the corners of the room, experienced horror and was disoriented. At the physical level, there was an increase in temperature, dilated pupils, impaired coordination. The duration of this psychosis was less than a day, and it ended in complete recovery.

Duration of psychosis

The duration of psychosis as a result of acute poisoning usually lasts 1-3 days, in extremely rare cases it is extended by 1 week maximum with a large amount of the drug used.

Connell studied 30 amphetamine abusers. In 2 of them, the psychosis was gone in 5-7 weeks, in 5 people - in 2-4 weeks, in 1 - in 2 weeks, and in the majority - 15 people - the psychosis was gone in less than 1 week. The medical history of the remaining 7 is unknown.

In rare cases, psychosis may last 2–7 months or even more than 3 years after amphetamine use has been discontinued. Allier described a man who had been ill for 1.5 years with pseudo-hallucinations of a commentary nature ("voice") and a feeling of being controlled. In particular, he wrote that the patient believed that he (and other people) was being controlled by radar from the Vatican.

According to a study by Sano and Nagasaka, of 599 amphetamine abusers, 62% developed psychoses that resulted in rapid recovery. In 10% of patients, psychosis did not go away after 6 months after discontinuation of the drug.

Somatic and neurological symptoms

Acute amphetamine psychosis may be accompanied by the following somatic symptoms: tachycardia, mydriasis, tremor, revitalization of tendon reflexes, dry mouth. However, with prolonged psychosis, these symptoms may be absent.

Cocaine

Cocaine has the same potential to cause short-term psychoses. More than half of cocaine abusers reported some psychotic symptoms. Typical symptoms include paranoid delusions: people think they are being followed. Often there are hallucinations associated with delusional ideas. Delusional parasitosis with goosebumps is also a fairly common reaction.

Metcathinone (ephedron)

Metcathinone psychosis usually develops against the background of severe insomnia and general exhaustion of the body. It proceeds in the form of a rudimentary or acute paranoid with delusions of persecution, delusions of special significance, visual or verbal hallucinations. Verbal hallucinosis and delusions of jealousy are rare. The literature also describes cases of amental-like psychosis and twilight clouding of consciousness.

Methcathinone psychosis usually lasts 3-4 hours (in some patients, the duration can be up to 1 month).

Methylphenidate

Methylphenidate, better known under the trade name Ritalin, is a central nervous system stimulant with a similar mechanism of action to cocaine. This substance, when chronically abused, can also lead to psychosis.

Methamphetamine

According to one Australian study, 18% of 309 active methamphetamine users experienced psychosis in the past year.

Symptoms of methamphetamine psychosis: auditory, visual, tactile and olfactory hallucinations, delusions of persecution and delusions of relationships (erroneous assessment by the patient of the attitude of other people towards him), compulsive behavior, stereotypes, anhedonia, depression, flattened affect. Most often, psychosis occurs in the form of a rudimentary or acute paranoid with delusions of persecution, special significance, with visual or verbal hallucinations. Like amphetamine psychosis, it is similar to the psychosis of schizophrenic patients. The literature also describes manic-delusional psychoses.

A case of twilight stupefaction in a patient who abused methamphetamine for about 2 years is described. The condition lasted 8 days, while the patient experienced visual and auditory hallucinations, heard the voice of the planet Mars, and believed that in this way this planet tried to make contact with the Earth. Tachycardia up to 120 per minute, mydriasis and arterial hypertension were also observed.

Methamphetamine psychosis usually occurs after many days of substance use, in doses of 6-11 ml intravenously per day. The duration of a psychotic disorder is usually from 8 to 10 hours, but sometimes up to 1 month.

Caffeine

It has been suggested that caffeine in high doses or chronic abuse may induce psychosis in healthy individuals or exacerbate pre-existing psychosis in F20 patients. (schizophrenia).

Chronic use of caffeine, theobromine, theophylline in high doses can lead to exhaustion of the nervous system, which can become the basis for subsequent psychosis.

The most commonly described delirium is caused by caffeine overdose. There is an influx of vivid visual hallucinations, sometimes auditory, a person loses orientation in the world around him. After removing caffeine from the body, the memory of the past is partially or completely preserved. Some patients lose the ability to judge distances correctly, and objects appear to them to be closer than they really are. Somatic disorders associated with delirium: mydriasis, hyperemia, ataxia, tachycardia, severe thirst, dry skin and mucous membranes, cyanosis of the skin, sometimes increased blood pressure and fever.

There is a case when an elderly woman who used 300 grams of coffee daily for two years experienced psychosis with disorientation in the environment, episodic visual hallucinations, euphoria, agitation, ending in death.

Caffeine poisoning psychosis with impaired consciousness usually lasts no more than a few days.

Designation in ICD-10

In the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases, psychotic disorders associated with the use of stimulants are indicated by the following codes:

• F14.50 Schizophrenia-like disorder due to cocaine use
• F14.51 Predominantly delusional disorder due to cocaine use
• F14.52 Predominantly hallucinatory disorder due to cocaine use
• F14.53 Predominantly polymorphic psychotic disorder due to cocaine use
• F14.54 Cocaine use disorder with predominantly depressive psychotic symptoms
• F14.55 Cocaine use disorder with predominantly manic psychotic symptoms
• F15.50 Schizophrenia-like disorder associated with the use of other stimulants (including caffeine)
• F15.51 Predominantly delusional disorder associated with the use of other stimulants (including caffeine)
• F15. 52 Predominantly hallucinatory disorder associated with the use of other stimulants (including caffeine)
• F15.53 Predominantly polymorphic psychotic disorder associated with the use of other stimulants (including caffeine)
• F15.54 Other stimulant use disorder (including caffeine) with predominantly depressive psychotic symptoms
• F15.55 Other stimulant use disorder (including caffeine) with predominantly manic psychotic symptoms

Treatment

The treatment of stimulant psychosis is to relieve symptoms during the acute phase of intoxication: maintaining normal body temperature, blood pressure and heart rate at an acceptable level until the substance is successfully metabolized and vital body functions return to baseline. In the early stages of treatment, typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs are indicated.

In patients with arterial hypertension, it is preferable to prescribe chlorpromazine (chlorpromazine), since, in addition to dopamine receptors (D₁, D₂, D₃ and D₄), it blocks α-adrenergic receptors.

• 
  Gay boy hairstyles
• 
  Why does my mind think bad thoughts
• 
  You can t not communicate
• 
  Am i gender fluid
• 
  New puppy older dog depressed
• 
  Therapeutic stress relief
• 
  Why do i get scared easily
• 
  Emotional abuse consequences
• 
  When you lose a pet
• 
  What does cognitive behavioral therapy do
• 
  Treat people with kindness transparent