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Ministry of Health of the Republic of Tatarstan

October 9, 2019, Wednesday

Memory is a property of the human brain that allows storing and reproducing information. Memory can be visual (a person remembers what he sees better), auditory (what a person hears is better remembered) and motor (information is remembered when recording). We remember some information for a fraction of a second, and some we store in memory for many years, that is, memory can be immediate, operational and long-term. nine0003

A variety of factors can strengthen or weaken memory. What are the causes of memory impairment in young and mature age?

Stress. It is extremely important how a person copes with stress, how strong he is and how long a person is in a stressful situation. It has been established that prolonged exposure to stress psychologically and physically exhausts a person and negatively affects memory. Proper organization of work and rest, proper sleep, and in some cases psychological assistance help to eliminate this problem, emergency situations (catastrophes, injuries) can lead to more severe memory impairment up to complete loss (various types of amnesia), requiring specialized assistance. nine0003

Sleep disorders . Sleep is a necessary part of human life. It is in a dream that the brain works to sort and memorize the information received during the day. On average, a good rest requires 6 hours of sleep daily. Chronic lack of sleep leads to increased absent-mindedness, irritability, and, in particular, to memory impairment. Sleep mode promotes good rest, helps to overcome stressful situations more easily.

Depressive disorders. Sometimes depression can mimic memory impairment. There is forgetfulness, absent-mindedness, inattention, self-organization worsens. Usually, all these symptoms disappear when depression is eliminated.

Alcoholism. Alcohol abuse impairs memory. Initially, memory impairment manifests itself in the form of separate episodes of forgetfulness or inability to remember events that occur during the use of alcoholic beverages, then memory impairment becomes more severe and is accompanied by a decrease in intelligence. nine0003

Concomitant somatic diseases. Some infectious (eg, meningitis, encephalitis, etc.) and non-infectious diseases (diabetes, stroke, thyroid disease, etc.) are also accompanied by memory loss.

Vitamin B12 deficiency. Vitamin B12 is necessary for the full functioning of the brain, so its long-term deficiency leads to damage to brain cells and disruption of their functions.

Medications. nine0010 Taking sleeping pills, painkillers, antiallergic drugs, antidepressants can have a negative effect on memory. It is necessary to prescribe these drugs with particular care in patients with impaired liver and kidney function, as their excretion from the body slows down. Usually, the withdrawal of the drug leads to the normalization of memory.

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Spatial working memory disorders in mild depression and their neurophysiological correlates

Disorders of the function of spatial working memory in mild depression and their neurophysiological correlates

Website of the publishing house "Media Sfera"
contains materials intended exclusively for healthcare professionals. By closing this message, you confirm that you are a registered medical professional or student of a medical educational institution.

Galkin S. A. nine0003

Research Institute of Mental Health, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia

Peshkovskaya A.G.

Research Institute of Mental Health, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tomsk

Simutkin G.G.

Research Institute of Mental Health of the Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia

Vasilyeva S.N.

Roshina O.V.

Research Institute of Mental Health, Tomsk National Research Medical Center RAS, Tomsk, Russia

Ivanova S.A.

Research Institute of Mental Health, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tomsk

Bokhan N.A.

Research Institute of Mental Health of the Tomsk Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences

Disorders of the function of spatial working memory in mild depression and their neurophysiological correlates

Authors:

Galkin S. A., Peshkovskaya A.G., Simutkin G.G., Vasilyeva S.N., Roshchina O.V., Ivanova S.A., Bokhan N.A.

More about the authors

Journal: Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. S.S. Korsakov. 2019;119(10): 56‑61

DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201911910156

How to quote:

Galkin S.A., Peshkovskaya A.G., Simutkin G.G., Vasilyeva S.N., Roshchina O.V., Ivanova S.A., Bokhan N.A. Disorders of the function of spatial working memory in mild depression and their neurophysiological correlates. nine0092 Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. S.S. Korsakov. 2019;119(10):56‑61.
Galkin SA, Peshkovskaia AG, Simutkin GG, Vasil'eva SN, Roshchina OV, Ivanova SA, Bokhan NA. Disorders of spatial working memory in affective disorders with mild current depression and their neurophysiological correlates. Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 2019;119(10):56‑61. (In Russ.).
https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro201911910156

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Purpose of the study. Determination of the features of impaired spatial working memory and their neurophysiological correlates in patients with mild depressive disorders. Material and methods. We examined 30 patients (right-handed) with a diagnosis of ICD-10 "Mood disorders" (headings F31.3, F32.0, F33.0, F34.1) before the start of treatment. The average age of patients is 37±8 years. As a control group, 30 mentally and somatically healthy people (mean age 32 ± 7 years) were examined. The study of spatial working memory was carried out using the Corsi Block-Tapping test. Electroencephalography (EEG) was also performed. The spectral power of theta, alpha and beta rhythms was analyzed on the EEG. Results and conclusion. In mild depressive disorders, a decrease in the level of spatial working memory was observed; on the EEG, this corresponded to higher values ​​of the power of the theta rhythm in the frontal and occipital regions and alpha rhythm in the frontal cortex. nine0003

Keywords:

depression

cognitive functions

spatial working memory

electroencephalographic correlates

Authors:

Galkin S. A.

Research Institute of Mental Health, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia

Peshkovskaya A.G.

Research Institute of Mental Health, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tomsk

Simutkin G.G.

Research Institute of Mental Health of the Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia

Vasilyeva S.N.

Roshina O.V.

Research Institute of Mental Health, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia

Ivanova S.A.

Research Institute of Mental Health, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tomsk

Bohan N.A.

Research Institute of Mental Health, Tomsk Scientific Center, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences

Close metadata

Introduction

Currently, research on cognitive impairment in mood disorders focuses mainly on information processing, but other cognitive functions such as attention, thinking, and memory may be altered in depressed patients [1-3]. It was found [1, 4] that, in depression, there are, in particular, functional impairments of executive functions and working memory (WP). nine0003

RP - a system that provides temporary storage of information; the basis of many cognitive functions, such as understanding speech, thinking, problem solving, and learning [1]. Neuroimaging studies have shown that dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex reduces the level of RP in patients with major depressive disorder [5]. In a number of studies in which the n-back test was used to study RP (it is required to remember a set of pictures, then a new set is presented, as an answer it is necessary to determine the number of matches with the previous set), it was found that the fidelity of character reproduction was less, and the response time was significantly higher in patients with depression than in healthy individuals [6]. Studies show that negative emotions have different effects on spatial RP in healthy people and patients with depressive disorders of varying severity [5, 6]. For example, in a study of patients with mild depression, it was found that negative emotions did not affect the memorization of words, but they did affect the spatial RP, manifested by a decrease in the ability to memorize a sequence of characters [7]. In other studies [1, 5], when examining patients with severe depression, more severe cognitive impairments were found [1, 5]. As is known, spatial RP requires more attention resources compared to text (non-spatial) memory [7]. Some authors suggest that the evaluation of the spatial RP in patients with depression is a more objective method for diagnosing cognitive impairments [1, 7]. To assess the spatial RP, many researchers use the Corsi Block-Tapping Test [8, 9].

Assessing the state of the problem in general, it should be noted that most of the previous studies have focused on the evaluation of RP in patients with severe depression, and less data on mild depression, in which social and professional impairments are less pronounced. Currently, there is also insufficient data on the neurophysiological foundations of spatial RP in normal and pathological conditions.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate spatial RP disorders and to determine their neurophysiological correlates in patients with mild current depression. nine0003

Material and methods

The study was carried out on the basis of the department of affective disorders of the clinic of the Mental Health Research Institute according to the protocol approved by the local ethics committee of this institute.

30 patients (23 women and 7 men) were examined. The median age of patients was 37 years [28; 42].

According to ICD-10, all the examined patients were diagnosed with mood disorders, mild current depressive episode or dysthymia. nine0003

The distribution of patients by category was as follows: F31.3 - 7 people, F32.0 - 9, F33.0 - 5, F34.1 - 9.

ICD-10, informed consent of the patient to participate in the study, age 18-65 years. Criteria for non-inclusion : the presence of severe organic disorders of the brain, mental retardation, epilepsy.

The control group consisted of 30 mentally and somatically healthy people (20 women and 10 men), comparable in age to the group of patients — a median of 34 years [25; 40]. nine0003

When examining the spatial RP, 9 cubes appear on the computer screen, which turn yellow in turn. The task of the research participant is to remember and reproduce this sequence. The test begins with a sequence of two cubes, with a correct answer, the length of the sequence increases. The test is terminated in the event of two successive erroneous reproductions of the sequence.

To assess the neurophysiological correlates of spatial RP, electroencephalography (EEG) was used, which is considered one of the most adequate methods for assessing the functional state of brain structures [10, 11]. The EEG was recorded using a 16-channel neuropolygraph encephalograph using the 10–20 international system. First, a test was performed with eyes closed during a 5-minute rest, then a 2-minute test with eyes opening (background), after which the participant performed the Corsi test simultaneously with the registration of brain biopotentials. Artifact fragments were removed from the obtained EEG records using ICA analysis. The signals were processed using the fast Fourier transform, and the values ​​of the absolute spectral power (µV 2 ) theta - (4-7 Hz), alpha - (8-13 Hz) and beta - (14-30 Hz) rhythms. The cutoff frequencies of the high and low pass filters were 30 and 1.5 Hz.

Statistical data processing was performed using SPSS Statistics 17.0 software. Results are presented as Median [Q1; Q3]. The agreement with the normal distribution law was checked using the Shapiro–Wilk test. The obtained data did not obey the normal distribution law. Non-parametric U 9009 used3-Mann-Whitney test for assessing differences between two independent samples (control versus patients) and W Wilcoxon test for assessing differences between two dependent samples (background versus test). Differences were considered statistically significant at a significance level of p <0.05.

Results

Statistical analysis of Corsi test data between groups is presented in Table. 1.

Table 1. Results of the Corsi test in the study groups Note. Me[Q1; Q3]; p is the level of statistical significance when comparing groups using the Mann-Whitney U-test. nine0040 Received a statistically significant reduction in the maximum number of correctly reproduced sequence in the group of patients compared with the control ( p = 0.01).

Statistical analysis of the EEG showed the presence of both intragroup and intergroup changes in theta, alpha, and beta rhythms (Fig. 1—3).

Fig. 2. Spectral power of the alpha rhythm in the control and patient groups. * — level of statistical significance at p<0.05. Fig. 1. 3. Spectral power of the beta rhythm in the control and patient groups. Fig. 3. Beta-rhythm spectral power in control groups and patients. * — level of statistical significance at p<0. 05. Fig. 1. 1. Spectral power of theta rhythm in the control and patient groups. * — level of statistical significance at p<0.05. nine0002 From fig. Table 1 shows that during the test, there is a statistically significant increase in the theta rhythm in the frontal region of the cerebral cortex in the group of patients ( p = 0.00004) and control ( p = 0.0014). However, comparison of the theta power during the test between the study groups (lower left fragment) showed a more significant increase in the theta rhythm in the frontal ( p = 0.0017) and occipital cortex ( p = 0.028) in patients. At the same time, the background recordings (lower right fragment) differed statistically significantly only in the temporal leads on the left ( p = 0.026) and on the right ( p = 0.013).

Changes in the alpha rhythm are shown in fig. 2: during the test, there is a statistically significant decrease in the power of the alpha rhythm in the central and parietal areas of the cortex in the control group ( p = 0. 012 and p = 0.007) and in patients ( p = 0.029 and p = 0.029 and p = 0.0002). Comparison of alpha rhythm power during the test between groups showed statistically significant differences in the frontal cortex ( p = 0.001).

As shown in fig. 3, the test execution caused a statistically significant increase in the power of the beta rhythm in the parietal ( p = 0.02) and occipital ( p = 0.001) cortex in the control group. However, in the group of patients, a significant increase in the beta rhythm was observed only in the temporal lobes on the left ( p = 0.001) and on the right ( p = 0.004). In the group of patients, higher values ​​of the background power of the beta rhythm were observed in the frontal ( p = 0.001), central ( p = 0.00007) and parietal ( p = 0.0015) cortex (lower right fragment).

Discussion

In the present study, the state of spatial RP and EEG changes during the Corsi test in patients with mild current depression compared with healthy individuals (control) were determined. It was found that with mild depression, the level of spatial RP decreases. These changes are manifested in the difficulty of patients memorizing a sequence of characters and, as a result, a decrease in memory volume, which is consistent with the data of other studies [4, 6, 7]. Some authors suggest that the impact of negative emotions on memory is characterized by competition for attention resources [1, 12]. nine0003

The results of an electrophysiological study should be considered in two aspects: within-group differences in response to cognitive load (background versus test) and between-group differences (control versus patients), as well as in relation to individual rhythms of bioelectrical activity.

During the performance of the Corsi test on the EEG in both groups, an increase in the power of the theta rhythm in the frontal cortex of the brain was observed in comparison with the initial level. A number of studies have reported such an increase in theta rhythm during the performance of various cognitive tasks [10]. However, in a cross-group comparison of evoked theta activity, patients showed higher values ​​of theta rhythm in the frontal and occipital cortex. It is believed that an increase in the power of the theta rhythm is associated with an activation reaction in the cortex. Thus, it can be assumed that in order to perform tasks with a cognitive load, patients require more activation and, as a result, more resources. It should be noted that patients at rest (background) showed a statistically significant increase in theta rhythm in the temporal lobes. In previous studies, this fact was demonstrated by a number of authors [13, 14], who showed that depression is characterized by an increase in theta activity in the temporal regions of the brain. nine0003

As for the alpha rhythm, during the performance of a cognitive task (test) on the EEG, its depression was observed in the central and parietal areas of the cerebral cortex in both studied samples. The data obtained are characteristic of the activation reaction (decrease in the alpha rhythm) of brain neurons, which is confirmed by numerous studies [9]. In the intergroup comparison of evoked activity in the group of patients, the power of the alpha rhythm was significantly higher than in the control group in the frontal cortex. In a more detailed analysis, it was found that the increase in the power of the alpha rhythm in patients in response to a cognitive stimulus in the frontal region negatively correlated with the maximum amount of correctly reproduced sequence. Based on the results of the study of neuronal activity using fMRI and PET, it was suggested that the information stored in the central (the "What" system) and parietal (the "Where" system) cortex is read out to the neurons of the prefrontal cortex of the brain, which acts as a short-term buffer during cognitive and executive activity [13]. Thus, a significant decrease in activation during the test (higher values ​​of alpha rhythm power) in the frontal cortex in patients with affective disorders may indicate dysfunction of this brain region. nine0003

As noted above, a significant increase in beta activity was observed during the performance of the cognitive task. It is known that an increase in the power of the beta rhythm correlates with an increase in the excitability, reactivity, and lability of cortical neurons [13]. However, the localization of changes in the beta rhythm in patients with affective disorders is different than in individuals from the control group. In addition, when comparing the background beta activity between the studied groups, patients were characterized by higher values ​​of the beta rhythm in the frontal centroparietal region of the brain, which indicates a general desynchronization of bioelectrical activity and a change in the functional state of the cortex. These changes likely accounted for the statistically significant differences in evoked beta activity between groups. nine0003

Summarizing the results of the Corsi test and EEG data, we can conclude that in mild depression there is a deficit of spatial RP, the EEG correlates of which are higher values ​​of the power of the theta rhythm in the frontal and occipital regions and the alpha rhythm in the frontal cortex. Also important is the atypical localization of changes in beta activity in the temporal regions of the brain in patients during the Corsi test.

There is reason to believe that further research into the dynamics of cognitive deficits in patients with affective disorders may contribute to a deeper understanding of the nature of the disease and the development of more effective therapies. nine0003

The study was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research within the framework of the scientific project No. 18-313-00147.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Information about the authors

Galkin S.A. — https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7709-3917

Peshkovskaya A.G. nine0093 - https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3951-395X

Simutkin G.G. - https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9813-3789

Vasilyeva S.

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