Define psychological abnormality

What Is Abnormal Psychology? Abnormal Psychology: Definition, Examples, And Treatments

Abnormal psychology can sound like a complicated term. If you have an abnormal psychology diagnosis, it may even seem like a scary term, especially related to 'abnormality'. However, it is simply another phrase used in psychology to categorize the challenges many people may face with their mental health. Abnormal psychology disorders are common, and they're not something to be afraid of. In this article, we'll cover what abnormal psychology is, examples of these types of disorders in the psychology field, and the treatments that are used today to bring people back to happy and healthy lives.

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The Definition Of Abnormal Psychology And Behavior

The field of abnormal psychology includes assessing, treating, and preventing maladaptive behavior. There's no exact definition of abnormal psychology, but we do have ways of characterizing it. In the clinical world, abnormal psychology is characterized by someone who has a statistical deviation from normal behaviors or those who tend to be maladaptive to themselves or in society.

Individuals who are maladaptive to themselves find it difficult to reach their goals and adapt to the demands of life. Those who are maladaptive in society interfere or are disruptive in social group functions. Their behavior is considered non-typical, socially unacceptable, and deviating from the behavior of average people. This is not their fault, however. It is simply caused by the symptoms of an abnormal psychology disorder, and it can be improved with treatment and therapy.

Diagnosing Abnormal Psychology Disorders Through Behavior

Since abnormal psychology disorders can greatly affect the quality of life of those who face them daily, it is important that they are diagnosed correctly. Diagnoses often get a negative reaction, but they are actually a positive tool as they allow mental health professionals to provide individuals with the help they need. Abnormal psychology disorders are diagnosed by therapists, psychologists, psychiatrists, and doctors just as other mental health challenges are. Below, we'll look into the specific way in which abnormal psychology disorders are diagnosed.

The American Psychiatric Association developed a system to diagnose abnormal behavior using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, which is referred to today as the DSM V (5th edition).

It's important to have a system for diagnosing abnormal behavior because it provides a framework for diagnosing various behaviors and improves the reliability of diagnoses. A standardized system helps clinicians to diagnosis disorders consistently based on research, evidence, and clinical experiences. This system of diagnosis also aids in the treatment of and in developing a better understanding of diagnoses. This means that the system is not a tool to provide labels, but a tool to provide both help and hope.

Outlining Abnormal

Psychology Disorders

Abnormal Psychology Disorders include anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, mood disorders, personality disorders, schizophrenia, delusional disorders, substance use disorders, dissociative disorders, and impulse control disorders. Each of these challenges is explained in greater detail below.

Behavior In Those With Anxiety Disorders

People who live with anxiety disorders experience increased anxiety from what most people see as common, everyday occurrences. There are four types of anxiety disorders, and anxiety is the main symptom of each different type. The four classes of anxiety disorders include:

Generalized anxiety or panic disorders
Phobias
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Behavior With Phobias

Phobias cause people to fear a specific stimulus or situation, such as high heights or spiders. Individuals who suffer from phobias usually know that their fears are irrational, but even with this knowledge, the fear remains. There are three subclasses of phobias: simple phobia, social phobia, and agoraphobia. Each type is challenging but can be overcome.

Psychology Of Those With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

In OCD, obsession refers to the constant intrusion of unwelcome thoughts, images, or impulses that cause anxiety. Compulsion is an urge to carry out rituals or acts that reduce said anxiety. Much like phobia symptoms, individuals who live with OCD are aware that their behavior is irrational, but they're often not able to change them on their own.

Behavior Of Those With Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Post-traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD, is caused by a traumatic event or chain of events. Traumatic events such as accidents, violent personal assaults, and robbery, for example, may cause someone to develop PTSD.

PTSD can cause flashbacks, nightmares, insomnia, or guilt. Triggers of the event cause individuals living with PTSD to go into a state of fight, flight, or freeze, which often decreases their ability to cope in certain situations.

Behavior And Mood Disorders

Mood disorders are characterized by disturbances of normal mood. There are two general classifications of mood disorders, including bipolar disorders and depressive disorders.

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Bipolar disorder causes mood swings that move from depression and sadness to mania, extreme happiness, or even irritability. Depressive disorders are characterized by extended periods of sadness without reasonable explanations.

Personality Disorders

Personality disorders cause rigid, and typically unhealthy, patterns of behaving and thinking that affect daily function. People with personality disorders may have difficulty perceiving and relating to situations and people. This may cause problems in relationships, social interactions, work, and school.

Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia causes people to interpret reality differently than others. It may cause symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking, as well as behaviors that impair the ability to function in daily life. Researchers are uncertain about the exact causes of schizophrenia, but they believe that a combination of genetics, brain chemistry, and environment contribute to it.

Substance Use Disorders

Substance use disorders include substance abuse and substance dependencies. Substance disorders can include both chemical dependence and substance use that interferes with daily life. It may include use that results in the inability to function at work, in family roles, and with other obligations.

Dissociative Disorders

Dissociative disorders are characterized by a disconnection and lack of continuity between memories, thoughts, surroundings, behaviors, and identity. People with dissociative disorders escape reality in ways that are involuntary and oftentimes unsafe. These disorders may be developed to cope with trauma, such as past physical, sexual, or emotional abuse.

Impulse Control Disorder

Impulse control disorders are characterized by uncontrollable impulsivity. Afflicted individuals aren't able to resist temptations or urges to act, speak, or think about certain things. Impulse control disorders can be caused by a disturbance in neurotransmission in the brain, traumatic childhood experiences, and frustration. People who live with impulse control disorders may display behavior such as pathological gambling, sexual complexity, kleptomania, trichotillomania, or intermittent explosive disorder.

Treatments In Abnormal Psychology And Abnormality

Treatments for abnormal psychology will always correlate to the underlying disorders. A good place to start is by talking with a licensed therapist. Consider talking to a licensed therapist online at BetterHelp to get sincere and professional guidance from the comfort of your own home. They can both help you and point you toward other services that could be of further assistance in your life. You can read some reviews of BetterHelp counselors below, from people experiencing different issues related to abnormal psychology.

Counselor Reviews

"Kristin is amazing. She is so dedicated to helping get to the root cause of my anxiety, depression, and PTSD. She is the first counselor to continue to motivate and accommodate my extremely hectic schedule. She really is a life saver! She has given me strength to believe in myself and want to continue to get stronger. If you're someone who feels you have hit every roadblock possible I strongly recommend working with Kristin!"

"It's amazing how beneficial therapy is. The EMDR sessions with Keith have enabled me to reclaim my power and control over my own life. As a result of my work with Keith I went from too scared and anxious to leave the house with crippling panic, to being able to enjoy walks with my husband in the park, garden and we have even traveled by plane, and train. I've been able to leave some toxic relationships that weren't serving me, and now feel equipped to not only face life but to enjoy the richness and fullness of it. I highly recommend Keith as a counselor and the EMDR sessions."

Conclusion On Psychology

If you are suffering from an abnormal psychology disorder, do not lose hope. Remember that there are many types of abnormal psychology disorders and despite the phrase "abnormal," these challenges are common. Keep in mind that each type can be treated, and you can receive treatment as well. No matter what you're experiencing, with the right tools, you can move forward to a fulfilling life. Take the first step today.

Abnormal Psychology Definition, Fundamentals, Types & Examples | What is Abnormal Psychology? - Video & Lesson Transcript

Psychology Courses / UExcel Abnormal Psychology: Study Guide & Test Prep Course / Introduction to Abnormal Psychology Chapter

Sarah Thomson, Natalie Boyd

Author Sarah Thomson
Sarah Thomson is in her 9th year of education as a middle school counseling coordinator. Ms. Thomson earned her Bachelor of Arts in Psychology from Edinboro University of Pennsylvania and her Master’s in Professional School Counseling from the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. She is also certified in Child and Adolescent Trauma Therapy. Ms. Thomson has also provided professional development opportunities for first responders on trauma-informed care. When she isn’t hanging with her favorite middle school kids, she is either in the mountains exploring a new trail or having fun with her three kids and dog, Ted
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Instructor Natalie Boyd
Natalie is a teacher and holds an MA in English Education and is in progress on her PhD in psychology.
View bio

Learn the abnormal psychology definition and discover different types of abnormal psychology. Find abnormal psychology examples and a list of psychological disorders. Updated: 11/19/2021

What is Abnormal Psychology?
Types of Abnormal Psychology
Abnormal Psychology Disorders
Criticism
Lesson Summary

Show

What is Abnormal Psychology?

Abnormal psychology is one of the major branches of psychology that focuses on behavior, thoughts or psychopathology. The definition of abnormal psychology is debated amongst many clinicians because there is no single definition of what is ''normal behavior.'' Instead, counselors and psychologists who specialize in abnormal psychology focus on the behaviors and thoughts of a person and the degree to which these affect their daily life.

There are two theories that mental health experts believe cause abnormality: somatogenic and psychogenic theories. Somatogenic theorists believe that abnormal behavior is caused by illnesses or biological disorders, while psychogenic theorists believe that abnormal behavior is caused by psychological imbalances. In general, they are comparing what behaviors and thoughts deviate from societal norms. They take into account the characteristics of gender, culture, context and situation, historical text and age when they are determining what is abnormal within their client. In treating abnormal behaviors or thoughts, psychologists will implement a variety of different methods. These will be discussed in the following sections.

What Is Abnormal Psychology?

Imagine that you are in a coffee shop. You wait patiently in line, you order your drink, you pick up your drink and then you sit and sip it quietly. Others around you do the same thing, and you are able to sit peacefully and read a book or listen to music. In other words, it's a pretty normal afternoon in the cafe. But, what if someone did not stick to the script? What if a man cut in front of everyone in line? Or, what if a woman suddenly starts yelling out nonsense words? Would you still consider it a normal afternoon?

Psychology is the study of human thoughts, feelings and behaviors. Abnormal psychology is the study of abnormal thoughts, feelings and behaviors. Abnormal thoughts, feelings and behaviors may or may not be part of a larger mental illness, or psychopathology. But, psychologists who study abnormal psychology usually work to treat people who have some type of mental illness, even if it's just a temporary case of the blues.

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Coming up next: The Psychology of Abnormal Behavior: Understanding the Criteria & Causes of Abnormal Behavior

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0:07 What is Abnormal Psychology?
1:07 What Causes Abnormality?
2:32 Common Disorders
4:00 Lesson Summary

Types of Abnormal Psychology
First, it is important to discuss the different types of abnormal psychological disorders. The Diagnostic of Statistical Mental Disorders (DSM), published by the American Psychological Association, lists ten disorders in this field:
Anxiety disorders

Obsessive-compulsive disorders

Post-traumatic stress disorders

Mood disorders

Personality disorders

Schizophrenia

Delusional disorders

Substance use disorders

Dissociative disorders

Impulse control disorders

The behaviors and thoughts that accompany these disorders are vastly different. Therefore, a clinician would need to implement a different therapeutic perspective in treating them.
Medical Perspective
From the medical perspective, biological factors are focused on when diagnosing an abnormal psychological disorder. Traits that are genetic, hormonal imbalances, infections and physical illnesses are all considered in developing a diagnosis and treatment plan, which often includes medication. Schizophrenia is a psychological disorder that causes hallucinations and delusions. Research suggests that genetics and brain chemistry (too much dopamine) contribute to the illness.
Behavioral Perspective
Behaviorists focus on the observable behaviors of a person and reinforce the positive behaviors, while not reinforcing the negative ones. These clinicians are more interested in the behavior itself and not the condition that is causing it. So, when developing a treatment plan, they would utilize strategies such as classical and operant conditioning. A person diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) would use breathing techniques to help reduce their anxiety.
Psychoanalytic Perspective
Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis, said that abnormal psychological disorders stemmed from unconscious thoughts, desires, and memories. Clinicians who use this perspective focus on memories, behaviors, thoughts, and even dreams. Someone who has been diagnosed with a dissociative disorder often has a disconnect between their memories, thoughts and behaviors. These are often worked through using the psychoanalytic perspective.

The psychoanalytic perspective is helpful to uncover past traumatic events.

Cognitive Perspective
The cognitive perspective in abnormal psychology focuses on internal thoughts and beliefs. Treatment often involves helping the client change their thoughts, which then leads to changing their reactions. Therefore, the behavioral approach is often used in conjunction with cognitive therapy; the approach is known as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Clients who are being treated for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) work with therapists to unwrap the thoughts behind their fear, which can then decrease many of the compulsive behaviors.
Abnormal Psychology Disorders
The types of abnormal disorders were mentioned in the first section. The five most common disorders are mood disorders, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, neurocognitive disorders and psychotic disorders. These are considered most common because these illnesses exist on a spectrum; some being very low to very high.
Mood disorders, such as major depression and bipolar disorder, can have a severe impact on a person and affect their daily functions. With therapy, education and at times medication, a person diagnosed with a mood disorder can live a highly functioning life.

Anxiety disorders, the most common mental health disorder in America, cause a person to feel apprehension and stress. While it is not uncommon to have these feelings during events like public speaking or job interviews, people that suffer from this disorder have them during their routine daily living. Post-traumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorder are classified under this category.

Eating disorders, like anorexia or bulimia, cause individuals to have an irrational relationship with food.

Neurocognitive disorders, for example dementia, are characterized by a decline in someone's cognition. Alzheimer's accounts for 60-80% of dementia cases.

Psychotic disorders cause one to have a difficult time understanding what is real and what is not. People who are diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder have a very small conscience and often disregard laws and rules. But they also can be very persuasive and manipulative. This combination can make this disorder very difficult to treat.

It should be noted that although these examples are classified as abnormal psychological disorders, with treatment, many people diagnosed with a mental illness live full and happy lives.

Left untreated, an unhealthy preoccupation with body image could lead to an eating disorder.

Criticism
As in any field of psychology, abnormal psychology comes with criticism from many scholars. Classification of mental health disorders can be viewed as stigmatizing and often does not take any cultural influences into account. As stated before, there is no actual definition of what ''normal'' is; so how can one say what is abnormal? Furthermore, the vague definition of normal could cause misdiagnosis in clients, resulting in prescribed medications that could do more harm than good. The medical approach often fails to take a holistic approach and only focuses on biological and genetic factors.
Lesson Summary
Abnormal psychology is one of the major branches of psychology that focuses on behavior, thoughts or psychopathology. Although this is widely studied, creating a solid definition has been an area of criticism in this field. Many scholars believe that abnormal disorders are either somatogenic (develop from illnesses or through genetics), or they are psychogenetic; disorders caused by psychological imbalances. Either way, treating clients with abnormal behaviors can often be done through different modalities. From a medical perspective, a client may need medication and behavior therapy to treat their mental illness. And understanding one's past, using the psychoanalytic approach, is often key to understanding the origin of their disorder. Very often, the cognitive perspective and behavioral perspective are combined to treat a client's thoughts, thus changing their behaviors.
The most common abnormal psychological disorders are the disorders that receive the highest number of diagnosis each year. Many American's are diagnosed with anxiety and depression, but with medication and therapy, they are able to live functioning and healthy lives.
History of Abnormal Psychology
Thoughts on abnormal behavior have evolved over time. Ancient Chinese, Egyptian, Hebrew, and Greek texts that referenced abnormal behavior often blamed the behavior on angry gods or demon possession. Greek physician Hippocrates, who lived during the Golden Age of Greece and is sometimes called the father of modern medicine, disagreed with these assessments. He believed mental disorders were caused by brain pathology, heredity and predisposition, and head injuries.
Although later Greeks and Romans built on Hippocrates theories, scientific inquiry into abnormal behavior was limited through much of the Middle Ages. Mental health treatments were typically guided by ritual or superstition rather than an understanding of an individual's condition. The Renaissance humanism movement, which began during the 13th and 14th centuries, brought about more compassion and scientific questioning, but most mental disorders were still being treated at home, if they were treated at all. The first asylums opened in the 1400s, and these institutions grew in number through the 1800s. Unfortunately, they often operated more like penal institutions than hospitals and employed deplorable conditions and practices that were harmful to patients.
Many people in the 18th and 19th century advocated for more human treatment of people with mental disorders, but harsh, punitive, and ineffective treatments continued into the first half of the 20th century. The year 1946 brought about significant change in the field of abnormal psychology in the US. During this year, the National Institute of Mental Health was founded and began providing training through psychiatric residencies. The Hill-Burton Act, a program that funded community mental health hospitals, was also passed. In the second half of the 20th century, the deinstitutionalization movement led to psychiatric hospitals being closed and replaces with less isolated community mental health services.
The abnormal psychology research and treatment strategies we use today evolved from the work of early experimental researchers, but significant strides have been made. There is currently more of an emphasis on the study of brain matter and neurotransmitters. And abnormal behavior is now treated with medication, holistic treatment methods, and client-centered therapy rather than inhumane and ineffective methods that increase suffering.
What Causes Abnormality?
Think about the lady in the coffee shop, yelling out nonsense words. Why would anyone do that? What's wrong with her? There are two theories about what causes abnormality: the somatogenic theory and psychogenic theory.
Somatogenic theory states that abnormality is caused by a biological disorder or illness. In the example above, somatogenic theory would say that there's something wrong with her brain. Perhaps she has damage to the left side of her brain, which causes language disorders. Or, maybe she has damage to the bottom part of the front of the brain, which makes people do things that are socially inappropriate. Either way, somatogenic theory explains abnormality in terms of physical causes. As such, a somatogenic approach to abnormality often focuses on using drugs, surgery or other physical therapies to treat psychological disorders.
Compare that to psychogenic theory, which says that abnormality stems from psychological problems. For example, Sigmund Freud might say that the woman in the cafe has an underdeveloped superego, which means that she can't stop her urges like wanting to call out in a public place. Treatment for abnormality based on psychogenic theory includes talk therapy and hypnosis.
Of course, most psychologists don't believe in one theory or the other. Most psychologists believe in one theory more than the other, but will admit that they both play a role in abnormality.
Common Disorders
As we said before, abnormal psychology deals with all sorts of abnormality. A list of all known abnormalities can be found in the DSM-5, a book of psychological disorders. Three common disorders that abnormal psychology covers are schizophrenia, antisocial personality disorder and depression.
Schizophrenia is a mental illness that makes it difficult for the sufferer to tell the difference from reality and hallucinations. patients diagnosed with Schizophrenia often have vivid hallucinations, especially auditory hallucinations, like hearing voices. The symptoms of schizophrenia may be a result of too much of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain. Patients diagnosed with Schizophrenia can be treated with medication, but it is sometimes difficult to get them to keep taking their medication. So, therapy, along with medication, is an important part of treatment.
Antisocial personality disorder involves having a very small conscience. People with antisocial personality disorder often manipulate or harm others, and may have a history of breaking the law. Antisocial personality disorder is very difficult to treat because patients often charm and manipulate their therapists.
Depression is a general term that covers several different abnormal conditions. Most people who use the term 'depression' refer to someone with major depressive disorder, which is characterized by long periods of low mood and a general loss of interest in the things that they normally enjoy. Treatments for depression range from drugs to therapy, though a combination of the two is most effective.
Lesson Summary
Abnormal psychology studies abnormalities in thoughts, behavior and feelings. Psychologists usually view abnormality in terms of somatogenic theory, which says that the cause of abnormality is biological, and psychogenic theory, which says that the cause of abnormality is psychological. Three types of abnormality that are of particular interest to psychologists are schizophrenia, antisocial personality disorder and depression.
Learning Outcomes
After seeing this lesson, you should be able to:
Define abnormal psychology

Differentiate between the psychogenic and somatogenic theories

Recall the three main kinds of abnormality

To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member.
Create your account
What Is Abnormal Psychology?
Imagine that you are in a coffee shop. You wait patiently in line, you order your drink, you pick up your drink and then you sit and sip it quietly. Others around you do the same thing, and you are able to sit peacefully and read a book or listen to music. In other words, it's a pretty normal afternoon in the cafe. But, what if someone did not stick to the script? What if a man cut in front of everyone in line? Or, what if a woman suddenly starts yelling out nonsense words? Would you still consider it a normal afternoon?
Psychology is the study of human thoughts, feelings and behaviors. Abnormal psychology is the study of abnormal thoughts, feelings and behaviors. Abnormal thoughts, feelings and behaviors may or may not be part of a larger mental illness, or psychopathology. But, psychologists who study abnormal psychology usually work to treat people who have some type of mental illness, even if it's just a temporary case of the blues.
History of Abnormal Psychology
Thoughts on abnormal behavior have evolved over time. Ancient Chinese, Egyptian, Hebrew, and Greek texts that referenced abnormal behavior often blamed the behavior on angry gods or demon possession. Greek physician Hippocrates, who lived during the Golden Age of Greece and is sometimes called the father of modern medicine, disagreed with these assessments. He believed mental disorders were caused by brain pathology, heredity and predisposition, and head injuries.
Although later Greeks and Romans built on Hippocrates theories, scientific inquiry into abnormal behavior was limited through much of the Middle Ages. Mental health treatments were typically guided by ritual or superstition rather than an understanding of an individual's condition. The Renaissance humanism movement, which began during the 13th and 14th centuries, brought about more compassion and scientific questioning, but most mental disorders were still being treated at home, if they were treated at all. The first asylums opened in the 1400s, and these institutions grew in number through the 1800s. Unfortunately, they often operated more like penal institutions than hospitals and employed deplorable conditions and practices that were harmful to patients.
Many people in the 18th and 19th century advocated for more human treatment of people with mental disorders, but harsh, punitive, and ineffective treatments continued into the first half of the 20th century. The year 1946 brought about significant change in the field of abnormal psychology in the US. During this year, the National Institute of Mental Health was founded and began providing training through psychiatric residencies. The Hill-Burton Act, a program that funded community mental health hospitals, was also passed. In the second half of the 20th century, the deinstitutionalization movement led to psychiatric hospitals being closed and replaces with less isolated community mental health services.
The abnormal psychology research and treatment strategies we use today evolved from the work of early experimental researchers, but significant strides have been made. There is currently more of an emphasis on the study of brain matter and neurotransmitters. And abnormal behavior is now treated with medication, holistic treatment methods, and client-centered therapy rather than inhumane and ineffective methods that increase suffering.
What Causes Abnormality?
Think about the lady in the coffee shop, yelling out nonsense words. Why would anyone do that? What's wrong with her? There are two theories about what causes abnormality: the somatogenic theory and psychogenic theory.
Somatogenic theory states that abnormality is caused by a biological disorder or illness. In the example above, somatogenic theory would say that there's something wrong with her brain. Perhaps she has damage to the left side of her brain, which causes language disorders. Or, maybe she has damage to the bottom part of the front of the brain, which makes people do things that are socially inappropriate. Either way, somatogenic theory explains abnormality in terms of physical causes. As such, a somatogenic approach to abnormality often focuses on using drugs, surgery or other physical therapies to treat psychological disorders.
Compare that to psychogenic theory, which says that abnormality stems from psychological problems. For example, Sigmund Freud might say that the woman in the cafe has an underdeveloped superego, which means that she can't stop her urges like wanting to call out in a public place. Treatment for abnormality based on psychogenic theory includes talk therapy and hypnosis.
Of course, most psychologists don't believe in one theory or the other. Most psychologists believe in one theory more than the other, but will admit that they both play a role in abnormality.
Common Disorders
As we said before, abnormal psychology deals with all sorts of abnormality. A list of all known abnormalities can be found in the DSM-5, a book of psychological disorders. Three common disorders that abnormal psychology covers are schizophrenia, antisocial personality disorder and depression.
Schizophrenia is a mental illness that makes it difficult for the sufferer to tell the difference from reality and hallucinations. patients diagnosed with Schizophrenia often have vivid hallucinations, especially auditory hallucinations, like hearing voices. The symptoms of schizophrenia may be a result of too much of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain. Patients diagnosed with Schizophrenia can be treated with medication, but it is sometimes difficult to get them to keep taking their medication. So, therapy, along with medication, is an important part of treatment.
Antisocial personality disorder involves having a very small conscience. People with antisocial personality disorder often manipulate or harm others, and may have a history of breaking the law. Antisocial personality disorder is very difficult to treat because patients often charm and manipulate their therapists.
Depression is a general term that covers several different abnormal conditions. Most people who use the term 'depression' refer to someone with major depressive disorder, which is characterized by long periods of low mood and a general loss of interest in the things that they normally enjoy. Treatments for depression range from drugs to therapy, though a combination of the two is most effective.
Lesson Summary
Abnormal psychology studies abnormalities in thoughts, behavior and feelings. Psychologists usually view abnormality in terms of somatogenic theory, which says that the cause of abnormality is biological, and psychogenic theory, which says that the cause of abnormality is psychological. Three types of abnormality that are of particular interest to psychologists are schizophrenia, antisocial personality disorder and depression.
Learning Outcomes
After seeing this lesson, you should be able to:
Define abnormal psychology

Differentiate between the psychogenic and somatogenic theories

Recall the three main kinds of abnormality

To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member.
Create your account

What are examples of abnormal behavior?
Examples of abnormal behavior include depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), anorexia nervosa, borderline personality disorder, autism spectrum disorder, bipolar disorder, etc. It is important to remember that characteristics such as gender, race and culture be taken into consideration when discussing abnormal behavior.
What is meant by abnormal psychology?
Abnormal psychology is a subfield of psychology that studies "abnormal" or "atypical" behavior, as well as various psychological disorders and psychopathology. Many scholars, though, dislike this term because there is no real definition of what is normal.

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Personality anomalies.
Psychological approach
13.03.2020 23:02:11Grigorieva Lyubov FedorovnaDeep and thorough scientific work

13.03.2020 22:28:11Mashkina Natalia SergeevnaFundamental work, accessible for understanding and working on oneself. Of course, this book is interesting and useful not only for beginners in the field of psychology, but also for long-term practicing psychologists.

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12.03.2020 16:59:08 Kazantseva Kristina VitalievnaMany thanks to Boris Sergeevich for such an incredible work! I managed to attend the presentation of the book, I heard a lot of interesting and useful information, but the main thing is to be close to such people - that's a joy. And now I'm studying the book.

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03/12/2020 16:17:51Neveykina Olga ViktorovnaThe book is devoted to the actual life problem of mental development anomalies and ways of correction. Useful first! Interesting! To all, without exception, psychologists, teachers, parents. Classics of psychology.

12.03.2020 16:07:49 Smarshkova Lyudmila Anatolyevna Boris Sergeevich deserves to win in this nomination! He is a very intelligent, kind and spiritual person. His book "Personality Anomalies" will help you look at life differently. Thank you!

12.03.2020 15:56:46Neveykina Ksenia MaksimovnaVery interesting and useful
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12.03.2020 14:54:13Melchenko Kristina Evgenievna I really liked this book

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03/12/2020 13:18:11 Bykova Anna Viktorovna A good book This contribution is worthy of an award! Thanks to Boris Sergeevich!

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03/12/2020 11:55:19 AM Maslova Larisa Viktorovna A deep approach to the disclosure of the topic.

12.03.2020 11:50:42K Elena AExcellent book A book for all times

12.03.2020 12:44:29Afanaskina Raisa GrigorievnaVery, very professional approach0003
12.03.2020 10:55:15Andreeva Raisa GrigorievnaThis book helped me understand a lot! Thanks a lot!

12.03.2020 10:17:57Roz Tatyana Nikolaevna I really like the approach of Boris Sergeevich! Great book!

03/12/2020 09:53:42 Shanenko Lyudmila Viktorovna I respect and pay great attention to the activities of B. S. Brother. I consider him worthy to be a leader
Voice from VKontakte

03/12/2020 09:43:16 Vukina Anna Vladimirovna The book is very interesting, both she and the author have become classics of Russian psychology. It's great that it's been updated and re-released.

03/12/2020 09:20:10 Pilyugina Victoria Anatolyevna The best reference book for a psychologist!

12.03.2020 08:48:24 Vyaznikova Natalya Ivanovna I would like to express my deep gratitude to Boris Sergeevich for the amazing book! Learned a lot of useful and interesting things.

12.03.2020 07:15:53 Evgeniy Nikolayevich Postrigan A very important and timely book.

12.03.2020 01:17:20Osin Evgeny NikolaevichBoris Sergeyevich well done!

12.03.2020 01:07:22Drozdov Yaroslav ArtyomovichWonderful work

03/12/2020 01:05:19 Shemanova Maria Alekseevna An interesting and rich work on personality psychology.

03/12/2020 01:02:41 Kravchuk Fedor Evgenievich I choose you

03/12/2020 00:50:02 Abramov Maxim Mikhailovich

03/12/2020 00:27:02 Kuchinskaya Ekaterina Anatolyevna Exceptional dedication to their work, they do their job. I am very grateful to Bratus B. for participating in the online school project, his ability to convey deeply significant moments to consciousness painlessly and fruitfully.

12.03.2020 00:26:24Kudryashov Yury RomanovichI choose you!

12.03.2020 00:23:05Glushko Ildar RafikovichVote for an interesting book.

03/12/2020 00:19:22Mukhamedov Nazar YaroslavovichI vote for the work I like.

03/12/2020 00:15:33Pastukhov Kiril Viktorovich I vote for you!

12.03.2020 00:11:41Petrova Anna Vladimirovna An integrated approach not only to the consideration of anomalies in the development of personality, but also to ways to solve them.

03/12/2020 00:11:28 Kotov Alexander Andreevich Amazing work.

03/12/2020 00:07:25 Pavlenko David Ivanovich I choose your book.

03/12/2020 00:02:52 Veselov Yuliy PlatonovichI choose your work

03/11/2020 23:46:59 Ivina A. A. The book turned out to be very useful for me.

11.03.2020 23:12:05 Makarova Natalia Nikolaevna Thank you for the book, very interesting Good luck to the author on the project.

11.03.2020 22:26:24 Gavrilova Maria Petrovna Thank you very much for the interesting book!

11.03.2020 22:07:18 Tumanov Sergey Alexandrovich Excellent deep work.

03/11/2020 09:52:11 PM Natalya SO A very interesting specialist and person!

11.03.2020 20:55:52Gracheva Galina AnatolyevnaI like the author and his presentation))

11.03.2020 20:55:05Boldyreva Tatyana Viktorovna A wonderful book!

11.03.2020 20:51:13 Brother Boris Sergeevich Work of many years

11.03.2020 20:46:16 Voronina Tatyana Vladimirovna Thank you for the amazing book!

03/11/2020 20:42:02 Stelyankin Igor Ingovich The book is just wow! Marvelous.

11.03.2020 20:40:19Khatnianskaia Anastasiia ViktoWonderful book!

03/11/2020 20:27:12 Korotkova Lyudmila Viktorovna The book is just super! Everything is great!

11.03.2020 20:26:17 Temina Maria Olegovna Boris Sergeevich, you win the competition!

03/11/2020 20:22:11 Ismagilova Inga Pavlovna A wonderful book! Best!

03/11/2020 20:17:03 Yulia Gennadievna Zhavoronkova A wonderful book by a wonderful author. Written in a fairly understandable language, all the calculations are very interesting and understandable to almost any reader

11.03.2020 20:07:46Yurkov Stanislav AleksandrovichBoris Sergeevich Bratus, thank you for your work!

11.03.2020 20:04:02 Novikova Alexandra Pavlovna Bratusya, as always, in good spirits! Good luck darling!

11.03.2020 20:00:51Akeleva Anna MikhailovnaThank you for the wonderful book!

11.03.2020 19:56:55Khusainova Reseda MunirovnaThe work is relevant for both practicing psychologists and the scientific community.

03/11/2020 19:44:59 Baev Artur Amanzholov The book is simply a masterpiece! Brilliant!

11.03.2020 19:42:10Karagezova Gulnara Enverovna A wonderful book, I can’t help but vote!)
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11.03.2020 17:29:20Meyser Karina Akhmatovna Simply a masterpiece! As always on top!!!

11.03.2020 17:24:00Tupikova Victoria OlegovnaThe book is wonderful! Bratusya is the best as always!

11. 03.2020 16:09:32 Chesnokova Milena Grigoryevna An outstanding study that convincingly illustrates the possibilities of general psychology for solving a wide range of psychological problems.

03/11/2020 15:57:24 Khimoroda Anton Alexandrovich learned a lot of new things, a truly valuable book, my choice.

11.03.2020 15:36:27 Ivanova Inna AlexandrovnaThe author's works always captivate with the significance of the topics covered and the scrupulous clarity of presentation.

03/11/2020 15:25:21Roman Yurievich Kiparov A wonderful book! Thanks a lot to the author. He deserves to win!

11.03.2020 13:32:53Zakharova Ulyana SergeevnaVery topical topic Psychological Approach” will definitely take a place on the shelf.

03/11/2020 10:52:28 Pichugina Elena Vasilievna The deepest analysis and excellent presentation of the material.

03/11/2020 10:19:47 Inin Vadim Arkadievich Thank you!

03/11/2020 01:04:11Panik Maria Borisovna Fundamental work, the best research in the field of personality psychology.

10.03.2020 23:45:08 Pushkov Stepan Igorevich I liked the problem of human personality psychology that was raised.

10.03.2020 23:32:32 Rozhkov Savvely Mikhailovich Amazing work!

10.03.2020 23:17:18 Vasilyeva Victoria Viktorovna An informative and wonderful book written in an understandable language for the readership. After reading it, you begin to imagine and think about personality anomalies.

10.03.2020 23:05:02 Fursov Grigory Vadimovich Amazing work worthy of a nomination!

10.03.2020 22:53:45 Dimkov Roman Yuryevich Amazing work worthy of a nomination!

10.03.2020 22:39:04 Monakov Igor Kondratievich Admired by the deep thought of the author.

03/10/2020 22:30:07 Budnikova Marianna Antonovna A book worth reading.

10.03.2020 22:23:50 Koreneva Veronika Zakharovna A book worthy of a nomination.

10.03.2020 22:16:54Kimask Zhanna AndreevnaI choose you.

10.03.2020 22:11:21 Siyanina Nadezhda Stanislavovna Great work! Worthy of the nomination

03/10/2020 21:42:03 Ursul Irina Gennadievna One of the best books I have read.

03/10/2020 21:37:23Kulagina Ksenia Georgievna Wonderful work, aroused genuine interest!

10.03.2020 21:25:14 Veroona Veroona VeroonaThanks to Boris Sergeevich for an outstanding book!

10.03.2020 21:21:17 Kudryashov Leonid Igorevich Thanks for the book!

10.03.2020 21:09:03Kostenko Petr MikhailovichI express my great respect and low bow to Boris Bratus for this great work!

03/10/2020 19:57:40 Umrikhin Vladimir Vladimirovich The author can safely be attributed to the now small group of "living classics" of our psychology. Despite the external similarity of the title with the first edition more than thirty years ago, we have before us the result of a half-century journey to the creation of a new general psychological theory of personality, shedding light on the diverse forms and mechanisms of its abnormal life manifestations. The publication of the book is undoubtedly a significant event in Russian psychological science.

10.03.2020 18:07:49Alexander Vasiliev VasilyevichAs a student, Bratusya, I understand that I need to grow up to this book. This is what I really want to learn to read and understand such high literature. The book is magnificent, although it is not entirely clear to me, but there is room to move

03/10/2020 18:00:15 Anna Petrov Ivanova amazing book by Boris Sergeevich and he is an amazing person. Every library should have such a book

10.03.2020 17:54:04 Svetlana Petrova Petrovna There is a big story behind this book!

10.03.2020 15:53:34Karpova Natalia LvovnaWe have been waiting for an updated edition of the book of respected Boris Sergeevich, a landmark for practical psychology!

03/10/2020 13:51:15 Jar Al Al I am engaged in personal transformation. Great material.

10.03.2020 12:03:28 Maxim Popov As a doctor, in my daily work, it is necessary to take into account the psychological characteristics of the patient. And patients with anomalies are especially relevant.

03/10/2020 11:39:58 Andrey Alekseevich Vasiliev Useful work for acquaintance. The competence and experience of the author is beyond doubt.

10.03.2020 11:13:44 Kosova Ekaterina Yurievna An interesting book, like the previous ones. Lots of information that can be used in life.

10.03.2020 09:13:55Yatskevich Ekaterina IgorevnaI found the answers to the questions that I had accumulated throughout my life in the book of Boris Sergeevich.

03/10/2020 00:06:01 Andrey Malikov V Depth and accessibility of presentation

03/09/2020 23:39:25 Inina Maria VladimirovnaReading useful for the soul!

03/09/2020 23:32:27 Artemova Anna Vladimirovna Vivat Professor!

03/09/2020 23:18:51 Inin Pavel Vadimovich Vadimovich Thank you very much for this book! Her story will never get old or forgotten! She will always help people!

03/09/2020 23:17:43 Shurygina Inna Sergeevna Just liked
03/09/2020 23:16:15 Frolova Galina Veniaminovna Boris Sergeevich, thank you for the work of the deepest content. Wishing you victory. Galina

03/09/2020 23:09:50Khramina Valeriya AndreevnaRead with great interest0003
03/09/2020 23:02:55 Tarasova Lyudmila Nikolaevna thank you for the book!

03/09/2020 23:00:05 Savrasova Anna Petrovna Studied with Boris Sergeevich. Outstanding person!

03/09/2020 22:57:55 Romanov Mikhail Igorevich Boris Sergeevich taught with us. I wish to win

09.03.2020 22: 56: 19 Irina Nikolaev -by -access language,

09.03.2020 22: 55: 25 Yasuli Andreevnasibu Bolshoi for interesting reading

09.03.2020 22: 32 Condratyeva Nadezhda Aleksandrovnaspasibo for an amazing book!

03/09/2020 22:47:23 Karpova Maria Alexandrovna The book is very useful for psychology students! Victory!

03/09/2020 22:24:59Laktionova Svetlana NikolaevnaBecause this is the Image of the Divine parent... comprehensive disclosure of the topic.

10.03.2020 09:48:52Fadeeva Nina VladimirovnaThis work should be read by everyone.

03/09/2020 20:45:55 Fadeeva Ekaterina Efimovna Thank you for the book.

03/09/2020 20:21:22 Yulia Yulia Yulia I read with great pleasure, I study at the Faculty of Psychology.

09.03.2020 20: 12: 17 -Kobkina Alexander Claudiymirovna very good book, I liked

09. 03.2020 19: 46: 31khusaina Alfiya Ismagilovna Best Book

09.03.2020 19: 37: 21 Kalina Yuryevnes liked

09.03.2020 :48Boyarkina Elena Vladimirovna A very interesting approach that has a place to be and to be read. Thank you

03/09/2020 19:34:56 Mikhail Grigorievich Korbukov very interesting

03/09/2020 17:33:52 Tatyana Kuznetsova A colossal experience embodied in 1 book!

03/09/2020 17:07:59 Domaschkin Anna V. Wonderful work!

03/09/2020 16:56:12Abramova Anastasia AleksandrovnaA wonderful book

03/09/2020 19:33:25 Albina Batkalievna Zhalmukhanova Thank you)))

03/09/2020 14:44:06 Kostyunina Anna Olegovna Thank you very much for such a wonderful book!!!!!

03/09/2020 14:05:18 Zakharova Irina Sergeevna Excellent book!)

03/08/2020 22:13:55 Voronina Natalya Evgenievna A wonderful book.

08.03.2020 21:54:46 Golubev Konstantin Aleksandrovich Dear organizers of the competition! I believe that the contribution of Boris Sergeevich Bratus, the founder of the Russian school of Christian psychology, to Russian psychological science deserves the highest praise. The works of Boris Sergeevich Bratus in the field of the psychology of anomalies and the psychology of the norm, as well as his analysis of the connections between psychology, philosophy, and religion (Christian anthropology) became the theoretical foundation that the remarkable practical psychologist Natalia Vladimirovna Inina uses in her work. I would be glad to increase the attention of colleagues working in other areas of personality psychology to the work of Boris Sergeevich Bratus. Thank you!

03/08/2020 21:40:28Yurtaeva Alfira Midekhatovna Wonderful book, deep approach

08.03.2020 20: 05: 14 Polina Andreevna is very interesting, easy to read

08.03.2020 19: 43: 12 Zagretdinov Vasily Ilyasovichnichnika Book with a unique history

08.03.2020 16: 02: 27 Tatyana Sergeyevnaprekiye Book! Lots of valuable information! The author has been working on it for many years. Written in an accessible language even for non-psychologists. Very interesting!

08. 03.2020 15:26:30 Tikhonenko Victoria Lvovna A wonderful book!

03/08/2020 15:22:32Spi4enkova Anastasiya ValerievnaExcellent help!

08.03.2020 15:18:50 Shabarova Tatyana Valerievna The book is useful not only for psychologists, but also for all those who think about the serious issues of the meaning of life, the human in a person and the psychological causes of mental deviations.

03/08/2020 15:13:16 Nikitina Irina Vitalievna excellent book!

03/08/2020 14:19:30 Krukovskaya Olga Dmitrievna Excellent book!

03/08/2020 14:02:01Kinzhimbaeva Alina NoThe best book! I advise everyone to read!

03/08/2020 13:47:27 Maslyakov Kirill Anatolyevich Many thanks. Wonderful book!

03/08/2020 13:44:02 Panfilenko Evgenia Viktorovna A wonderful book

03/08/2020 13:06:48Georgiev Dimitar YordanovI want to thank the author of the book! For anyone who hasn't read the book yet, I highly recommend it!

03/08/2020 12:47:00 Khairullina Marta Maratovna A worthy book!

03/08/2020 12:38:47 Pollina Polina Ivan I am happy to support the project!

03/08/2020 12:31:47 Kalinichev Igor NikolaevichRead to the end

03/08/2020 12:24:10Kk Kseniia Excellent book

03/08/2020 09:42:24 K Anastasia Vladimirov for a wonderful book! Useful for study and introspection

03/08/2020 09:28:42 Zheladnova Natalya Anatolyevna A wonderful book The presentation and presentation of the material is such that this work is very useful in the work of a psychologist.

03/07/2020 22:45:47 Tikhonova Firyuza Ilgizovna A very interesting perspective on this topic

07.03.2020 20:49:07 Shumskaya Inna Evgenevna

03/07/2020 18:58:31 Mironenko Irina Anatolyevna interesting. Important

03/07/2020 18:50:59 Vasilchenko Evgeny Romanovich Thank you Boris Sergeevich for this wonderful book!

03/07/2020 18:18:59Kasatenkova Maria SergeevnaI think that this book reveals the issue of personality anomaly in an interesting and profound way. And it shows a psychological approach in considering this aspect of personality.

03/07/2020 17:46:25Mikhailova Marina KonstantinovnaFundamental long-term research Having scientific and practical value.

03/07/2020 16:00:18 Dzhapasbatova Elmira Timerkhanova wonderful book

03/07/2020 14:49:03

03/07/2020 14:11:55 Elizaveta Alekseevna Kotar An important book for the development of Psychology.

03/07/2020 14:09:06 Oksana Yuryevna Vygovskaya Helped me to learn a lot about myself and the people around me, easy to read, not even conveying how much useful information

03/07/2020 14:04:30 Agalarova Amina Rasulovna

03/07/2020 13:58:19 Nagorova Elena Dmitrievna Without a doubt and with gratitude I vote. Fundamental academic work. But not only. A gift, support and intellectual pleasure for current and future generations of psychologists and people who are simply not indifferent to the world of the human soul. A wise and intelligent book by a brilliant scientist and Man.

03/07/2020 16:23:59 Pogasiy Evgenia Yuryevn the book is interesting, it explains many questions

03/07/2020 13:27:14 Fadeeva Nina Vladimirovna I really liked this book.

03/07/2020 13:04:48 Afanasyeva Olga Anatolievna A wonderful book ??

03/07/2020 12:35:14 Udalova Nadezhda Igorevna Wonderful Boris Sergeevich!

03/07/2020 12:21:41Ukhova Irina KonstantinovnaThank you for the book!

03/07/2020 11:57:50Antonova Irina EvgenievnaExcellent book

03/07/2020 11:16:37 Filatova Elena Vyacheslavovna interesting presentation

03/07/2020 10:59:40 Gaponova Anna Nikolaevna The book was very impressive! Found answers to many questions a loving, deep look at a person!

03/07/2020 10:11:00 Aleksandra Vladimirovna Grinberg An interesting work that every practicing psychologist should read

03/07/2020 10:09:03 Postnikova Varvara Vernerovna I vote for this psychologist, scientist and person and for his work, because I think that this book on the psychology of personality development is one of the most significant in Russian science!

03/07/2020 07:49:56 Ivanova Elena Yurievna A great book! Cognitive, opening up new frontiers of self-understanding. Thank you!

03/07/2020 01:35:13 Balykina Tatyana Ivanovna Thank you for the book!

03/07/2020 00:19:24 Khovavko Antonina Viktorovna Boris Sergeevich is a true professional!!!

03/07/2020 00:16:07 Vetrov Vasily Vasilievich A close view of a person in the context of Christian anthropology...

03/07/2020 00:04:00 Degtereva Anna Vitalievna

03/06/2020 23:49:24Belova Maria Alexandrovna Good books on psychology are very important in our time!

06.03.2020 23:18:36 Filipova Nastya Sergeevna Thank you very much for such work!)))

06.03.2020 22:30:410051 Voice from VKontakte

03/06/2020 22:03:03 Tymoshenko Yulia ViktorovnaThe project undoubtedly deserves a victory!

03/06/2020 22:02:42Maksimova Vera Mikhailovna I got acquainted with the information about the candidates in this nomination. It is this candidate that I consider the most worthy.

03/06/2020 21:39:41 Sherstobitova Svetlana Petrovna The book is required reading.
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03/06/2020 21:21:20 Erofeev Ivan Sergeevich Boris Sergeevich Bratus very broadly reveals the topic of the book, poses eternal questions about the personality, and gives answers to them in a very interesting perspective.

03/06/2020 21:19:07 Egodurova Olga ValerianovnaVery useful book

03/06/2020 20:53:32 Glebov Vladimir Nikolaevich Boris Sergeevich looks into the very essence of the Personality!

03/06/2020 20:29:02 Molchkova Natalya AlexandrovnaFor Christian psychology!
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03/06/2020 20:28:13 Elena Valerievna Kolantaevskaya Hot topic.

03/06/2020 20:16:11Alberti Larisa FedorovnaThank you for such a deep approach to the problems of a person's personality!

03/06/2020 20:08:00Ksenia Olegovna Konysheva A wonderful book!

03/06/2020 19:14:24Zakharov Sergey Pavlovich A very useful book that provides answers to many questions but also from a spiritual point of view

03/06/2020 18:54:44 Abramov Maxim Mikhailovich Thank you for a wonderful book!

06. 03.2020 18:49:06 Ershova Yuliya SergeevnaI thank Boris Sergeevich for the amazing work!

03/06/2020 18:42:21 Slastikhina Svetlana Alexandrovna Thank you, Boris Sergeevich!

03/06/2020 18:39:33 Misha Smetanin Fedorovich Thank you very much for your work, for the book!!!

03/06/2020 18:34:06 Mamonova Alena Viktorovna Thank you very much for the wonderful book!

03/06/2020 18:32:34 Levina Marina Valerievna A wonderful book?

03/06/2020 18:26:45 Trunina Zulya ZagirovnaProfessional support!

03/06/2020 18:20:52Slastikhina Marina ValerievnaThank you so much for the excellent work!!
Voice from VKontakte

03/06/2020 17:38:47 Ivashchenko Tatyana Veniaminovna I rely on it in my work.

03/06/2020 16:54:30Antipova Nadezhda EvgenievnaI consider the problem urgent.

06.03.2020 16:19:13 Batukhtina Lyudmila Arkadievna A beautiful, accessible book for such fundamental work.

03/06/2020 15:57:38 Skobeleva Viktoria ValerievnaThanks to Boris Sergeevich for an outstanding book!

03/06/2020 15:47:22 Chizhik Elena Gennadievna Excellent monograph! Bravo!

03/06/2020 15:38:57 Khripunova Larisa Ivanovna This is a colossal work, a must-read for all serious psychologists and students

03/06/2020 15:18:38 Teplova Ekaterina Valerievna Thank you for the article!

03/06/2020 15:14:54 Ogorodova Uliana S An interesting book, I will definitely give it to friends Talk about personality not only horizontally, but vertically.

03/06/2020 15:06:25 Korshunova Daria SergeevnaIt is important to celebrate really worthy literature

03/06/2020 15:03:30 Yulia Sergeevna Barbonova The book is very good!

03/06/2020 14:56:09Manulkina Polina GennadievnaExcellent work!

05.03.2020 11:04:16Vladimirovich Vladimir Vladimirovich Wonderful work of a wonderful scientist. Thank you

03/05/2020 01:52:16Filimonova Natalia Albertovna A very deep book that invites the reader to dive into the psychological characteristics of a person and find practical application Thanks for the work you've done. I wish you good luck and victory in the nomination "book of the year in psychology"

03/01/2020 23:54:59 Kupriyanova Anna Gennadievna The book is written in brilliant, academic language. The sections devoted to the norm and pathology of personality development, the intricacies of diagnosing anomalies are comprehensively presented, aspects of the interaction of psychological science, psychiatry, and philosophy in the process of personality formation are analyzed. An indispensable guide for beginners and practicing psychologists.

29.02.2020 20:54:15 Lyapunova Anastasia MikhailovnaThis book is the result of many years of work. The topic is large-scale and extremely relevant, unfortunately.
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02/28/2020 22:46:05 Protsenko Evgeny Nikolaevich A brilliant statement of a fundamentally new position in psychology, a new direction in this science

02/28/2020 19:38:59 Evgenia Vl Bagmet A wonderful and interesting book.

28.02.2020 12:30:10Yudina Natalya EvgenievnaThe book highlights the actual problems of the development of personality anomalies.

02/28/2020 09:52:59 Kosolapova Olga Dmitrievna Excellent work
02/26/2020 18:48:23 Leventova Galina Pavlovna0003
25.02.2020 15:31:24 Aladina Elena Viktorovna I have long known the wonderful Borisov Sergeevich thanks to his books. "Personality Anomaly" helped me in my life!

25.02.2020 15:10:20Safonova Vera VladislavovnaMany thanks to Boris Sergeevich for this work! The book is very helpful in practical work.

25.02.2020 13:38:27Pavlov Alexander AnatolyevichThe book of Boris Sergeevich Bratus is an amazingly harmonious combination of psychological science, prose and poetry of life. The master speaks clearly, consistently and accessiblely about the personality, about its anomalies, and through them leads the reader to psychological health.

25.02.2020 13:31:53 Khalturina Alexandra Yurievna really liked the book

25.02.2020 11:19:46 Muromskaya Olga Sergeevna A very useful book by a wonderful author for a wide range of readers.

02/25/2020 09:07:02 Domokeeva Lyudmila ViktorovnaDeeply affects all areas of the human personality. What is the norm, disease and where is the border between them. It is important for me that Boris Sergeevich does not disregard the theological trend in psychology.

02/25/2020 09:04:36 Shulkina Regina Lvovna A wonderful book! Thank you for your work and respect for the human person.

24.02.2020 20:55:12 Merkulova Elizaveta Maksimovna Boris Sergeevich's work is fundamental for Russian psychology and certainly worthy of an award!

24. 02.2020 16:52:15 Grishina Anna Borisovna A fundamental and very significant scientific work for me, in which you can find answers to difficult, but important questions about a person and personality.

24.02.2020 16:48:52Zaitseva Yuliya Eduardovna A brilliant book by a famous scientist, a high professional. Thanks to Boris Sergeevich!

02/24/2020 12:16:58Mironova Marina NikolaevnaThe book "Anomalies of Personality" by Boris Sergeevich Bratus is among the most outstanding books on psychology, its potential is still underestimated.

02/24/2020 10:41:04 Anna Viktorovna PluzhnikovaMy desk book

24.02.2020 09:05:55 Ramaya Vasily Leonidovich One of the most faithful and accurate psychologists in the world. His book helps a lot to live not only as a psychologist, but also as a person as a whole.
VOCKENT from VKontakte

24.02.2020 09: 04: 13 Gluhikhi Vasily Maximovich Glubo personality study ...
VITCETE VKontakte
02 02 02. 2020 00: 18: 00 Sagidullina Ekaterina Igorevaboris Sergeyevich Bratus, Doctor Psychol. Sci., Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Education, in addition to scientific activities, the fruit of which is, among other things, the monograph "Anomalies of Personality. Psychological Approach", makes a huge contribution to the education and support of students, being a professor at the Department of General Psychology of Moscow State University. Lomonosov and Dean of the Faculty of Psychology of the RPU named after St. John the Evangelist.

23.02.2020 22:54:25 Melchenko Galina Anatolyevna A very useful and interesting book. Thank you :)

02/23/2020 21:49:53 Anna Alexandrovna Pecherkina Fundamental and deep work.

23.02.2020 21:25:02Chernysheva Tatyana Viktorovna amazing work0003
23.02.2020 20:44:58 Raevskaya Galina Borisovna In the monograph by B.S. Bratusya contains the most complete concept of personality from all the literature on psychology known to me. An integrated approach allows you to see not only the psychological, but also the philosophical and theological aspects of the personality. The problems of its anomalies are deeply and reasonably analyzed. Attract excellent command of the scientific language, combined with a very clear presentation and amazing erudition of the author.

23.02.2020 19:23:14 Fedotova Vera Sergeevna A useful and accessible book for professionals and novice psychologists.

02/23/2020 19:13:46 Gordeeva Olga Valentinovna The most valuable tome in teaching psychology and for the work of a psychologist This is a world classic!

02/23/2020 18:58:04 Savinova Svetlana OlegovnaThis book expands and systematizes the picture of the world

23.02.2020 18:37:46 Anastasia Sergeevna Sotnikova Amazing book! Great work on the psychology of personality!

23.02.2020 18:00:09Vouba Victoria GarrievnaFundamental work! I really wish this book to reach a well-deserved victory!

23.02. 2020 13:44:36Pavlova Elena AlexandrovnaThis book by Professor B. S. Bratus, in my opinion, is important for the entire thinking community. In our time, when pathology is becoming the norm, hearing and reflecting on the true values and meanings of human life is a great gift to all of us!! And the concept of Personality .. How true and deep do we understand it?

02/23/2020 07:26:05 Brusentsov Andrey Sergeevich Thank you for the reference book on psychology!

23.02.2020 07:05:22 Forrest Elena Vladimirovna A wonderful book, useful to all people.

02/22/2020 23:41:02 Tysman Mikhail Gilevich Fundamental work, very informative.

02/22/2020 23:07:21 Irina Evgenievna SpivakThanks to Boris Sergeyevich for such a fundamental multifaceted work

02/22/2020 22:26:02 Ivanova Svetlana Viktorovna

22.02.2020 22:08:29 Romashchuk Alexander Nikolaevich The book is not just an update or expansion of the famous first edition, but in fact a fundamental presentation of the author's approach, summing up certain results of the implementation of the tradition of clinical thinking in general psychology. And this is not to mention the almost impossible in our time, almost artistic language of the book

22.02.2020 17:59:27Ilyina Olga AlekseevnaFor the outstanding work of the highly respected author Boris Sergeevich!

22.02.2020 15:59:44Spetsian Marina LeonidovnaFor the return of the Soul of psychology.

22.02.2020 12:57:05 Ostvald Larisa Valerievna An amazing book. Thank you very much Boris Sergeevich.

03/09/2020 11:44:28 Evgenia Petrovna ValovaI believe that this book is very relevant today and will benefit modern personality psychology.

02/22/2020 03:19:42 Levina Elena VitalievnaI consider the monograph to be incredible, combining a fundamental systematic approach with an amazing ease of presentation. Probably never in the professional field have I ever read anything so deep and so exciting at the same time

22.02.2020 01:00:23 Pozdnyak Andrey VladimirovichThank you for the useful book

21.02.2020 23:49:42 Pisareva Elena NikolaevnaBeing a student of the Faculty of Psychology of the RPU, she found answers to many topical questions that arise in the learning process.

02/21/2020 22:48:11 Nesterenko Anna Sergeevna This is very interesting and informative for me, Boris Sergeevich Bratus is an outstanding psychologist.

21.02.2020 22:25:28 Sivkova Yulia Mikhailovna It is precisely the holistic concept of human mental health that is of particular value in the scientific works of Boris Sergeevich.

21.02.2020 21:21:55Merzlyakova Lyubov KonstantinovnaI really like Bratus as a psychologist, personality and writer

21.02.2020 19:51:27 Suvorovskaya Irina Igorevna The book will help you deal with the anomalies of your own personality.

21.02.2020 1
21.02.2020 17:56:27Avatina Anastasia VyacheslavovnaAnother wonderful book by Professor Boris Sergeevich Bratus on personality psychology It clears up a lot!

21.02.2020 17:19:18 Mironova Khristina Valerievna An amazing book! Helped me a lot to figure it out!

21.02.2020 15:12:57 Svoks Anastasia VladimirovnaThis book should be read by those who are connected with psychology. A lot of useful information. I give my vote to this book.

21.02.2020 14:34:44 Tumanova Maria Alexandrovna Boris Sergeevich's book is amazing, I recommend that all psychologists get acquainted with this fundamental work.

02/21/2020 13:29:23 Batukhtina Alena Nikolaevna A wonderful book Professional skill of this level is difficult to overestimate. The author inscribes the main actual and instrumental concepts of the psychology of abnormal and normal development of the personality into the philosophical and worldview paradigm, which is the starting point, and thanks to this book it becomes obvious.

21.02.2020 13:14:01Shishkina-Lavrushina Milena VladimirovnaThank you for your work

21.02.2020 12:20:00 Shurygina Irina Sergeevna Accessible language, everything is clear and at the same time, after recognition, there is no feeling of horror and hopelessness Thank you.

21.02.2020 11:05:08 Teplova Yuliya Viktorovna The most talented person! I recommend everyone to get acquainted with his projects!

21. 02.2020 10:40:47 Sharapanyuk Alla Aleksandrovna A wonderful book! Materials about the development mechanisms of personality anomalies

02.2020 10: 13: 43mikheeva Svetlana Vasilievo

02.2020 08: 00 VALIULULLINA Marina Evgenyevnapolezny and interesting book

.2020 08: 20: 20: 20 26 Martirosyan Evelin Evelin Evelin Evelylina were very logical and structured. for the book!

21.02.2020 07:51:34 Glazunova Natalya Petrovna A wonderful book!

02.21.2020 07: 32: 40goryunova Elizaveta Evgeniev Golos with great gratitude for the wise work

02.21.2020: 23: 35 Levina Ksenia Dmitrievnaspasibo for such amazing inspiration and unusually bright energy ...
.02.2020 00:11 :11 :11 :11: 04Efimova Victoria Mikhailovna The book is deep, makes you think and reflect. Thanks, Boris Sergeevich!

21.02.2020 00:09:22 Kurakina Marina Germanovna Boris Sergeevich Bratus is an outstanding psychologist of our time. His book can be interesting and useful not only for psychologists, but for everyone interested in psychology.

02/20/2020 23:58:11 Makarova Ekaterina Nikolaevna A wonderful, interesting and useful book, written in an accessible, lively way, thank you very much for your work.

20.02.2020 23:54:12 Fedorova Zalina Shamilyevna I know Boris Sergeevich personally. This is an amazing person, it is interesting to communicate with him in a personal conversation and also listen to his speeches. I share his views. I have not yet read the book in full, only in fragments, but I can say with confidence that it reveals a deep meaning for a person.

20.02.2020 23:19:28Zelentsova Maria Viktorovna Thank you very much for the interesting book!

20.02.2020 23:04:12 Bobyr Alena PavlovnaThis book provides a good basis for thinking about the concepts of "norm" and "anomalies" of personality, as well as a clear psychological interpretation of the author on this topic"

20.02.2020 22:22:12 Voloshik Maria Ivanovna Bratus Boris Sergeevich is the most worthy candidate for Psyche

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02/20/2020 10:11:03 PM Shepelyuk Maria Vadimovna An excellent smart system book on the psychology of personality disorders!

02/20/2020 22:01:39 Tomilova Ekaterina Anatolyevna As a specialist in the field of forensic examination, the book is very useful for me.

20.02.2020 21:56:27 Bolakhnina Larisa Vyacheslavovna Boris Sergeevich is a wonderful psychologist, orator and writer.

20.02.2020 21:49:01 Vasina Marina Mikhailovna Boris Sergeevich is our everything! This book is so wonderful and deep that a lover of psychology and a person who has connected life with this science simply must study this work !!!! As a student of the Faculty of Psychology, I vote for the genius of Boris Sergeyevich Bratus!!!

20.02.2020 21:46:57 Terentyeva Elena Yurievna Thank you for the new useful knowledge, non-standard approach!

20.02.2020 21:11:16 Suslova Ekaterina Aleksandrovna An interesting author, an excellent specialist.

20.02.2020 20:57:43 Martirosyan Lusine Edikovna A wonderful book on personality psychology, a psychologist's reference book.

20.02.2020 20:47:09 Degtereva Olga Mikhailovna Thank you for the book! Very helpful and interesting!

20.02.2020 20:46:37 Mudrik Ekaterina Alexandrovna Thank you for the book.

20.02.2020 20:45:58 Lukashevich Irina Vyacheslavovna This is an amazing book where the author deeply covers the actual problems of psychology! This is a very authoritative view!

20.02.2020 20:29:35 Kravchenko Elena Ivanovna The fruit of many years of professional work of a remarkable scientist and person.

20.02.2020 18:34:27Bulahtina Valentina Vladimirovna The most fundamental work on personality development in the history of psychological science in our country. Versatile approach. Author's theory of personality.

20.02.2020 17:03:28 Arushanova Tatyana Anatolyevna This is a fundamental work, very modern and timely. I hope it helps to take psychology to the next level.

02/20/2020 15:16:16 Podorolskaya Elena Viktorovna This is the fundamental psychological work of the great professor of psychology, dean of the faculty of Christian psychology at the Institute of RPU, Moscow, B.S. Bratusya. This is 40 years of reflection and conclusions. It is simple and at the same time complex, deep, very deep, and about the highest in a person. Boris Sergeevich - Mozart of the Christian direction in psychology. This book is a reprinted work written by the professor 40 years ago, supplemented, "thought out", brought to a certain final point. Amazing language of the author: simply about the complex. Reading this book, you become a little higher personally, the scope opens up where to grow both psychologically and personally. And most importantly, growing up next to such a person is an expensive gift.

02/20/2020 15:16:22Turbovskaya Dina MikhailovnaThe book made an indelible impression.

20.02.2020 14:41:17 Ksenia Valerievna Kislovodskaya This is an amazing book on psychology! In it, the author covers all levels of the human psyche and explains the most complex things surprisingly easily and clearly.

02/20/2020 13:32:34 Mynza Anastasia Evgenievna is a very interesting and useful book for self-development

17.02.2020 19:50:55 Kondratieva Maria Vladimirovna Boris Sergeevich's book became a psychological classic a few decades ago. This same edition is the result of more than 20 years of work on its improvement. Read it for sure!

17.02.2020 15:22:58Semyonova Maria AleksandrovnaThe best book on addictions! Even narcologists put it in the first place, in the treatment of addictions in the clinic.

02/16/2020 18:10:05 Spiglazova Nadezhda IvanovnaThank you for harmony, enlightenment, movement towards yourself.

Evaluation of the psychological status of patients with skeletal forms of anomalies of occlusion

Skeletal anomalies of occlusion lead to changes in facial proportions, causing social problems in the patient. Doctors are faced with the task of not only correctly diagnosing disorders, but also creating a future individual image of the patient and planning medical manipulations, which directly depend on the severity of changes in the patient's face. However, the volume and elasticity of the soft tissues of the face are so individual that their position cannot be predicted based on the state of the hard tissues of the facial part of the skull, which leads to the absence of a mathematically substantiated relationship. Also, compensatory processes accompanying skeletal forms of occlusion anomalies (for example, retroinclination of the lower jaw with mesial occlusion) aggravate the degree of pathological processes in hard tissues and improve the patient's appearance. All this leads to the need for an objective assessment of the degree of violations of the soft tissues of the face in skeletal anomalies.

Traditional cephalometric analyzes do not allow reliable assessment of facial aesthetics (Park Y.C., Burstone C.J., 1986; Lundstrom A., 1991; Bass N.M., 2003). In addition, the anatomical landmarks used as relative parameters in various cephalometric analyzes are not stable and cannot be used to analyze the face profile (Downs W.B., 1956; Cole S.C., 1988; Cooke M.S., Wei S.H.Y, 1990; Lundstrom F., Lundstrom A., 1992). Most often, authors suggesting the use of cephalometric analyzes to assess facial aesthetics associate the position of bone tissues with soft ones, which is extremely unreliable.

Many authors propose the use of aesthetic indices based on the assessment of facial aesthetics by comparison with a series of photographs or with an “ideal” model (Shaw et al., 1991; Daniels C., Richmond S., 2000; Kiekens R.M.A. et al., 2005 ; Knight H., Keith O., 2005). The disadvantage of these methods is their subjectivity, since the assessment is based on the subjective opinion of an orthodontist or surgeon, which, as shown by a number of studies, does not always coincide with the opinion of non-specialists and the patients themselves. In addition, they do not allow assessing the impact of the anomaly on the psychological state of the patient and their quality of life. Some authors emphasize the need to apply psychological tests in parallel with aesthetic indices (Giddon D.B., 1995; Monaco A. et al., 1997; Al Yami et al., 1998; Daniels S., Richmond S., 2000; Y.V. Kok et al., 2004). Often, practitioners analyze anthropometric parameters using photographs of the patient's face in front and in profile. The reliability of this method has been confirmed by the results of many studies (Arnett W.R., Bergman R.T., 1993; Benson E., Richmond S., 1997; Bister D. et al., 2002; Fernandez-Riveiro P. et al., 2003; Goodf S. et al., 2006).

The purpose of study is to develop an objective index to evaluate facial aesthetic changes in skeletal occlusion anomalies and to determine its relationship with the psychological state of patients.

Examined 96 patients aged 15 to 47 years (70 women and 26 men) with skeletal occlusion anomalies (46 patients with mesial occlusion, 27 patients with distal occlusion and 8 patients with cross occlusion) and 30 patients aged 20 up to 25 years without anomalies of occlusion, previously not treated orthodontically, with attractive and harmonious faces (control group). The examination included the analysis of facial and profile photographs and psychological testing using the EPI, Spielberg-Khanin questionnaires and the Q-sorting technique.

Research results . Photographs of “ideal” faces and faces with skeletal anomalies of occlusion were analyzed by superposition and a combination of facial soft tissue parameters that had the greatest impact on changes in facial aesthetics in skeletal anomalies of occlusion was revealed: -st/MRS, go-go/MRS, me-me/MRS, MRS-me, gl-sn/sn-me, sn-st/st-me) and 6 parameters per profile (gl-sn-pog, anb , col-sn-Ls, Li-sm-pg, sn-me:NTA-pg, NTA/TVL). Of these, 5 parameters evaluate facial changes in the transversal plane, 5 parameters in the sagittal plane and 3 parameters in the vertical plane. The aesthetic norms of these parameters were determined according to the analysis of photographs of the control group. All parameters were presented in the form of a table, in which the values of each parameter are presented vertically, and the number of points is presented horizontally. Each column represents the value of the parameter in increments of one standard deviation. The sum of the points assigned to each of the 13 parameters was the value of the Facial Change Index.

For each of the patients with skeletal occlusion anomaly, the Facial Change Index was calculated. Depending on the index value, all patients were divided into 3 groups: mild degree (less than 10 points), moderate degree (10–19 points) and severe degree (more than 19 points).

The results of psychological testing showed statistically significant differences between the control group and patients with mild, moderate and severe facial changes. The most pronounced changes were noted in the group of patients with severe facial changes. 42% of these patients had high anxiety scores (compared to 23.33% in controls and 2917% in the study group without division into the degree of facial changes), while in patients with mild facial changes, anxiety indicators approached the norm (25%). A similar trend was observed in the analysis of other psychological characteristics, such as extraversion, neuroticism, dependence, unsociableness and avoidance of "fight". Indicators of introversion significantly differed from the norm only in patients with severe facial changes (20% in the control group, 22.
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