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Is bipolar disorder biological or psychological


The Neurobiology of Bipolar Disorder: An Integrated Approach

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Causes of Bipolar Disorder: Genes, Biology, and Experience

Bipolar disorder is a condition that involves extreme shifts in mood. Its causes may be complex, but bipolar disorder is very treatable.

Bipolar disorder has three main types: bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder (also called cyclothymia).

The mood episodes you experience and their intensity can vary depending on which type of bipolar disorder you have.

For example, you may experience mania, which is often described as an elevated, happy, and energized state. You may also experience depression that leaves you drained and disinterested in daily life.

These shifts might happen gradually, giving you time to recognize the signs of oncoming mania or depression. They can also happen swiftly, giving you little time to prepare.

If you live with bipolar disorder, you’ll already know plenty about how it makes you feel. You might know less about why you feel that way.

Hoping to learn more about its potential causes? Curious about your own chances of developing the condition? You’ve come to the right place.

Researchers studying bipolar disorder over the past decades have several theories to explain how this condition develops. Existing evidence points to a range of possible causes rather than one specific cause.

Experts believe bipolar disorder usually develops from a combination of the following factors:

  • genetics
  • brain chemistry and biology
  • environmental factors

If you’re noticing symptoms for the first time, you might link them to a recent source of stress, a health issue, or a new medication.

These things can absolutely trigger mood episodes, but they don’t directly cause bipolar disorder.

Bipolar disorder tends to run in families.

According to the recent edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), if you have an adult relative with either bipolar I or bipolar II disorder, you have an average of 10 times the chance of developing the condition yourself.

The American Psychiatric Association also reports that 80 to 90% of people with bipolar disorder have a relative living with either depression or bipolar disorder.

Related factors that influence your likelihood of developing bipolar disorder include:

  • family history of depression
  • family history of schizophrenia (research points to some genetic overlap between these two conditions)
  • the number of family members with bipolar disorder or other mood disorders
  • your relation to those family members

Generally speaking, closer kinship increases this likelihood. For example, someone whose sibling or parent has bipolar disorder has a greater chance of developing the condition than someone whose cousin or uncle has it.

Researchers have linked two key genes, CACNA1 and ANK3, to bipolar disorder. But they note that many other genes are likely to factor in too.

What’s more, since genes make up only one part of the picture, not everyone with a family history of bipolar disorder will develop the condition.

Studies on twins support this. Evidence suggests that when one identical twin has bipolar disorder, the other has a high — but not certain — chance of the same diagnosis.

Bipolar disorder also has a neurological component.

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers in the brain. They help relay messages between nerve cells throughout the body. These chemicals play an essential role in healthy brain function. Some of them even help regulate mood and behavior.

Older research links three main neurotransmitters to bipolar disorder:

  • serotonin
  • dopamine
  • norepinephrine (also called noradrenaline)

Imbalances of these brain chemicals may prompt manic, depressive, or hypomanic mood episodes. This is particularly the case when environmental triggers or other factors come into play.

The role of mitochondria

Experts also believe mitochondria — which you may remember from science class as the cells that generate energy, aka “the powerhouse of the cell” — may have something to do with the development of mood disorders.

When cells don’t produce or metabolize energy as they typically would, the resulting imbalances in brain energy could lead to the changes in mood and behavior often seen with bipolar disorder.

Brain structure and gray matter

Some evidence suggests people with bipolar disorder have less gray matter in certain parts of the brain, including the temporal and frontal lobes.

These brain areas help regulate emotions and control inhibitions. A lower volume of gray matter may help explain why emotion regulation and impulse control become difficult during mood episodes.

Gray matter contains cells that help process signals and sensory information.

Research has also linked the hippocampus, a part of the brain implicated for learning, memory, mood, and impulse control, to mood disorders. If you have bipolar disorder, your hippocampus may have a lower total volume or a slightly altered shape.

These brain differences may not necessarily cause bipolar disorder though. Still, they offer insight on how the condition might progress and affect brain function.

Family history can certainly increase the likelihood of developing bipolar disorder, but many people with a genetic risk never develop the condition.

Various factors from your surrounding environment offer another point of connection to consider. These might include:

  • personal experiences
  • health and sleep
  • external stress triggers
  • alcohol or substance use

Research shows that childhood trauma is a risk factor for bipolar disorder, and is associated with more severe symptoms.

This is because strong emotional distress in childhood might affect your ability to regulate your emotions as an adult. Childhood trauma can include:

  • sexual or physical abuse
  • neglect
  • traumatic events
  • extreme living situations

It’s important to draw a distinction between bipolar disorder causes, such as genetics and brain chemistry, and triggers. They interact to produce mood episodes, but they aren’t entirely the same thing.

You could begin experiencing mood episodes after certain life events, like a rough breakup, job loss, or childbirth. Certain habits, like not getting enough sleep on a regular basis or drinking a lot of alcohol, can also trigger mood episodes or make them more severe.

None of this means you’re to blame, though. No one can conclusively say who will and won’t develop bipolar disorder. Its causes lie beyond your control.

Other possible environmental factors might include:

  • underlying health conditions
  • diet
  • sudden, severe stress, such as a death or other loss
  • persistent, smaller-scale stress, such as trouble at work or family problems

Between mood episodes, you might not notice any symptoms of bipolar disorder. Still, it’s fairly common to have other conditions along with bipolar disorder.

Conditions that often occur with bipolar disorder include:

  • Anxiety. Research suggests at least half of all people with bipolar disorder will likely experience an anxiety disorder at some point in life.
  • Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Bipolar disorder has been linked to childhood trauma, so it’s understandable that many people are dealing with PTSD too.
  • Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Bipolar disorder often occurs with ADHD, especially when mood symptoms begin before the age of 21.
  • Substance use disorders. The DSM-5 notes more than half of all people who meet the criteria for a bipolar disorder diagnosis also have an alcohol use disorder or other substance use disorder.
  • Psychosis. Delusions, hallucinations, and other symptoms of psychosis are often symptoms of schizophrenia, but they can also happen with bipolar disorder.
  • Eating disorders. Many people living with bipolar disorder also have an eating disorder. Bulimia nervosa and bipolar II disorder appear most strongly linked.
  • Migraine. Research suggests people with bipolar disorder have a much higher risk for migraine.

Treating bipolar disorder with medication can be something of a delicate balance. Antidepressants that help ease depressive episodes can sometimes trigger manic episodes.

If your healthcare provider recommends medication, they might prescribe an antimanic medication such as lithium along with an antidepressant. These medications can help prevent a manic episode.

As you work to develop a treatment plan with your care provider, let them know about any medications you take. Some medications can make both depressive and manic episodes more severe.

Also tell your care provider about any substance use, including alcohol and caffeine, since they can sometimes lead to mood episodes.

Some substances, including cocaine, ecstasy, and amphetamines, can produce a high that resembles a manic episode. Medications that might have a similar effect include:

  • high doses of appetite suppressants and cold medications
  • prednisone and other steroids
  • thyroid medication

If you believe you’re experiencing a mood episode or other symptoms of bipolar disorder, it’s always a good idea to connect with your healthcare provider as soon as possible.

Its causes may be complex, but bipolar disorder is very treatable. While you don’t have control over whether you develop the condition, you can take steps to manage mood episodes and other symptoms.

To get started, consider talking with your care provider about a treatment plan that works well for you. Many people find medication helps stabilize mood changes, so a doctor or psychiatrist may recommend medication as a primary treatment.

Therapy and alternative treatments can also have benefit. A therapist can help you address mood symptoms. And therapy in general also provides the opportunity to build healthy coping skills to manage stress and triggers on your terms.

Looking for more treatment info? Get a deep dive on bipolar disorder treatment here.

Bipolar affective disorder, part 2. Clinical picture

© Tells Andrey Arkadyevich Shmilovich , Doctor of Medical Sciences, Doctor of the Highest Category, Head of the Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology of the Russian National Research Medical University. N.I. Pirogova, chief physician of the Re-Alt clinic:

– Today we will talk about the clinical picture of such a very common disease as bipolar affective disorder. This disease proceeds relatively favorably and generally has a positive prognosis if we manage to establish good compliance with the patient, that is, a good therapeutic interaction. If our patient is ready to follow the recommendations of the therapy and psychotherapy prescribed to him, visit his psychotherapist, psychologist, follow the regimen, give up some bad habits and much more. Then we can almost guarantee a relatively good forecast. nine0005

Let's talk about the clinical picture of this disease

It is conditionally possible to distinguish four main clinical states : this is a depressive syndrome, a manic syndrome, a state of so-called euthymia and a mixed affective state.

If we look at the clinical picture of this disease with a mathematical eye, we will see a sinusoid, which will, with a certain frequency, with different amplitudes, demonstrate a deviation from the normal, natural mood. In this sinusoid we can detect as manic and depressive phases - this is how the periods of exacerbation of the disease and the intervals between these phases are called, which add up to a relatively even affect, a relatively stable mood, which is commonly called euthymia.

Mixed affective state , which I already mentioned, occurs when one affective phase passes into another, and the patient for some time finds himself, as it were, simultaneously in two polar states, when there are still “tails” of a depressive disorder, but in the psyche the first symptoms of a manic state came. It is worth noting that this period is one of the most dangerous, in terms of suicidal risk or some anti-vital actions. But more on that later. nine0005

Biological nature of disease

First of all, let's talk about the fact that bipolar affective disorder has a biological nature. This disease is certainly genetically determined. We know many cases of inheritance of such a disease as bipolar affective disorder.

There is a lot of evidence that this disease is related to other biological factors: immunology, neurophysiology, endocrinology. We are also talking about psychological triggers, some kind of triggering environmental influences, psychosocial, toxic triggers - I mean the use of psychoactive substances, alcohol and much more. nine0033 We must treat this disease as a disease that comes without warning of its arrival. This disease does not knock on the door before entering.

What is a depressive disorder or bipolar depression?

This is the part of the disease that often leads patients to a state of despair, a catastrophe in which there is no other way out for the patient but to go to the next world. This is a very severe melancholy, this is a deep longing in the chest, this is a feeling of intense mental pain, which is literally localized in the body in the chest area. nine0033

This is a state of utter despair, hopelessness, a state of catastrophic moment. This is a state in which the patient sees no way out, and any attempts on the part of the environment to cheer him up, set him up in an optimistic mood are perceived by him extremely negatively. In this state, the patient seeks to retire away from such advisers, he wants to hide in a corner, turn his back to the wall and remain in this state for an indefinitely long time.

There are very few thoughts in the head at this time, they move slowly, lazily, they are very monosyllabic, they do not have any perspective. As a rule, they are looped, as a symptom of a broken record or mental chewing gum - this is the so-called melancholic logic. In this state, the patient has absolutely no physical potency, he has no strength, he cannot get out of bed, he cannot perform the most elementary actions: tie his shoelaces, brush his teeth. In this state, there are no desires, no aspirations, no need to enjoy, there is no food, no sex, no life desire. nine0005

Suicidal thoughts

When we talk about lack of desire for life, we are talking about suicidal tendencies. Suicidal thoughts can be passive: “It would be nice if I got hit by a car, or if there was an earthquake right now and our house collapsed.” And they can be active when the patient builds clear plans, makes specific decisions, begins to prepare for the commission of one or another suicidal act.

nine0009 Depression in bipolar disorder

They can last quite a long time - from 1 to 3 - 6 months, but there are times when depression lasts either very little or very long. I have seen a case of depression in bipolar disorder lasting over a year. It’s hard to be in such a painful state, you won’t wish the enemy. When we see a patient in a state of bipolar depression, we understand that every such day is a colossal torment for him, so it is necessary to help him as soon as possible. nine0005

This state can change at any moment, it can happen absolutely autochthonously, that is, autonomously, without any external factors, or maybe after some kind of provocation. This phenomenon of changing from a depressed state to a manic state is called affect inversion.

We suddenly see a completely different person who suddenly, for no reason at all, goes into some incredible euphoric mood. He has a carelessness, he becomes very mobile, active and energetic. His brain produces a huge number of ideas, thoughts, all this is very superficial, his speech becomes machine-gun, accelerated, it is almost impossible to follow his thought, which is jumping. There is even such a phenomenon as “leaps of ideas”. nine0033

This patient is disinhibited, his sexual and food desire is disinhibited, he develops an alcoholic and narcotic excess. He becomes very risky, is not afraid of anything, commits a huge number of clearly erroneous actions, not paying attention to the fact that these actions can negatively affect his fate and those around him. In this state, he can also stay for quite a long time - from several weeks to several months. Then this state can again change to depressive. nine0005

A euthymic state is a state of remission in which we do not observe either depressive or manic symptoms. In this state, the patient returns to his usual normal. Here you need to understand that the usual norm is that personality, that character with its own nuances, which was before the illness.

Character and personality do not change

In bipolar affective disorder, unlike many other disorders, character and personality do not change. It cannot be said that the norm is when there are no emotions at all, of course, there are emotions, and there are mood swings, and there should be, every person has them, and every person has a certain corridor in which these emotions change in amplitude, and the amplitude each person has his own. There are boundaries of this corridor, its size and width are different. Euthymia is a return to the corridor of your emotions. When a patient in a euthymic state experiences, for example, some kind of grief associated with a real situation, with the loss of a loved one. Or a person in this euthymic state is happy that he managed to conclude a successful contract, or a child was born, or something else. These are normal, natural, human emotions. Even knowing that this person has bipolar disorder, even if he once experienced depressive and manic states, we treat this as normal, natural emotions. nine0005

Mixed affective state

In the soul of such patients, a vinaigrette of feelings, mixed with each other, actually sets in. When, with cheerful intonations in his voice, a person begins to emotionally, energetically tell that his soul hurts, that he wants to go to the next world, that is, depressive complaints with a high mood. Or when complacency, ease of communication is suddenly combined with irritability, anger, rejection, pugnacity or suspicion at the same time. nine0005

In such mixed affective states, it is very difficult to determine how to communicate with a person, because you do not keep up with these differences, changes, and it can be very difficult to establish some kind of productive dialogue with him. However, we are well aware that we are also talking about a painful condition that needs to be treated. Fortunately, we have such remedies, I will talk about them later, with which we can treat such mixed affective states.

Once again I want to remind you once again that it is in these mixed affective states that the probability of suicidal risk is especially high. We can also talk about varying degrees of severity of affective disorders. There are mild variants of bipolar affective disorder. One of them is called cyclothymia, when the amplitude of these fluctuations is higher than normal, but not so much as to seriously maladjust a person in his life. nine0005

There are conditions in which the amplitude of both depressive and manic syndromes is so high that at the peak of emotional disorders, other mental disorders appear, in particular, delusional states. The manic patient becomes convinced of his exclusivity, his greatness, wealth, high origin. A depressed patient has thoughts of evil power, sinfulness, self-abasement.

When we talk about such severe forms of bipolar affective disorder, we strive to do everything to place the patient in a psychiatric hospital under medical supervision as soon as possible, because otherwise this person, being in such a state, can do so many troubles, for which will then be very difficult to pay off. nine0005

Various clinical forms of bipolar affective disorder

This is a question that continues to be studied by psychiatrists, clinicians, scientists to this day, since there are many more varieties of bipolar disorder than indicated in manuals and books. In principle, there are much more varieties of mental disorders than the classifications that we know, since each person has his own nuance, his own specificity. There are no two identical patients, therefore, it is by no means possible to relate to the diagnosis of such conditions, and even more so to therapy, in a mechanistic way. It is impossible to treat strictly according to instructions, according to standards, according to some protocols. Treatment should be based on face-to-face communication and contacts between the doctor and the patient. The doctor should use his specific tactics and strategy with each patient, from the most elementary, psychotherapeutic techniques to prescribing certain drugs. nine0005

Self-medication is not allowed

If you or your relatives and friends, God forbid, develop a mental disorder, in particular, such as bipolar affective disorder, in no case should you rely on the Internet, books or advice from loved ones. Don't heal yourself. Believe me, this disease does not forgive mistakes. Seek help from doctors. We are ready to help you. We are nearby.

Bipolar personality disorder - treatment, causes and symptoms

Bipolar disorder is a complex psychological illness, accompanied by a sharp change in depressive, manic, mixed states or alternation of depression and euphoria.

People suffering from manic-depressive syndrome experience severe mood swings that differ significantly from the generally accepted social norm. The problem can be observed irregularly, between exacerbations, a person can lead an absolutely normal life, after which an exacerbation occurs again. nine0005

Content

Main causes of bipolar disorder

Ivan Vladimirovich Brednev

Psychiatrist - narcologist

Consultation

Experts agree that there is no single cause of manic-depressive disorder. Factors such as chemical imbalances in the brain, hormonal imbalances, genetic and biological factors, and external psychological influences can contribute to the development of the disease. nine0005

Given the high complexity of the course of bipolar disorder, treatment should be carried out only with the involvement of highly qualified specialists with successful practical experience and the necessary conditions for complex therapy.

The main symptoms of bipolar disorder

Given the complexity of the manic-depressive syndrome, the symptoms can vary significantly, and depend on the current psychological state of the patient, his mood and environmental factors. nine0005

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